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Described in the paper are the techniques of testing parameters of detectors based on CdTe, HgI2, Si-photodiode + CsI (T1). The X-ray stand is especially designed to check the quality performance of detectors and to estimate their further possible use in computerized tomographic systems.
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Dispersion of liver tissue from rainbow trout at 10 and 25 degrees C resultet in cells which were cultivated in vitro at 20 degrees C regularly. Using this method a cell line (R1) has been established useful for testing the toxicity of chemical substances and waste water. The toxicity of samples influenced the morphology, growth and the living duration of the cells. These parameters gave a clear answer about the toxicity of samples testet in 1-12 h. The tests on the vitality of cells (using trypan blue) and the release of LDH did not show an agreement with the cytotoxicity in all cases. From 106 samples of waste water were 53.8% cytotoxic but only 35% showed a toxicity for fish. 93.44% of 61 toxic samples of waste water showed cytotoxicity, only 60.65% of the samples were fish-toxic. According to the results obtained it is concluded that fish cell tissue cultures are useful tools for determination of the toxicity of chemical substances and waste water. Compared with the fish test the cytotoxicity test ist more sensitive and it reduces the material, time and money needed.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
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A total of 189 strains of S. aureus isolated from cows, sheep, swines, poultry, monkeys, rabbits, foxes, and humans and 23 strains of S. intermedius isolated from minks and sables were studied. The staphylococci belonged to different biological types (according to the Hajek-Marsalek's scheme) and ecovars (according to the Meyer-Witte's scheme). The strains were studied with respect to their resistance to 10 antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, levomycetin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, monomycin, and novobiocin), mercuric chloride and cadmium sulfate. As a whole the frequency of resistance to the above preparations among the staphylococci of the animal origin was not high. Differences in the frequency and range of the resistance between strains belonging to different biological types (ecovars) were shown. The highest number of the resistant cultures was detected among the strains of the biological type E (ecovar canis) and atypical strains of S. intermedius isolated from the minks. The least number of the resistant cultures was detected among the strains of the biological type C1 (ecovar bovis) isolated from the cows. It was found that almost all strains of S. intermedius were resistant to cadmium sulfate. This may be used as an additional characteristic of the species.
Workers, who had been exposed to cadmium oxide fume, i.e., engaged in welding work with cadmium containing silver solder in an automobile parts manufacturing factory, were examined in 1975. Twenty two male welders were 22 to 55 years old and exposed to cadmium for periods ranging from 7 months to 23 years. Excreted urinary cadmium levels varied from 5.7 micrograms to 184.9 micrograms per day, and these values were useful indices of most recent exposures in workshop environments. The examinees were divided into three groups according to excreted urinary cadmium levels: five of them in high, eleven in middle, and six in low group, respectively. Workers in high-excretion group complained of considerable subjective symptoms and their urinary protein showed a remarkable increase, compared to middle- and low-excretion groups, and the electrophoretic pattern of urinary proteins showed preponderance of globulins. Urinary calcium and beta 2-microglobulin in the high-excretion group showed a remarkable increase. In all examinees, urinary phosphate, calcium, and beta 2-microglobulin were significantly correlated with urinary excreted cadmium. Furthermore, in the high-excretion group showed a considerable increase of serum creatinine values and reduction of creatinine clearance, and percent tubular reabsorption of phosphate, calcium and beta 2-microglobulin decreased. In all examinees, creatinine clearance and percent tubular reabsorption of both phosphate and calcium were significantly negatively correlated with urinary cadmium excretion. Therefore, five high-excretion workers showed evidence of chronic renal tubular dysfunction and one of these was particularly recognized as having remarkable renal damage. The possibility to affirm the effects of exposure to cadmium was suggested on hematological findings related to anemia. Liver function abnormalities were not recognized. A slight reduction of the respiratory function was found in one worker of the high-excretion group, but radiological examination of chest showed no abnormalities in all examinees.
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If circadian variations in tolerance to drugs have been often demonstrated, such observations about heavy metals are still very scarce. The present study proposes to determine if circadian variations occur in the tolerance of Mice to single lethal dose of cadmium sulphate. 400 female mice, kept in cages on a 8.00-20.00 L/D cycle, received IP a single cadmium sulphate injection at different doses (2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 mg/kg) at different hours in the day (8.00, 14.00, 20.00 and 2.00 hrs.). Death number was determined each day during 10 consecutive days. The mortality percentage is a function of the time of the cadmium administration, varying between 3.3 and 21.7% for 2.5 mg/kg, between 16.7 and 43.3% for 3 mg/kg, between 33.3 and 71.7% for 3.5 mg/kg and between 73.3 and 96.7% for 4 mg/kg. The metal is the most toxic at 20.00 hr (mean: 58.3%) and the least at 2.00 hr. (mean: 33.7%). A circadian susceptibility to cadmium sulphate in Mice thus clearly appears, as has been recently described with mercury and platinum.
The influence of cadmium acetate and sulphate on 42-hour-old chick embryos was studied. In all series, 1 microliters of a 0.01% solution was directly deposited on the blastoderm in ovo. Strophosomy was the most spectacular abnormality. It developed at acid pH. In some cases, strophosomy was exaggerated and led to anterior symmelia. Coelosomy was the most important anomaly caused by cadmium sulphate. With a buffered CdSO4 solution its rate was lower while it was absent when a buffered cadmium acetate solution was used. Solutions of alkaline pH did not elicit other abnormalities either and under their effect the percentage of normal embryos increased. It is concluded that these cadmium salts had a coelosomic effect completed by a strophosomic one under acid pH conditions. Phosphate buffer was able to reduce or to neutralize these effects.
Cadmium chloride in doses of 2, 12 and 40 mg Cd/kg was administered per os to pregnant rats from the 7th to 16th day of pregnancy. In another experiment female rats were exposed to cadmium oxide at a concentration of 0.02 mg Cd/m3 or 0.16 mg Cd/m3 for 5 hours a day and 5 days weekly for a period of 5 months or 1 mg Cd/m3 for 4 months. The exposure was then continued during mating and from the 1st to 20th day of pregnancy. A decrease in fertility was only observed in females exposed by inhalation to cadmium oxide at a concentration of 1 mg Cd/m3, at which concentration cadmium exhibits a considerable toxic effect on the whole organism. The young of females orally treated with CdCl2 in a dose of 40 mg Cd/kg displayed congenital defects in the form of sirenomelia or amelia, as well as raised cadmium levels in tissues. A retardation of intrauterine development manifested by lower body weight and slowed down osteogenesis was observed in the other groups. A cadmium concentration increase was not found in the tissues of the young in these groups. Inhalation exposure to 0.16 mg Cd/m3 of females prior to and during pregnancy induced in their young a decrease in viability, lower body weight gain, prolongation of latency in the negative-geotaxis test, lower locomotor activity and deteriorated development of the conditioned-reflex response. The offspring of females exposed to 0.02 mg Cd/m3 displayed lowered locomotor activity and worsened consolidation of the conditioned-reflex response.
Inhalation exposure of female rats, prior to and during gestation, to cadmium oxide at concentrations of 0.02 mg Cd/m3 and 0.16 mg Cd/m3, depressed the avoidance acquisition of their 3-months' old female offsprings. The reduction of behavioral performance of offsprings depended on cadmium oxide concentration during prenatal exposure.
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Microparticles of cadmium oxide inhibited antibody-mediated rosette formation by Rat alveolar macrophages. After 4 h of contact in vitro, the 50% inhibiting amount of the pollutant, expressed as metal-Cd, was about 6,000 ng per million cells. 48 h after exposure via the respiratory route, 3,000 hg of Cd per gram of rat fresh lung lowered the percentage of rosette-forming macrophages by about 25%.