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PubMed1984

The influence of barbiturate drugs on tetraethylammonium induced contractures of the chick biventer cervicis muscle in vitro.

Methohexitone sodium (METHO) 8.8 X 10(-5) M markedly potentiates tetraethylammonium (TEA)-induced contractures of the chick biventer cervicis muscle in vitro, (Elliott, 1979). A group of barbiturates were compared with METHO for their ability to potentiate TEA induced contractures. The concentrations of TEA which produced a 50% maximum contracture (EC 50) in the presence of METHO (8.8 X 10(-5) M) and in the optimum potentiating concentrations of the other barbiturates were determined. The EC 50 ratios (= EC 50 METHO/EC 50 test drug) were: barbitone sodium 0.25, phenobarbitone sodium, 0.20, pentobarbitone sodium 0.90, thiopentone sodium, 2.43. The concentrations of the barbiturates used were: barbitone 3.1 X 10(-2) M, phenobarbitone 3.15 X 10(-3) M, pentobarbitone 6.04 X 10(-4) M, thiopentone 1.89 X 10(-4) M. The EC 50 ratios were adjusted by dividing by the ratio [test barbiturate]/[METHO]. The adjusted ratios gave the following potencies (METHO = 1), barbitone 7.13 X 10(-4), n = 6, phenobarbitone 5.58 X 10(-3), n = 8, pentobarbitone 1.33 X 10(-1), n = 6, thiopentone 1.13, n = 6. The potencies correlate well with the partition coefficients of the barbiturates between cell membranes and buffer (P m/b). The regression y = 1.49x -3.12, where y = log (adjusted ratio) and x = log (P m/b) fits data with a correlation coefficient of 0.99.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1988

Interaction between Bay-K-8644 and various relaxant agents on K+-depolarized contracture of guinea pig taenia coli.

1. Interaction between Bay-K-8644 and nifedipine, D600, diltiazem, papaverine or W-7 on a K+-contracture of the guinea pig taenia coli have been investigated. 2. These relaxing drugs except Bay-K-8644 inhibited the K+-contracture in a concentration-dependent manner. 3. Complete inhibition by nifedipine (1 x 10(-7) M) of the contracture was absolutely antagonized by Bay-K-8644 (1 x 10(-6) M), a Ca2+-agonist, an apparent pA2 value of Bay-K-8644 as an antagonist for nifedipine obtained from Schild plot being 7.94 and its slope 0.99. 4. Marked inhibitions by D600 (1 x 10(-5) M), diltiazem (1 x 10(-5) M), papaverine (1 x 10(-4) M) and W-7 (1 x 10(-4) M) were unaffected but mild inhibitions by around IC50 of these relaxing agents, except W-7, were fully antagonized by Bay-K-8644. 5. These results suggest that Bay-K-8644 is a competitive antagonist for nifedipine, but not for other agents, on common Ca2+ channel sites.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed1994

The effects of benzamil on in vitro contracture responses of human skeletal muscle to halothane.

1. Inhibition of sodium-calcium exchange using 100 microM benzamil caused contracture development of in vitro skeletal muscle samples from humans susceptible to malignant hyperthermia, but not of samples from normal individuals. 2. This dose of benzamil increased the contracture response of both types of muscle to halothane. 3. At a concentration of 1 microM, benzamil significantly reduced the contracture response to halothane of muscle from malignant hyperthermia individuals. 4. The implications for the role of sodium-calcium exchange in skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis and the pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia are discussed.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1992

W-7, a calmodulin antagonist, and contracture of malignant hyperthermia susceptible skeletal muscle.

1. In malignant hyperthermia susceptible muscle fibers, the calmodulin antagonist, W-7 (10 microM), evoked contractures and potentiated halothene (3%) induced contracture. No effect was seen at 0.1 or 1.0 microM) W-7. 2. Dantrolene sodium (6 microM) prevented and reversed W-7 induced contracture: nifedipine did not. 3. In chemically skinned fibers, 10 microM, 1.0 microM, and 0.1 microM W-7 released 100%, 30%, and 10% of stored calcium respectively, and the effect of 10 microM W-7 was irreversible in that the SR was unable to re-sequestor calcium after exposure to the drug. 4. The release of calcium by W-7 was not prevented by exogenously added calmodulin (3 microM), nor mimicked by mastoparan (10 microM). 5. Calcium release by W-7 appears to be independent of calmodulin inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bethlem myopathy: early-onset benign autosomal dominant myopathy with contractures. Description of two new families.

Bethlem myopathy is an apparently rare early-onset benign autosomal dominant limb-girdle myopathy with contractures of the fingers. To determine whether this disorder is unrecognized rather than rare we used muscle computerized tomography (CT) and isokinetic muscle testing and assiduously sought contractures of the fingers in relatives of two patients with the disease. CT showed that muscle impairment was mild but more diffuse than clinically apparent and showed an unexpected progressive degeneration of lumbar paravertebral muscles. The isokinetic test showed that the quadriceps was more involved that the hamstrings. In addition we found that contractures of the last four fingers progressed centripetally with age from the distal interphalangeal joints to the wrist. As a result we proved that 15 of the 21 examined subjects had the disease, 7 of them being unaware that anything was amiss. Careful examination may reveal that Bethlem myopathy is more common than is now thought.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effect of fetal intravascular 4-aminoantipyrine infusions on myometrial activity (contractures) at 125 to 143 days' gestation in the pregnant sheep.

Myometrial activity of low amplitude and long duration--contractures--is present throughout gestation in the pregnant ewe and other species. This activity differs from the contractions of labor and delivery. Between 125 and 143 days' gestation, 4-aminoantipyrine infused into the fetus at rates that produced maternal uterine vein plasma concentrations of 4-aminoantipyrine of 5.95 +/- 1.23 (mean +/- SEM, n = 5) mg X 100 ml-1 markedly depressed both total myometrial electromyographic activity to 28.6% and frequency of contractures to 30.5% of preinfusion values. By 60 minutes of infusion, maternal uterine vein plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha concentration was reduced to 14% of the resting level. Two conclusions were drawn from this study. First, prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of contractures. Second, when infusions of 4-aminoantipyrine are used to quantify uterine or umbilical blood flow, the possibility exists that changes will occur in physiologic systems that are modified by prostaglandins.

Ampyrone↗
PubMed1997

Rapid cooling contracture with cold cardioplegia.

BACKGROUND: Cold cardioplegia can induce rapid cooling contracture. The relations of cardioplegia-induced cooling contracture to myocardial temperature or myocyte calcium are unknown. METHODS: Twelve crystalloid-perfused isovolumic rat hearts received three 2-minute cardioplegic infusions (1 mmol/L calcium) at 4 degrees, 20 degrees, and 37 degrees C in random order, each followed by 10 minutes of beating at 37 degrees C. Finally, warm induction of arrest by a 1-minute cardioplegic infusion at 37 degrees C was followed by a 1-minute infusion at 4 degrees C. Indo-1 was used to measure the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in 6 of these hearts. Additional hearts received hypoxic, glucose-free cardioplegia at 4 degrees or 37 degrees C. RESULTS: After 1 minute of cardioplegia at 4 degrees, 20 degrees, and 37 degrees C, left ventricular developed pressure rose rapidly to 54% +/- 3%, 43% +/- 3%, and 18% +/- 1% of its prearrest value, whereas the intracellular Ca2+ concentration reached 166% +/- 23%, 94% +/- 4%, and 37% +/- 10% of its prearrest transient. Coronary flow was 5.7 +/- 0.2, 8.7 +/- 0.3, and 12.6 +/- 0.6 mL/min, respectively. Warm cardioplegia induction at 37 degrees C reduced left ventricular developed pressure and [Ca2+]i during subsequent 4 degrees C cardioplegia by 16% (p = 0.001) and 34% (p = 0.03), respectively. Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine contents were lower after 4 degrees C than after 37 degrees C hypoxic, glucose-free cardioplegia. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid cooling during cardioplegia increases left ventricular pressure, [Ca2+]i and coronary resistance, and is energy consuming. The absence of rapid cooling contracture may be a benefit of warm heart operations and warm induction of cardioplegic arrest.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Caffeine-induced contracture in oesophageal striated muscle of normotensive and hypertensive rats.

To elucidate whether properties of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are altered, not only in vascular smooth muscle, but also in visceral striated muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), caffeine-induced contractures in oesophageal striated muscle of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) were compared. In both preparations, 30 mM caffeine induced a contracture with two components. The second component, which was diminished by extracellular Ca(2+) removal or Ni(2+) but not by verapamil, was much smaller in SHRSP. Both components and differences between WKY and SHRSP coincided with changes in intracellular Ca(2+). Although membrane potential was identical between these preparations, caffeine induced slight depolarization only in WKY preparations. Similar depolarization was observed with 10 mM K(+), which induced no contraction. It is suggested that the first and the second components of caffeine-induced contracture were induced by Ca(2+) released from sarcoplasmic reticulum and by Ca(2+) that entered through channels activated by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) depletion, respectively. In SHRSP preparations, Ca(2+) from the latter pathway was clearly decreased, although this change is thought not to be related to the initiation of hypertension. These results suggest that Ca(2+) handling properties of cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum are generally altered in muscles of SHRSP.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Distribution of a neutral cardioplegic vehicle during the development of ischemic myocardial contracture.

During prolonged ischemic cardiac arrest successful myocardial protection depends upon uniform delivery of cardioplegic solutions to all regions of the heart. Accordingly, we studied the regional and transmural distribution of a neutral crystalloid (dextran-saline) solution during normothermic (37 degrees C) ischemia in 18 isolated blood-perfused dog hearts (isovolumic left ventricle). In the baseline state, coronary perfusion pressure was 100 mmHg. At the onset of ischemia and every 15 min throughout ischemia, we infused 100 ml of crystalloid solution (37 degrees C) at a perfusion pressure of 100 mmHg and the distribution of crystalloid solution was assessed (radioactive microsphere technique). The hearts were reperfused after 60 min (n = 9) or 90 mins (n = 9) of ischemia. In the baseline pre-arrest state the left ventricle (LV) received 67 +/- 1.0% of the total coronary blood flow; the LV subendocardial to subepicardial flow ratio was 1.33 +/- 0.18, the LV end diastolic pressure was 7.5 +/- 0.4 mmHg, and mean transmural myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was 16.4 +/- 1.1 microM/g DW. At the onset and throughout the first 45 mins of ischemia (n = 9), regional and transmural distribution of the crystalloid solution was similar to that of coronary blood flow during the baseline state; there was no change in LV end diastolic pressure, but there was a moderate fall in ATP content (7.26 +/- 1.6 micron/g DW). After 75 mins of ischemia (n = 9), despite the development of ischemic contracture (LV end diastolic pressure exceeded 20 mmHg in all 9 hearts) and marked ATP depletion (2.76 +/- 0.5 microM/g DW), there was an increase in crystalloid solution delivery to the LV as a whole and the subendocardium in particular (the LV received 82 +/- 2.0% and the subendocardial to subepicardial flow ratio was 1.75 +/- 0.1). Even in a subgroup with severe contracture during ischemic arrest (LV end diastolic pressure greater than 60 mmHg, n = 4) there was no reduction in crystalloid solution delivery. Thus, the presence of ischemic contracture does not preclude delivery of crystalloid solution to the LV subendocardium.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1994

Synchronous management of anastomotic contracture and stress urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy.

Of 77 patients presenting for artificial urinary sphincter implantation due to incontinence following radical prostatectomy 26 had a significant associated urethrovesical anastomotic contracture. Synchronous endoscopic contracture incision with electrocautery and implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter (AMS800) were performed in all cases. A total of 25 patients void with a good subjective flow, with an average followup of 32 months. In 1 patient symptomatic stenosis recurred 6 months after incision and reincision was successful at the time of sphincter revision. No infection or erosion developed and 24 patients are socially continent (0 to 1 thin pad per day). During this time 5 patients underwent 8 revisions of the artificial sphincter. Synchronous contracture incision with electrocautery and artificial urinary sphincter implantation are safe and provide satisfying results in patients with complex post-prostatectomy incontinence.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2003

Histological analysis of silicone breast implant capsules and correlation with capsular contracture.

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to investigate long-term histological changes in the environment of breast implants and their correlation with complains at the time of capsular contracture defined by the Baker score. METHOD: The collagenous capsules of 53 silicone breast implants from 43 patients (23 smooth and 30 textured devices) were evaluated histologically for capsular thickness, the presence of histiocytes, the amount of silicone and calcification in the capsule, and the presence of synovial-like metaplasia of the inner surface of the capsule with light microscopy and polarised light. All parameters were correlated with the Baker score. RESULTS: A significantly higher degree of the Baker score was found with increasing patient age (p<0.001), implant duration (p<0.02), and capsular thickness (p<0.009). A trend towards greater capsular thickness was documented in patients who had a breast augmentation for cosmetic reasons. Synovial-like metaplasia was seen in 28 capsules (52.8%). The highest incidence was found in textured implants with a duration of less than 5 years. Histiocytic inflammation was more common in patients with clinical symptoms (p<0.001) and around subglandular implants (p<0.096). CONCLUSIONS: The histological findings of breast capsules were related to: the nature of the device surface (smooth versus textured), implant duration, and the degree of capsular contracture. Capsular contracture (Baker score of 3 or 4) was related to implant duration, capsule thickness, patient age, and inflammation.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Ischaemic contracture in isolated rat heart: reversible or irreversible myocardial injury?

An isolated rat heart preparation was reperfused at 37 degrees C for 10 min after 10, 20, 30 and 40 min of ischaemia. The left ventricular tension was measured by means of a balloon catheter filled with water and connected to a pressure recorder. The left ventricular resting tension began to increase at 9 +/- 1 min (mean +/- SEM) and was maximally developed (myocardial contracture) at 18 +/- 1 min of ischaemia. There was a striking and constant exacerbation of the resting tension during reperfusion after 30 and 40 min (but not after 10 or 20 min) of ischaemia with simultaneous acceleration of creatine phosphokinase (CK) release into the coronary effluent and with the loss of the recovery of contractile activity. Myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-content decreased during 20 min of ischaemia more in the endocardial (ENDO) (from 17.7 +/- 1.9 mumol/g to 0.7 +/- 0.1 mumol/g) than in epicardial (EPI) (from 15.5 +/- 0.9 mumol/g to 3.2 +/- 0.6 mumol/g) parts of myocardium. Reperfusion after 10 min of ischaemia resulted in a slight increase of myocardial ATP-content both in EPI (from 7.5 +/- 0.6 to 10.4 +/- 0.8 mumol/g, p less than 0.05) and ENDO (from 5.0 +/- 0.8 to 8.9 +/- 2.5 mumol/g, n.s.). Reperfusion after the completion of contracture (after 20 min) had no effect on myocardial ATP-content. The results indicate that there is a transmural ATP gradient in ischaemic isolated rat heart and that myocardial ATP net production during reperfusion (10 min) is prevented after the development of ischaemic contracture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Management of Volkmann's ischaemic contracture of the upper limb.

One hundred and ninety six cases of Volkmann's ischaemic contracture in the upper limb were studied for their pattern of contracture and recovery (Sundararaj and Mani 1985). Mild, moderate and severe forms of contracture have been described (Tsuge 1975; Sundararaj and Mani 1985). The management of 102 of these cases has been studied and discussed here.

Arm↗
PubMed1985

Proposal of a new classification for established Volkmann's contracture.

The multiple contributory aspects of the claw deformity seen in 115 cases of established Volkmann's contracture has been analyzed. This has given rise to a clinically oriented 5-Stage classification. Clinical and electrical motor nerve deficits in the median, ulnar and radial distributions have shown considerable variability between patients. The individual pattern of nerve damage has been outlined. The measurement of passive extension deficits (PED) illustrates the degree of extrinsic muscle contracture. The PED is increased proportionally to nerve damage. Secondary stigmata of chronic ischemia (ie chronic changes, sensory deficits,stiff joints, web-space and intrinsic contractures) are increased proportionally to muscle and motor nerve damage. Staging in these five groups has permitted the establishment of rapid diagnosis, severity of injury, prognostic evaluation and management modalities according to stage.

Compartment Syndromes↗
PubMed1981

Therapeutic approaches to postoperative contracture of the vesical neck.

Postoperative contracture is a rare cause of the secondary obstructions of the vesical neck, besides remnants of prostatic adenomas, recurrent adenoma and prostatic cancer. It appears morphologically either as circumscribed sclerosis, as so-called sphincter sclerosis, or as extensive contracture of the entire prostatic urethra. Severe postoperative contracture with an iris-shaped membrane at the site of the internal sphincter is the most frequent form up to one year after primary surgery. The overall incidence has been given as 1.37%, of which 13.6% were refractory to therapy and recurred. Special forms of therapy are discussed.

Constriction, Pathologic↗
PubMed1992

Genetic linkage of the Marfan syndrome, ectopia lentis, and congenital contractural arachnodactyly to the fibrillin genes on chromosomes 15 and 5. The International Marfan Syndrome Collaborative Study.

BACKGROUND: The large glycoprotein fibrillin is a structural component of elastin-containing microfibrils found in many tissues. The Marfan syndrome has been linked to the fibrillin gene on chromosome 15, but congenital contractural arachnodactyly, which shares some of the physical features of the syndrome, has been linked to the fibrillin gene on chromosome 5. METHODS: Using specific markers for the fibrillin genes, we performed genetic linkage analysis in 28 families with the Marfan syndrome and 8 families with four phenotypically related disorders--congenital contractural arachnodactyly (3 families), ectopia lentis (2), mitral-valve prolapse syndrome (2), and annuloaortic ectasia (1). RESULTS: Genetic linkage was established between the Marfan syndrome and only the fibrillin gene on chromosome 15, with a maximum lod score of 25.6 (odds for linkage, 10(25.6):1). Ectopia lentis was also linked to the fibrillin gene on chromosome 15, whereas congenital contractural arachnodactyly was linked to the fibrillin gene on chromosome 5. There was no linkage of mitral-valve prolapse to the fibrillin gene on chromosome 5; studies of chromosome 15 were not informative. Annuloaortic ectasia was not linked to either fibrillin gene. CONCLUSIONS: The Marfan syndrome appears to be caused by mutations in a single fibrillin gene on chromosome 15. Diagnosis of the Marfan syndrome by genetic linkage and analysis is now feasible in many families.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Regulation of the switch from myometrial contractures to contractions in late pregnancy: studies in the pregnant sheep and monkey.

Myometrial contractility occurs throughout pregnancy and characteristic patterns of myometrial activity exist according to the endocrine status and the relationship to parturition. These characteristic patterns differ between species, yet certain common features can be observed. Throughout pregnancy, myometrial activity is of the contractures type, long-lasting, low-amplitude epochs of activity switching to contraction-type activity at term. This switch from contractures to contractions tends to occur at night and is related to alteration in maternal plasma oestrogen concentrations, and maternal oxytocin function. Studies in several animal species support the hypothesis that maternal oestrogen prepares the myometrium for a periodic signal that causes the switch from contractures to contractions. Several lines of evidence implicate oxytocin in the switch. These studies show that the detailed preparation for parturition takes longer than previously considered and is brought about by a carefully regulated sequence of events in which oestrogen production by the placenta plays a central role.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fluid retention in Bioplasty Misti Gold II breast prostheses with development of capsular contracture.

We compared the incidence of capsular contracture in an implant (Bioplasty Misti Gold II) which has a textured surface and is filled with polyvinyl-pirrolidone (PVP)-hydrogel, with that in saline-filled implants with textured surfaces when the implants are placed subcutaneously during immediate reconstruction after subcutaneous mastectomy. In 41 patients, mean age 55 years (range 30-81), with breast cancer that was not suitable for breast conservation, 20 patients had 22 Misti Gold II prostheses inserted (two patients bilaterally) and 21 patients had saline-filled prostheses (one patient bilaterally). The development of capsular contracture was assessed using Baker's classification and applanation tonometry. Fourteen patients with Misti Gold II implants were classified one year postoperatively as Baker 2 and 3 compared with five with saline-filled implants (p = 0.01). On applanation tonometry 16 of the Misti Gold II group had an operative:postoperative ratio of < or = 0.75, compared with 50% in the saline-filled group (p = 0.096). In the 12 Misti Gold II prostheses that were removed because of capsular contracture between 13-40 months postoperatively, the volume in the prostheses had increased by 48%. The poor results obtained with the Misti Gold II prosthesis can be explained by the volume that they gained after implantation as a result of osmosis.

Adult↗