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PubMed2004

Body frames in the separation of collective angles in quantum N-body problems.

The application of the concept of body-fixed reference frames, proposed by C. Eckart [Phys. Rev. 47, 552 (1935)], to the problem of the separation of three collective angles in quantum N-body problems is analyzed based on the technique recently developed by Meremianin and Briggs [Phys. Rep. 384, 121 (2003)]. Special attention is paid to the body frame defined by the "second Eckart condition" which minimizes vibro-rotational couplings near the equilibrium position. The important case of the Eckart frame for three-body systems is considered in detail. The connection of the basis vectors of the Eckart frame with Jacobi vectors is derived. All results of this work are valid for an arbitrary choice of internal (body-frame) coordinates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Relationships between three-body and two-body interactions in fluids and solids.

Molecular dynamics data are reported for two-body and three-body interactions in noble gases at densities covering the gas, liquid, and solid phases. The data indicate that simple relationships exist between three- and two-body interactions in both fluid and solid phases. The relationship for liquids has a simple density dependence with only one external parameter. In contrast, the solid phase relationship depends both on density and on the square of density and requires the evaluation of two parameters. The relationships are tested for both system-size and temperature dependences. The values of the relationship parameters are only sensitive to system size when a small number of atoms are involved. For 500 or more atoms, they remain nearly constant. The relationships are valid for both subcritical and slightly supercritical temperatures. A practical benefit of the relationships is that they enable the use of two-body intermolecular potentials for the prediction of the properties of real systems without the computational expense of three-body calculations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Inhibition of caspases inhibits the release of apoptotic bodies: Bcl-2 inhibits the initiation of formation of apoptotic bodies in chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis.

During apoptosis, the cell actively dismantles itself and reduces cell size by the formation and pinching off of portions of cytoplasm and nucleus as "apoptotic bodies." We have combined our previously established quantitative assay relating the amount of release of [3H]-membrane lipid to the degree of apoptosis with electron microscopy (EM) at a series of timepoints to study apoptosis of lymphoid cells exposed to vincristine or etoposide. We find that the [3H]-membrane lipid release assay correlates well with EM studies showing the formation and release of apoptotic bodies and cell death, and both processes are regulated in parallel by inducers or inhibitors of apoptosis. Overexpression of Bcl-2 or inhibition of caspases by DEVD inhibited equally well the activation of caspases as indicated by PARP cleavage. They also inhibited [3H]-membrane lipid release and release of apoptotic bodies. EM showed that cells overexpressing Bcl-2 displayed near-normal morphology and viability in response to vincristine or etoposide. In contrast, DEVD did not prevent cell death. Although DEVD inhibited the chromatin condensation, PARP cleavage, release of apoptotic bodies, and release of labeled lipid, DEVD-treated cells showed accumulation of heterogeneous vesicles trapped in the condensed cytoplasm. These results suggest that inhibition of caspases arrested the maturation and release of apoptotic bodies. Our results also imply that Bcl-2 regulates processes in addition to caspase activation.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed1968

Protein uptake into multivesicular bodies and storage granules in the fat body of an insect.

The fat body in Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) takes up protein from the blood throughout the larval stage before pupation. Depending upon the phase of development, the protein appears in multivesicular bodies, in large storage granules, and in structures of intermediate form. There are three phases in the 8 days of the last larval stage; the first devoted to growth (molting to 66 hr), the second to synthesis for storage or export (M + 66 to M + 156 hr), and the third to preparation for pupation (M + 156 to pupation at M + 192 hr). From M + O to M + 156 and from M + 180 to M + 188 hr, protein is taken up into multivesicular bodies. Larger MVB's form a continuous series with the protein granules formed from M + 162 to M + 180 hr. Blood proteins increase in concentration and amount from M + 66 to M + 156 hr at the same time as the fat body cells have a high rate of incorporation of amino acids and a structure appropriate for protein synthesis. During granule formation, both amino acid incorporation and blood protein concentration decrease. Since foreign proteins injected into the blood appear in the granules, they are probably made mainly from sequestered blood. Protein uptake involves two stages: concentration between the cells, and ingestion in pinocytotic vesicles. The vesicles fuse to become MVB's or storage granules, depending upon their rates of growth and the addition of lytic enzymes. Since MVB's do not accumulate in the fat body and since many of them contain acid phosphatase and appear empty, they are presumed to be concerned in protein turnover.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Hydroxycitrate has long-term effects on feeding behavior, body weight regain and metabolism after body weight loss in male rats.

We examined the long-term effect of hydroxycitrate (HCA) on food intake, meal patterns, body weight regain and energy conversion ratio as well as on different blood and liver variables in rats after substantial body weight loss. Rats were fed a 1% (g/100 g) fat diet (81% carbohydrate, 10% protein, 1% fat) or a 12% (g/100 g) fat diet (76% carbohydrate, 9% protein, 12% fat) in two separate experiments. Supplementing both diets with 3% HCA after 10 d of restrictive feeding reduced body weight regain over the whole subsequent period of ad libitum consumption (22 d) and decreased the energy conversion ratio [body weight regain (g)/energy intake (MJ)] at the end of the experiment. Only in rats fed the 12% fat diet, HCA had a long-term suppression of food intake. The anorectic effect occurred predominately during the light phase, and was due mainly to a reduction in numbers of meals. In rats fed the 12% fat diet, HCA had no effect on plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), but reduced plasma triacylglycerol and increased liver fat concentration. In rats fed the 1% fat diet, HCA did not affect any metabolic variable examined. Thus, the suppressive effect of HCA on body weight regain, which was maintained for at least 3 wk, appears to be independent of the dietary fat content. Yet, the fat content of the diet seemed to be important for the long-term suppressive effect of HCA on feeding. The fact that HCA did not change plasma BHB concentration does not support a role for increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation in the anorectic effect of HCA.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Biochemical mechanisms of aminoglycoside cell toxicity. II. Accumulation of phospholipids during myeloid body formation and histological studies on myeloid bodies using twelve aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Cultured human skin fibroblasts take up aminoglycoside antibiotics into lysosomes to form myeloid bodies. Gentamicin (GM), one such antibiotic, was taken up until the cellular concentration reached an estimated 64 mM on the 3rd day when cells were incubated with 2 mM gentamicin. The rate of release of intracellular GM was high on the first day of incubation and gradually slowed down over the next 4 d. About 50% of the GM remained in the cells even on longer incubation in GM-free medium, suggesting it may irreversibly bind to cellular components. With myeloid body formation, the cellular phospholipid content increased 1.5 times. Bis(monoacyl-glyceryl)phosphate, which is known as a marker of lysosomal phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine showed 250, 162, and 153% increases, respectively. Sphingomyelin was not accumulated, while lysosomal sphingomyelinase was dramatically inhibited. Of 12 different aminoglycoside antibiotics, paromomycin is the most prominent myeloid body-forming antibiotic. The myeloid body-formation is not directly correlated to human nephrotoxicity. On the other hand, the number of myeloid bodies is well correlated to the affinity to the brush border membrane, suggesting that such aminoglycoside antibiotics are taken up easily through cellular endocytosis. The cytotoxic effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics may be due to by their binding to cellular organelles other than lysosomes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Accumulation of three-body resonances above two-body thresholds.

We calculate resonances in the three-body system with attractive Coulomb potential by solving homogeneous Faddeev-Merkuriev integral equations for complex energies. The equations are solved using the Coulomb-Sturmian separable expansion method. This approach allows us to study the exact behavior of the three-body Coulomb systems near the threshold. A negatively charged positronium ion is used as a test case. In addition to locating all previously known S-wave resonances of the positronium ion, we also find a large number of new resonant states that accumulate just slightly above the two-body thresholds. The pattern of accumulation of resonant states above the two-body thresholds suggests that probably they are infinite in number. We conjecture that this may be a general property of the three-body system with an attractive Coulomb potential.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Theoretical gas body pulsation in relation to empirical gas-body destabilization and to cell membrane damage thresholds.

Contrast agent gas bodies attached to phagocytic monolayer cells pulsate in response to ultrasound exposure and damage the cells above thresholds, which increase in proportion to frequency. This study considered the physical basis for the thresholds and their frequency dependence. Theory for the pulsation was evaluated using empirical pulse waveforms acquired at thresholds for 1.0, 2.25, 3.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 MHz. For optimum-sized gas bodies, the amplitudes calculated at the thresholds were about 11% of the initial radii. At the cell membrane damage thresholds, theoretical negative shell stresses were approximately constant with frequency at about 50 MPa. This stress appears to be sufficient to induce failure of the shell, and gas body destabilization was confirmed by increases in transmission of ultrasound pulses through the monolayer and by microscopically-observed shrinkage of the gas bodies. A model of acoustic microstreaming was used to calculate the shear stress during the pulses. The maximum shear stress increased from about 1500 to 4500 Pa from 1 to 10 MHz, sufficient for the cell membrane damage. This theoretical analysis shows that both the gas body destabilization and the cell membrane damage could be expected at similar peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes, with thresholds having the observed proportionality to frequency.

Albumins↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of period mRNA cycling in Drosophila head and body tissues indicates that body oscillators behave differently from head oscillators.

The period (per) gene is thought to be part of the Drosophila circadian pacemaker. The circadian fluctuations in per RNA and protein that constitute the per feedback loop appear to be required for pacemaker function, and have been measured in head neuronal tissues that are necessary for locomotor activity and eclosion rhythms. The per gene is also expressed in a number of neuronal and nonneuronal body tissues for which no known circadian phenomena have been described. To determine whether per might affect some circadian function in these body tissues, per RNA cycling was examined. These studies show that per RNA cycles in the same phase and amplitude in head and body tissues during light-dark cycles. One exception to this is the lack of per RNA cycling in the ovary, which also appears to be the only tissue in which PER protein is primarily cytoplasmic. In constant darkness, however, the amplitude of per RNA cycling dampens much more quickly in bodies than in heads. Taken together, these results indicate that circadian oscillators are present in head and body tissues in which PER protein is nuclear and that these oscillators behave differently.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Tattooing and body piercing. Body art practices among college students.

Tattooing and body piercing are increasing, especially among college students. A study of 766 tattooed and/or body-pierced college students in 18 universities across the United States and one in Australia was conducted to discover the demographic characteristics, motivational factors, and health concerns. The traditional college time of 18 to 22 years of age (69%) was when they obtained their tattoo (73%) and/or body piercing (63%). More frequent health problems and impulsive decision making were noted for those with body piercing when compared to those tattooed. Three cases of hepatitis were reported. Health professionals should openly discuss body art with students, convey a nonjudgmental attitude, and assist with informed decision-making information to either reduce risks or dissuade. Open communication and applicable health education will be very important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Body Weight and Body Image.

HEALTH ISSUE: Body weight is of physical and psychological importance to Canadian women; it is associated with health status, physical activity, body image, and self-esteem. Although the problems associated with overweight and obesity are indeed serious, there are also problems connected to being underweight. Weight prejudice and the dieting industry intensify body image concerns for Canadian women and can have a major negative impact on self-esteem. KEY FINDINGS: Women have lower BMIs than men, a lower incidence of being overweight and a higher incidence of being underweight. However, women across all weight categories are more dissatisfied with their bodies. Sixty percent of women are inactive, and women with a BMI of 27 or higher are more likely to be inactive than women with lower BMIs. The data show that women are aware of the health benefits of exercise, but there is a gap between knowledge and practice. When asked about barriers to health improvement, 39.7% of women cited lack of time and 39.2% lack of willpower. DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Weight prejudice must be made unacceptable and positive body image should be encouraged and diversity valued. Health policies should encourage healthy eating and healthy activity. Health curricula for young students should include information about healthy eating, active lifestyle, and self-esteem. Physical activities that mothers can participate in with their families should be encouraged. Research should be funded to elucidate the most effective methods of getting women to become and remain physically active without focusing on appearance.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aspects valued by nursing professionals in regard to personal body hygiene and the patient's body hygiene].

Descriptive survey aimed at identifying which aspects of body hygiene are valued by a nursing staff both in regard to personal body hygiene and to patients body hygiene. This survey has been conducted inside eight public health institutions, and the sample consisted of 126 nursing professionals, corresponding to 12.8% of a total of 986 people of the nursing personnel in such institutions. When considering personal body hygiene, the number of nail and hair care related quotes was higher than the number of answers concerning basic aspects such as hands hygiene, and this fact has called our attention. In patients body hygiene, a shower was the highest regarded aspect by the nursing staff; oral hygiene by registered nurses and nursing aids; and nail care by registered nurses and nursing technicians.

Female↗
PubMed1997

[Age-dependent changes in dynamic body balance as evaluated by the body tracking test (BTT)].

Stability of posture and gait is improved by growth and decays with aging. Maturational changes and deterioration of static posture with aging have been determined by using gravic body sway tests. In this study, we constructed a new system, the Body Tracking Test (BTT), to evaluate dynamic body balance function as opposed to static balance. Preliminary results of the study were previously reported elsewhere. Healthy volunteers of various ages (total, 516 persons) were subjects of the study. The principle of the BTT is for the subject to attempt to track an optical moving target displayed on the computer screen by shifting his or her body center of gravity that was also displayed on it. The target moved for a span of 15 cm horizontally on the 14-inch screen. The movement was lateral and antero-posterior (horizontal and vertical) in direction at a constant velocity of 0.125 Hz. The recording was for 60 seconds. In BTT the gain for target against tracking was fixed to 2.0 (target: tracking = 1: 2). The target was 100 cm anterior to the platform where the subject was to stand erect with the feet close together. The criteria for evaluation of the tracking function were determined by our preliminary study, the principle of which was to judge the rate of accordance of the tract of the moving target with that of body tracking. The score was divided into five ranks from A to E. We called it "The 5 grade evaluations of tracking ability". Age-dependent changes in the score were obtained and the statistical significance of the value was determined by chi 2 analysis. With regard to both the lateral and antero-posterior tracking abilities, there was an apparent improvement by maturation. The high school students reached the adult level in lateral tracking but not in antero-posterior tracking ability. Also, the tracking ability started to deteriorate after age 40. It is apparent from this study that the balancing or dynamic postural control differs between youth and the elderly, i.e.; lateral control seems to improve faster in youths and older persons tend to balance better in the antero-posterior directions. The BTT requires visual as well as proprioceptive information for its function. Moreover, dynamic maintenance and shifting of muscular tone and strength are prerequisite. In addition, for BTT, reflective postural control is strongly aided by training in terms of efficiency and skills that require higher cerebral functions. The BTT described here thus appears to represent a cumulative effect of the sensory, visual, motor and higher cerebral functions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A second injury in the same body region is associated with lower mortality than a second injury in a different body region.

HYPOTHESIS: A second injury in the same body region is associated with lower mortality than a second injury in a different body region, independently of injury severity and body region. METHODS: The population consisted of 15,200 patients with two or more injuries from level I trauma centers in Quebec. The mortality odds ratio of having a same-region second injury (SR) as opposed to a different-region second injury (DR) was assessed. RESULTS: Patients with a SR had 43% lower odds of mortality when compared to patients with a DR. CONCLUSION: A second injury in the same body region is associated with lower mortality than a second injury in a different body region.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of a rapid decrease in body weight and enriching rations with microelements on various functions of the athlete's body].

In athletes of high skills, a 5-percent decline of the body weight over 5 days by means of restricting water, fats and carbohydrates consumption was followed by reduced activity of ceruloplasmin and lysozyme of blood serum. After sauna attendance with a purpose of lessening the body weight, there was, along with a certain rise of the immunologic responsiveness of the body, a decrease in peroxidase activity, in the content of iron and copper in blood cells in the presence of appreciable losses of trace elements with sweat. Enrichment of the athletes' diets with trace elements combined with vitamins and bendasole hydrochloride in the course of sauna-induced body weight lessening not only prevented the negative alterations but also exerted a beneficial action on the function of certain body systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Cytoskeletal discontinuities in the cell body cortex initiate basal body assembly and oral development in the ciliate Stentor.

My previous work has shown that disconnecting the oral apparatus of Stentor into two parts induces mass assembly of basal bodies on the ventral cell surface and thus initiates oral development. This operation severs the extensive microtubule tracts joining the oral membranelles at their bases. To determine whether basal body assembly and oral development are also induced by permanently disconnecting the longitudinal microtubule fibre tracts (mt fibre tracts) of the cell body cortex, I interposed a ring of inverted (heteropolar) cortex between the anterior and posterior halves of interphase stentors. When successful, this operation made it impossible for these fibre tracts to rejoin at the heteropolar boundaries and always induced basal body assembly and oral development in the graft complex. By contrast, tripartite homopolar graft complexes rarely initiated oral development; when they did, it was apparently in response to the presence of disproportionately small oral structures, which is the normal stimulus for oral development in Stentor. The mt fibre tracts of tripartite homopolar grafts also eventually became continuous. These results support the hypothesis that permanent, extensive discontinuities anywhere within the cortical cytoskeleton can trigger basal body assembly and oral development. Since the onset of these processes is known to initiate cell division in Stentor, the results also suggest that development of discontinuities within the cortical cytoskeleton during interphase growth may be the endogenous stimulus initiating cell division in Stentor.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Body fat distribution and perception of desirable female body shape by young black men and women.

The relation between body fat distribution as measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and perception of desirable female body shape was investigated in college-age black men and women. Subjects judged attractiveness, various personal qualities, and desirability for long-term relationships of 12 line drawings of female figures that represented three body weight categories (normal, underweight, and overweight) and four levels of WHRs (0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0). Judgments of attractiveness and desirability for long-term relationships were affected by body weight and the size of the WHR. Both male and female subjects ranked normal weight figures with 0.7 and 0.8 WHR as more attractive and desirable for long-term relationships; neither underweight nor overweight figures, irrespective of WHR size, were assigned high ranking for these variables. These findings do not support the notion that black young men and women find overweight female figures as desirable and attractive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

A longitudinal study of the growth of the New Zealand white rabbit: cumulative and biweekly incremental growth rates for body length, body weight, femoral length, and tibial length.

This longitudinal study documents cumulative and incremental growth in the New Zealand white rabbit from 2 to 34 weeks of age at biweekly intervals. Body weight, body length, femoral length, and tibial length have been assessed in 17 male and 12 female rabbits, with the data tabulated separately. A specially designed restrainer was used that allowed the sequential clinical measurements and femoral and tibial radiographs to be performed without the use of anesthesia. Skeletal growth was complete at 28 weeks, with the 34-week values thus representing mature adult lengths. The mean body weight at 2 weeks of age was 6% that at 34 weeks, and by 16 weeks, 72% of the weight at 34 weeks was achieved. Weight continued to increase in the adult. The mean body length at 2 weeks was 40% that at 34 weeks, and by 16 weeks, 91% of mature adult length was achieved. The mean femoral length at 2 weeks was 38% of the adult length, and at 16 weeks, it reached 95% of adult length. The mean tibial length at 2 weeks was 38% of the adult length, and 94% of the adult value was achieved by 16 weeks. The longitudinal data document the rate and extent of growth of the New Zealand white rabbit, and allow for more accurate timing and quantitation of physical and systemic interventions on the developing skeleton of the commonly investigated New Zealand white rabbit.

Animals↗