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PubMed1984

Age changes and comparison of somatotypes during 20 to 80 years in Jat-Sikh and Bania females of Punjab (India).

The research paper deals with the age changes and comparison of somatotype components of Jat-Sikh and Bania females during 20 to 80 years. The former community is traditionally engaged in farming, while the latter is specialized in business and commerce. Anthropometric data on 502 Jat-Sikh and 510 Bania females have been collected from different villages and cities of Punjab. Each subject has been somatotyped using the Heath-Carter method (Heath & Carter, 1967). The Bania females have higher ratings of endo- and mesomorphic components than Jat-Sikh females at all ages, but the differences are significant only up to the sixties. The ectomorphic component is significantly larger in Jat-Sikh females at all ages. The different physical activity, dietary habits, and genetical factors may be responsible for a different physique of the two communities. The changes in somatotypes with age are of a minor nature. Significant differences exist in only a few groups. The endomorphic component remains dominant throughout the period of study in both the communities.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Private credentialing of health care personnel: an antitrust perspective. Part Two.

Having argued in Part One against extensive judicial or regulatory interference with private personnel credentialing in the health care field, this Article now shifts its focus to emphasize the anticompetitive hazards inherent in credentialing as practiced by professional interests. Competitor-sponsored credentialing is shown to be a vital part of a larger cartel strategy to curb competition by standardizing personnel and services and controlling the flow of information to health care consumers. Instead of altering the conclusions reached in Part One, however, Part Two sets forth a new and hitherto unexplored agenda for antitrust enforcement, one that the authors believe will increase the quantity and quality of information available to consumers and offer a fairer competitive environment to individuals and groups disadvantaged by the denial of desirable credentials. The specific targets singled out for antitrust scrutiny are (1) the practice of "grandfathering," by which new candidates for credentials are required to meet tougher requirements than were met by existing credential holders; (2) agreements to standardize educational programs if they go beyond setting and applying accrediting standards and impair the freedom of institutions to decide independently whether to offer unaccredited training; (3) agreements by which independent certifying or accrediting bodies limit the nature or scope of competition among themselves; and (4) mergers and joint ventures in credentialing and accrediting. The legal theory supporting antitrust attacks in the latter two categories is strengthened by the apparently original insight that commercial information and opinion are themselves articles of commerce such that agreements and combinations restricting their nature and output can be characterized as restraints of trade. Among the many self-regulatory institutions in the health care field whose operation or sponsorship is called into question by the analysis herein are the leading medical specialty boards, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, various accrediting and certifying bodies in the allied health occupations, and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals.

Accreditation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stored wheat insect infestation related to uric acid as determined by liquid chromatography.

Liquid chromatography is used to measure the uric acid content of wheat internally infested by various growth stages of granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), and lesser grain borer (Ryzopertha dominica). Good correlation exists between numbers of insects and uric acid content of grain infested by a given stage of an internally infesting stored product insect, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.970 to 0.998. Uric acid content of infested grain increases as the insect life cycle progresses, with granary weevil producing the greatest quantities of uric acid followed in order by rice weevil and lesser grain borer. A detection limit for the analytical procedure of less than 1.0 ppm uric acid allows detection of infestation levels as low as one kernel per 100 g grain for late instar granary weevil larvae. This limit is sufficiently sensitive to detect levels of infestation that may be commonly encountered in commerce.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Recent supreme court antitrust rulings in health care.

Three recent U.S. Supreme Court antitrust rulings that influence the health-care delivery system are examined. Historically four defenses protected the health-care system from antitrust law. They are the learned-profession exemption, the fact that health-care systems have little effect on interstate commerce, the state-action defense, and the business-of-insurance exemption under the McCarran-Ferguson Act. These defenses and Supreme Court cases that have weakened or eliminated them are described. The cases are Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society, Union Labor Life Insurance Co. v. Pireno, and Blue Shield of Virginia v. McCready. Health-care providers will be subject to increased antitrust scrutiny as a result of these cases.

Arizona↗
PubMed1978

[Clandestine places: illegal sale of alcohol for urban worker populations].

The authors have studied the illegal commerce of alcohol in popular urban communities. This sale is done in so called clandestine places. The study was approached from a cultural-anthropological point of view and its objective is a descriptive-exploratory study based on observation and interview techniques. A definition and a tipology of these places was attempted, emphasizing group dynamics and interpersonal relations between the owner of the place and the customer; among the customers; among the place itself and the rest of the community organizations, formal and informal ones. A primary analysis was done, according to which these clandestine places appear legitimized by nets of interpersonal relations, critical economic situations and places that satisfy recreational needs of the inhabitants. In order to eliminate the former, adecuate substitutes for recreation and social interaction ought to be considered.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

[Comprehensive review of the possibilities and limits of drug therapy of rheumatic diseases].

Practically 10-20% of all patients registered with a General Practitioner complains of symptoms in some way associated with rheumatism. Incidences of this disorder are distributed in such a way as to form a pattern whereby 55% is troubled with extra-articulary rheumatism, 38% with arthrosis and spondylarthrosis and 7% with rheumatoid arthritis. It is of most importance that the General Practitioner identifies these patients during the early stages of their disorder, and that he commerces the necessary treatment immediately. With the exception of streptococcus-rheumatism and gout, the pathogenesis of rheumatics eludes us to this day. As far as individual measures are concerned therefore, it is merely a question of selecting some kind of treatment, ranging from the symptomatic to the semi-causal, which can be used alongside the recommended form of therapy. The author describes various kinds of treatment including NSTAR, Glucocorticoids, Antisuppressives and basic therapy such as Chloroquin, gold and D-Penicillamin.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1982

The Rockne crash. American commercial air crash investigation in the early years.

In midmorning on March 31, 1931, at Bazaar, Kansas (between Kansas City and Wichita), an F-10A air transport of the Transcontinental and Western Airline crashed in bad weather, resulting in the loss of the two crew members and six passengers. This crash brought the sensational news to the American public of the death of Knute Rockne, the lengendary football coach of Notre Dame University. It also focused the public's attention on the hazards of airline travel in America 50 years ago. The response of the Department of Commerce's Committee on aviation Safety, developing since 1926, helped assure the public that a proper investigation into questions of safety of airline transports was made. The response to the crash of the F-10A transport that killed Rockne was to ground all the planes and carefully examine the wings for defects. This resulted in the eventual removal of all wooden wings from air transports and effectively demonstrated the need for advanced aircraft design. This led to the introduction of several new concepts in aircraft design, including the Boeing Transport and the DC series of the Douglas Aircraft company, which has been a mainstay for commercial and military transportation since the early 1930s. A general review of the development of aviation is given as well as the details of the development of aircraft accident investigation by the federal government. This includes the investigation of the Rockne crash.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1981

Carcinogenesis of 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenediazonium ion (tetrafluoroborate) of Agaricus bisporus.

4-(Hydroxymethyl)benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate was administered as 26 weekly s.c. injections of 50 microgram/g body weight to randomly bred Swiss mice. In addition, as a solvent control, sodium tetrafluoroborate was given as 26 weekly s.c. injections at 25 microgram/g body weight in 0.9% NaCl solution to another group of mice. The 4-(hydroxymethyl)benzenediazonium tetrofluoroborate treatment induced tumors in the subcutis and skin in incidence of 20 and 12%, respectively; while in the solvent sodium tetrafluoroborate-injected mice, the corresponding tumor incidence were 6 and 0%, respectively. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as a fibroma, fibrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, and an angiosarcoma in the subcutis and also as squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas of the skin. 4-(Hydroxymethyl)benzenediazonium ion is an ingredient of the cultivated mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Antiinflammatory activity and bioavailability of percutaneous piroxicam.

Both the topical and the percutaneous antiinflammatory potencies of a topical formulation of piroxicam were investigated using as reference standards nonsteroid and steroid antiinflammatory drugs having the same excipient base (indometacin and hydrocortisone acetate) or as topical formulations available in commerce (ketoprofen and oxyphenbutazone). In regard to the topical activity, piroxicam antagonized significantly both the croton oil edema and the UV-erythema; against the latter experiment also ketoprofen exerted intense inhibition, whilst oxyphenbutazone proved inactive. In the case of percutaneous application (carrageenin edema), piroxicam was appreciably more effective than reference compounds. In the latter experimental model piroxicam applied to the "inflamed" hind paw exerted 64% of the potency of oral piroxicam, but 2.3-2.5 times the percutaneous potency of piroxicam applied to other regions of the skin. These findings combined with the results of the bioavailability tests suggest that the percutaneous application of piroxicam may be exploited to advantage in clinical practice.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1981

Attempted tumor induction with agaritine in mice.

Agaritine, a constituent of the cultivated mushroom of commerce Agaricus bisporus, was administered at concentrations of 0.0625 and 0.03125% in drinking water daily for life to randomly bred Swiss mice. Consumption of the chemical resulted in no detectable carcinogenic action under the experimental conditions. During the course of the experiment, however, a substantial number of animals developed convulsive seizures.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1978

[Nuclear DNA synthesis rate and labelling index: effects of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals on its behaviour in the organism of growing CBA-mice. The thymidine-incorporation-screening-system (TSS) (author's transl)].

During the last few decades there has been an extraordinary accumulation of man-made chemicals in the human environment. There is a growing consensus in oncology that a large proportion of human cancers are environmental in origin by exposure of man to such carcinogenic chemicals. These chemicals in the majority of all cases have not been tested to prove their carcinogenicity. Testing of new chemical compounds is needful prior to their introduction into commerce, foods, agriculture or the working places to prevent human cancer. To test such a large number of possibly carcinogenic chemicals, economical and rapidly practicable bioassays are necessary. In the following we compare some well known bioassays with our autoradiographic thymidine-incorporation-screening-system and other assays based on biochemical quantification of DNA synthesis as parameter for identification of carcinogenic substances. The partial inhibition of the whole DNA synthesis in a proliferating cell population after treatment with toxic and carcinogenic chemicals is an early common response especially in hepatectomized animal, livers caused by the effects of those substances. However, by quantitative evaluation of the nuclear DNA synthesis rate as a basic parameter using autoradiographs of kidney and liver of juvenile growing CBA-mice, it is possible to differentiate carcinogenic from non-carcinogenic chemicals by means of silver grain counting after 3H-TdR incorporation. Contrarily the "whole DNA synthesis" expressed by the percentual 3H-labelling index of kidney and liver did not permit such a differentiation in our experimental arrangement. We could demonstrate that carcinogenic compounds of different chemical classes partially inhibit the nuclear DNA synthesis rate significantly over a time period longer than 24 hours. The tested non-carcinogenic compounds did not show this suppressive effect on the nuclear DNA synthesis rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The effects of tobacco on aviation safety.

In 1976, the Federal Aviation Administration was petitioned to issue regulations that would prohibit all smoking in the cockpit during commercial flight operations and prohibit preflight smoking by flight crewmembers within 8 h before commercial flight operations. A review of the literature was conducted to determine the effects on pilot performance of carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, and smoking withdrawal. The records of 2,660 fatal general aviation aircraft accidents in 1973-1976 have been examined. Smoking was not identified as a causal factor but may have contributed to the cause of some of these accidents. However, the compound factors that were often found and the dire consequences are far less likely to occur in air commerce operations. For some, withdrawal symptoms may occur and more than offset any benefits to aviation safety that are claimed for a ban on preflight and in-flight smoking.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

President's page.

The issue that is foremost in my mind as I write this communique is the effort of the ASRT to promote federal legislation that will mandate radiation protection for the consumer-patient. The ASRT has spent many thousands of dollars and many thousands of hours to promote this legislation. Every year, because of the support and dedication of interested technologists, we come a step closer to the reality of this legislation becoming law. I had the opportunity on September 5, 1980 to appear before the Subcommittee of Health and the Environment of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to give testimony in support of HR 6057, "Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1979." Because I believe that it is important for ALL of our members to be aware of our legislative efforts, I am enclosing my testimony that was submitted to this Committee.

Radiation Protection↗
PubMed1978

[Present situation and future prospects for epidemiological surveillance within the framework of Quebec new health system (author's transl)].

Epidemiological surveillance in Quebec is part of the integral system of this activity throughout the whole of Canada and the United States. Since surveillance is aimed mainly at the ecosystem of the disease rather than just the cases, the activities are insured from the horizontal point of view by several organisations, aided by various Ministeries (health, agriculture, industry and commerce). The vertical structure (besides the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta as coordinator) includes the federal Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, its epidemiology and surveillance bureaus, as well as its territorial epidemiologists, provincial epidemiologists and their teams. Quebec has recently been given a new health structure, introduced in conjunction with the traditional organisations by the new Departments of Community Health, and the Social Centres of Community Services. This structure which is new to North America is characterised mostly by its close integration with community health. Moreover, it represents an excellent opportunity for developing an epidemiological surveillance complementary to local problems and for heightening their responsibility.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1995

Building and maintaining a library Gopher: traditional skills applied to emerging resources.

Gopher software has emerged rapidly as a powerful tool for providing library users with organized access to Internet resources. Building and maintaining Gophers is one way in which librarians' traditional knowledge and skills are being applied in a nontraditional area. In March 1992, the University of Michigan's ULibrary Gopher was created, mainly as a means of providing access to U.S. Census data and the U.S. Department of Commerce's Economic Bulletin Board. In an effort to broaden the scope of the Gopher, librarians were asked to submit ideas for new resources to access. The result was the ULibrary Gopher Working Group, a team of eighteen librarians from six libraries on campus. The Alfred Taubman Medical Library staff drafted a menu design for life sciences resources and received basic UNIX training. In March 1993, the life sciences section of ULibrary became fully operational and now is maintained by the Taubman staff. This paper describes the history of the ULibrary Gopher and the working group, the creation and ongoing maintenance of the life sciences area of the Gopher, staffing issues, and the relationship of Gopher building to traditional collection development.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1995

Concentration of magnesium in hair of inhabitants of down-town Kraków, the protective zone of Steel-Mill "Huta im. Sendzimira" and Tokarnia village.

Concentration of magnesium in hair was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 3 groups of persons aged 48 to 79. All the participants of the study lived at least 10 years and none of them worked in industry or commerce. Their work place was in the distance less than 10 kilometers from their dwellings. The first group comprised inhabitants of the protective zone surrounding the Steel-Mill Huta im. Sendzimira, southern Poland, regarded as one of the biggest source of air, water and soil pollution. The second group constituted inhabitants of down-town Kraków (some 15 km from the steel-mill). The third group were the inhabitants of Tokarnia village with favourable microclimate. Though the concentration of magnesium in hair was similar to the one reported by other authors, it was shown that the concentration of this cation in hair was the smallest in the inhabitants of down-town Kraków and the highest in Tokarnia. The differences were statistically significant. It is postulated that magnesium hair concentration may be an easier, cheaper and less invasive indicator of body magnesium depletion.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Explanatory factors for the geographic distribution of U.S. civil aviation mortality.

BACKGROUND: State-specific aviation-related mortality rates differ substantially between various geographical regions of the United States. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to ascertain important explanatory factors that account for the geographical distribution of mortality. METHODS: National Center for Health Statistics sources were used to calculate state-specific, age-adjusted mortality rates. Fatalities studied were those attributed to select civil aviation-related causes (ICD-9 E-codes 840.2-.6, 841.2-.6, 842.2-.6) that occurred from 1979-89. State-specific information on a variety of selected variables was obtained from census, commerce, and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) sources. Multiple linear regression techniques were used to assess the relationship between selected variables and state-specific mortality rates. RESULTS: There were 13,048 deaths for a U.S. 11-year mean mortality rate of 4.9 deaths/1,000,000 general population. Mountainous states of the western U.S. had the highest 11-year mean mortality rates (range 8.6-79.6 deaths/1,000,000). Mid-Atlantic states had the lowest rates (range 1.6-2.9 deaths/1,000,000). Regression analysis identified pilot density (number of pilots per 1,000,000 general population), top elevation (highest point of land within state boundaries), and flight intensity (number of general aviation flight hours flown per pilot) as important factors in explaining 92% of state mortality differences. CONCLUSIONS: Highest aviation-related mortality rates are found in states with expanses of mountainous terrain, and relatively high pilot densities and flight activity levels.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1995

[AIDS control in industry in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan].

To see how industry is responding to AIDS, an anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted on member companies (n = 407) of the chamber of commerce with 50 or more employees in three large cities in Okinawa, during February to March, 1994. Responses were obtained from 221. The questionnaire looked at type of industry, number of employees, number of business trips to foreign countries, specialists for health management, AIDS control, attitudes and actions taken toward infected persons and AIDS patients, etc. The main results were as follows; In 73 companies foreign business trips had been made. The rate of appointment of specialists in health management was below 50%. In 80% of the companies, AIDS control was not in place. About 1/2 of the companies responded that there was a need to grapple with AIDS control while 40% of the companies were undecided. The majority of the companies felt that there was no chance of their employees having HIV infection within five or six years. Many companies had no regulations for dealing with employees who are infected with HIV. From the survey, three points were made clear: 1. Industry does not have an adequate plan to deal with AIDS. 2. There is no awareness of a crisis. 3. There is insufficient dissemination of information regarding AIDS. HIV/AIDS is predicted to increase in industries in our country and management will be hard-pressed to deal with the intricate problems that arise. HIV/AIDS is not exclusively an individual problem, but should be the concern of industries and society as well.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗