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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Moderate long-term physical activity improves the age-related decline in bile formation and bile salt secretion in rats.

This study examined the effect of moderate long-term exercise, begun soon after weaning, on the age-related decline in bile formation and the secretory rate maximum (SRm) of taurocholate (TC), the major bile salt (BS) in rats. Eight-month-old sedentary (S) female Sprague-Dawley rats showed a significant decrease in basal and TC-stimulated bile formation when compared with 2.5-month-old S controls. As in younger rats, decreased biliary phospholipid (PL) output was associated with the TC SRm, but this change appeared much more rapidly in S animals, which also exhibited significant increased plasma lipids and higher TC concentrations in plasma and liver at the end of the TC infusion. Exercise significantly improved bile flow (BF), including the bile salt-dependent and -independent fractions under basal and TC-stimulated conditions in 8 month-old rats. Although all the biliary parameters evaluated were improved, maximal BF and PL secretion values were affected the most and were virtually not different from those obtained in younger S animals. Exercise also significantly lowered the age-related elevation of plasma PL. Thus, moderate long-term exercise exerts a beneficial effect on hepatobiliary function and the BS SRm, an effect that may be attributed in part to increased availability of a biliary PL pool previously implicated in regulation of the BS SRm.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

Effect of conjugated bile salts on antibiotic susceptibility of bile salt-tolerant Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium isolates.

Virtually every antibiotic may cause in vivo alterations in the number, level, and composition of the indigenous microbiotae. The degree to which the microbiotae are disturbed depends on many factors. Although bile may augment antibiotic activity, studies on the effect of bile on the antibiotic susceptibility of indigenous and exogenous probiotic microorganisms are lacking. It was against this background that the antibiotic susceptibility of 37 bile salt-tolerant Lactobacillus and 11 Bifidobacterium isolates from human and other sources was determined in the presence of 0.5% wt/wt oxgall (conjugated bile salts). Oxgall did not affect the intrinsic resistance of lactobacilli to metronidazole (5 microg), vancomycin (30 microg), and cotrimoxazole (25 microg), whereas it resulted in a complete loss of resistance to polymyxin B (300 microg) and the aminoglycosides gentamicin (10 microg), kanamycin (30 microg), and streptomycin (10 microg) for most strains studied (P < 0.001). Oxgall did not affect the intrinsic resistance of bifidobacteria to metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas polymyxin B and co-trimoxazole resistance was diminished (P < 0.05) and aminoglycoside resistance was lost (P < 0.001). Seven lactobacilli, but no bifidobacteria strain, showed unaltered intrinsic antibiotic resistance profiles in the presence of oxgall. Oxgall affected the extrinsic susceptibility of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria to penicillin G (10 microg), ampicillin (10 microg), tetracycline (30 microg), chloramphenicol (30 microg), erythromycin (15 microg), and rifampicin (5 microg) in a source- and strain-dependent manner. Human strain-drug combinations of lactobacilli (P < 0.05) and bifidobacteria (P < 0.01) were more likely to show no change or decreased susceptibility compared with other strain-drug combinations. The antimicrobial activity spectra of polymyxin B and the aminoglycosides should not be considered limited to gram-negative bacteria but extended to include gram-positive genera of the indigenous and transiting microbiotae in the presence of conjugated bile salts. Those lactobacilli (7 of 37) that show unaltered intrinsic and diminished extrinsic antibiotic susceptibility in the presence of oxgall may possess greater upper gastrointestinal tract transit tolerance in the presence of antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

[Enzyme activity of the bile and liver after disruption of its innervation and bile loss].

Continuous loss of bile in rats with a bile reservoir applied to the common bile duct caused an increase in specific activity of malic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphoric dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, urokinase and histidinase in the liver homogenates by the 7th day; the specific activity decreased by the 10th day. Disruption of innervation of the liver caused a sharp decrease of the ATP content and the abovementioned specifc activity in this organ. In continuous loss of bile there were revealed oscillations in the activity of the above-mentioned enzymes and sorbitol dehydrogenase in bile from the 1st to the 10th day of the experiment. Marked changes in the oscillations in the dysinnervated liver were in favour of the fact that those oscillations coursed under the control of the nervous system.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1990

Regulation of bile acid synthesis. IV. Interrelationship between cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis pathways.

Under most experimental conditions, the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA reductase) and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, change together in parallel directions. It has been suggested that newly synthesized cholesterol may be the preferred substrate for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, which may account for the observed synchronous behavior of the two enzymes. To test this hypothesis, mevinolinic acid, a potent competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, was administered as a single intravenous bolus (10 mg/kg) to rats with a chronic bile fistula. Bile acid synthesis was determined following inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by mevinolinic acid over a 27-h time course and specific activities of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase were determined in liver microsomes. At 3, 6, and 27 h after a bolus dose of mevinolinic acid, bile acid synthesis was reduced by 54 +/- 5%, 42 +/- 8%, and 23 +/- 13%, respectively, from preinfusion baseline. Within 30 min after administration of mevinolinic acid, HMG-CoA reductase activity was inhibited by at least 87%. At 0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, and 27 h after mevinolinic acid injection, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was decreased by 6%, 25%, 54%, 41%, and 17%, respectively. By 27 h, the activities of both enzymes had returned to baseline levels. The reduction of bile acid synthesis correlated closely with the observed changes in the activities of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. In vitro addition of mevinolinic acid (up to 20 microM) to rat liver microsomes failed to inhibit cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity, suggesting no direct effect of mevinolinic acid on enzyme activity. When a bolus dose of mevinolinic acid was coupled with a continuous infusion of mevalonate, the product of the reaction catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase, the mevinolinic acid-induced decrease in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity and bile acid synthesis was prevented. The results of this study provide evidence that, under the experimental conditions described, there is a linkage between the rates of cholesterol synthesis and the activities of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. The data also emphasize the importance of the newly synthesized cholesterol in the regulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Experimental studies on bile acid metabolism after extended hepatectomy, with special reference to mechanism of an early increase of bile acids in the serum].

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an early increase of bile acids in the serum after the extended hepatectomy, namely 84% hepatectomy in normal dogs and 70% hepatectomy in dimethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhotic dogs. Many dogs died due to hepatic insufficiency caused by severe intrahepatic cholestasis and functional disturbance of the remnant liver within 7 days after extended hepatectomy. Serum total bile acids increased with the peak at 12 hours after surgery, accompanied by an increase of taurine-conjugated bile acids, and each concentration of them was higher in the hepatic vein than in the portal vein. These results suggested that an early increase of bile acids in the serum after the extended hepatectomy resulted from the reflux to systemic circulation from the remnant liver due to disturbance of bile excretion into biliary tract and the decrease of hepatic functional mass with decrease of blood perfusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Bile acid sulfotransferase I from rat liver sulfates bile acids and 3-hydroxy steroids: purification, N-terminal amino acid sequence, and kinetic properties.

A bile acid:3'phosphoadenosine-5'phosphosulfate:sulfotransferase (BAST I) from adult female rat liver cytosol has been purified 157-fold by a two-step isolation procedure. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 30,000 subunit has been determined for the first 35 residues. The Vmax of purified BAST I is 18.7 nmol/min per mg protein with N-(3-hydroxy-5 beta-cholanoyl)glycine (glycolithocholic acid) as substrate, comparable to that of the corresponding purified human BAST (Chen, L-J., and I. H. Segel, 1985. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 241: 371-379). BAST I activity has a broad pH optimum from 5.5-7.5. Although maximum activity occurs with 5 mM MgCl2, Mg2+ is not essential for BAST I activity. The greatest sulfotransferase activity and the highest substrate affinity is observed with bile acids or steroids that have a steroid nucleus containing a 3 beta-hydroxy group and a 5-6 double bond or a trans A-B ring junction. These substrates have normal hyperbolic initial velocity curves with substrate inhibition occurring above 5 microM. Of the saturated 5 beta-bile acids, those with a single 3-hydroxy group are the most active. The addition of a second hydroxy group at the 6- or 7-position eliminates more than 99% of the activity. In contrast, 3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid (deoxycholic acid) is an excellent substrate. The initial velocity curves for glycolithocholic and deoxycholic acid conjugates are sigmoidal rather than hyperbolic, suggestive of an allosteric effect. Maximum activity is observed at 80 microM for glycolithocholic acid. All substrates, bile acids and steroids, are inhibited by the 5 beta-bile acid, 3-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acid. The data suggest that BAST I is the same protein as hydrosteroid sulfotransferase 2 (Marcus, C. J., et al. 1980. Anal. Biochem. 107: 296-304).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Studies of feedback suppression of bile salt synthesis in the bile-fistula rat.

We have previously reported that intravenous infusion of taurocholate at 10 mumol (100 g.hr) into bile-fistula rats suppressed bile salt synthesis by 85% (Pries et al. 1983. J. Lipid Res. 24: 141-146). Recently, however, infusion rates twice this high have been reported not to suppress synthesis (Davis et al. 1984. Falk Symposium 42. MTP Press Ltd., Boston. 37-45). Because the only major difference in design of these two studies was supplementation with sodium bicarbonate to replace biliary losses induced by bile salt choleresis, we have repeated our studies with and without bicarbonate supplementation. Without bicarbonate, as before, we found suppression of synthesis during infusion of taurocholate at 10 mumol/(100 g.hr). With bicarbonate, no suppression of synthesis occurred at these infusion rates. These data indicate that bicarbonate supplementation is essential when testing physiological effects of infused bile salt in the bile-fistula rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of growth of avian mycoplasmas on bile salt agar and in bile broth.

All nine Mycoplasma iowae strains and one strain of M gallinarum grew on 0.05 per cent 'bile' agar medium. The colony size of M iowae on this agar medium was similar to the size obtained on bile-free mycoplasma agar. One strain each of M maculosum, M arginini and M bovis also grew on 0.05 per cent bile agar. However, one strain each of M gallisepticum and M meleagridis were inhibited at this concentration. Six of the nine strains of M iowae were also resistant to 1 per cent 'bile' in broth medium but all were resistant to 0.5 per cent. The resistance of M iowae to 0.5 per cent 'bile' in broth may be a useful characteristic for differentiating it from some of the other avian mycoplasmas.

Agar↗
PubMed1982

Bioluminescence measurement of primary bile acids using immobilized 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: application to serum bile acids.

A simple, rapid, and sensitive bioluminescence method for measuring primary bile acids has been developed and validated. The method is based on enzymatic dehydrogenation of bile acids using a bacterial 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that is co-immobilized on Sepharose 4B beads with NADH:FMN oxidoreductase and a bacterial luciferase. The assay is specific for 7 alpha-hydroxy bile acids and has a detection limit of 0.5 pmol/tube, with a linear range of 0.5-50 pmol/tube. The assay shows good precision (6-8% intra-assay; 8-10% inter-assay). The values obtained with the bioluminescence assay showed good agreement with those obtained by gas-liquid chromatography, radioimmunoassay, or endpoint enzymatic assays. When applied to the measurement of serum bile acids, there was no interference from serum albumin, and the effect of other dehydrogenase activity in serum could be eliminated by heating the sample prior to assay. Since the method is rapid (1 minute), extremely sensitive (requires only 10 microliters of serum), and specific, it appears to be the best method currently available for the measurement of serum primary bile acids.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed1982

The effect of bile acid structure on the activity of bile acid-CoA:glycine/taurine-N-acetyltransferase.

Bile acid-CoA:glycine/taurine N-acetyltransferase from bovine liver was analyzed for its ability to conjugate a variety of different bile acid-CoA analogues. A complete steady state bisubstrate kinetic analysis was conducted for each analogue. The enzyme demonstrated strict specificity for the normal 4-substituted pentanoic acid side chain; shortening the side chain by 1 methylene group (norcholyl-CoA) completely eliminates enzymatic activity, and extending the side chain by 1 methylene group (homocholyl-CoA) causes a 30-fold decrease in activity at Vmax. These effects of side chain modification were not related to decreased binding affinity as much as to decreases in the rates of the bond-breaking and bond-making steps. Bile acid-CoA analogues with a variety of ring substitutions involving keto and hydroxyl groups were also examined. Varying the position of substitution and the nature of the substituent had major effects on both the Km and Vmax terms. The analogues with the highest activities at Vmax were 7-dehydrocholyl-CoA and the "allo" bile acid 5 alpha,6-ketolithocholyl-CoA. However, in both cases, the high activity is obtained at the expense of binding energy. The most efficient substrates were 7-ketolithocholyl-CoA and 3-dehydrocholyl-CoA. The more common analogue, chenodeoxycholyl-CoA, was a surprisingly inefficient substrate. The relative rates of formation of glycine versus taurine conjugates were also found to vary with changes in structure. This indicates that certain bile acids are more likely to be conjugated with taurine, and others with glycine.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1994

Bile acid efflux mediated by the rat liver canalicular bile acid transport/ecto-ATPase protein requires serine 503 phosphorylation and is regulated by tyrosine 488 phosphorylation.

Transfection of cDNA for a hepatocyte canalicular phosphoprotein, the rat liver canalicular bile acid transporter/ecto-ATPase/cell CAM 105, confers bile acid efflux and ecto-ATPase activities on heterologous cells (Sippel, C. J., Suchy, F. J., Ananthanarayanan, M., and Perlmutter D. H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2083-2091). Our previous studies have also indicated that there is a positive correlation between the degree of phosphorylation of this transporter and its bile acid efflux activity. In this study, we introduced site-specific mutations of amino acid residues within a protein kinase C-dependent (T502A, S503A) and a tyrosine kinase-dependent (Y488F) phosphorylation consensus sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of this transporter in order to map the sites that are phosphorylated in vivo and to examine the functional significance of each. COS cells were transfected with mutant and wild type constructs using the pCDM8 expression vector. Metabolic labeling and cell surface labeling showed that the mutant proteins were synthesized and delivered to the cell surface as efficiently as the wild type. Phosphoamino acid analysis using lysates of transfected cells showed that the T502A, S503A mutant contained [32P]phosphotyrosine, the Y488F mutant contained [32P]phosphoserine, and the wild type contained both 32P-labeled amino acids, proving that Ser503 and Tyr488 are the only amino acids phosphorylated in this system under control conditions. Bile acid transport activity was completely abrogated in cells transfected with the T502A, S503A mutant cDNA and was retained but altered in kinetic characteristics in cells transfected with the Y488F mutant cDNA, even though both of these constructs conferred ecto-ATPase activity to the same extent as the wild type cDNA. Taken together, these data show that the bile acid efflux activity of this transporter requires site-specific phosphorylation of Ser503 and is regulated by site-specific phosphorylation of Tyr488.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1995

Alterations in bile ducts and peribiliary microcirculation in rats after common bile duct ligation.

The chronological changes in ductular epithelium and peribiliary capillary plexuses (PBPs) after bile duct ligation are not well understood. Therefore, we examined alterations in both intrahepatic bile ductules and peribiliary microcirculation in rats after ligation of the common bile duct using immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopes (TEM), and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Ductular proliferations appeared first in the peripheral areas of the portal spaces and then gradually advanced along with increasing jaundice. Distorted configuration of the hepatic parenchyma with interconnecting stroma rich in irregular ductules developed 4 weeks after the ligation. Numerous biliary cell types and cells of types intermediate between hepatocytes and biliary cells together with poorly fenestrated capillary-type vessels appeared in the periportal parenchyma, in association with an increased number of canalicular-ductular junctions on TEM. These biliary cells were often found within the lobules and apart from the stroma. SEM examination of hepatic microvascular casts using methacrylated resin showed formation of irregular portal and periportal capillary networks, partly derived from coarsened sinusoids. Direct connections between the newly formed capillary networks and the pre-existing PBPs or sinusoids were numerous, although there were few direct connections between the capillary networks and the hepatic arterial branches. Thus, these proliferated ductules and newly formed complicated capillary networks might play an important role in the effective transport of biliary materials between hepatocytes and native bile ducts or proliferated ductules through the altered microcirculation after bile duct ligation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Ceftriaxone in malignant occlusive jaundice. Studies of serum and bile concentration in disordered bile excretion].

METHODS: In 12 patients with inoperable malignant obstructive jaundice, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed to decompensate the bile ducts. For a period of 7 days, the patients received a single daily i.v. dose of 1 g CFTX, and the serum and bile concentrations were measured at defined intervals. RESULTS: The dose sufficed to kill about 85% of the expected organisms. Although an accumulation of the substance as documented under conditions of normal bile flow was not demonstrable under cholestatic conditions, effective levels were nevertheless found in the bile and showed a tendency to increase with increasing bile flow.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Counts of bacteria and pyocites of choledochal bile in controls and in patients with gallstones or common bile duct stones with or without acute cholangitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The number of colonies of bacteria and the number of pyocites present per ml of choledochal bile was studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS: There were 42 controls, 100 patients with symptomatic gallstones, 42 patients with common duct stones without cholangitis and 24 patients with common duct stones and acute cholangitis. RESULTS: Control subjects had no bacteria present at gallbladder bile. Only 3% of patients with gallstones had more than 10(5) colonies per ml which increased to 36% in patients with common duct stones without cholangitis and to 84% among patients with acute cholangitis (p < 0.001). There were more polybacterial flora among patients with acute cholangitis and anaerobic bacteria were not seen in patients with gallstones. Patients with acute cholangitis had significantly more pyocites present at choledochal bile. CONCLUSION: There is a direct correlation between the number of colonies present per ml of choledochal bile and the severity of biliary tract disease. Patients with acute cholangitis had significantly more pyocites present at choledochal bile compared to gallstones or patients with CBD stones without cholangitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Assay of beta-glucuronidase in bile following ion-pair extraction of pigments and bile acids.

A method for improving the assay of beta-glucuronidase in hepatic and gallbladder bile is described. The method uses ion-pair extraction with N,N,N-triheptyl-1-heptanaminium bromide to remove pigments and bile acids. Conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, and taurine and glycine conjugates of deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids are extracted efficiently from bile by the procedure. The sensitivity of the spectrophotometric assay of beta-glucuronidase in bile using phenolphthalein glucuronide is increased significantly.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A simplified procedure for the analysis of cholesterol, phospholipids and bile salts in human bile.

Cholesterol, total bile salts and phospholipids have been measured on alcoholic extracts from human bile-rich duodenal contents. Folch extraction before phospholipid assay was found to be unnecessary and, unless fresh samples are used, it is liable to give misleadingly low values. Removal of bile pigment before measuring cholesterol was unnecessary because this estimation was done by gas-liquid chromatography. The methods described provide a simple, reproducible analysis of bile lipids.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1975

Secretin-induced bile secretion, bile acid output and blood supply to the liver in the dog.

Bile secretion and blood flow in the portal vein and the hepatic artery were determined in cholecystectomized anesthetized dogs before and during continuous infusion of varying doses of secretin. Secretin increases bile volume without alteration of bile acid output. Hepatic arterial flow was not altered by any dose. However, high doses of secretin increased portal venous blood flow significantly. It is concluded that secretin action on liver blood flow mirrors mainly superior mesenteric arterial vasodilation and seems to be a rather pharmacologic than a physiologic response. Bile secretion is not influenced by changes of hepatic blood flow in the physiologic range.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Resection of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with hilar bile duct and portal vein invasion--a case report.

A case of resected intrahepatic bile duct cancer with hilar bile duct and portal vein invasion is presented. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed to alleviate jaundice and evaluate the biliary system. Intraductal tumor extension was determined, and an accurate histological diagnosis was made in biopsy material obtained under percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy. Preoperative surgical planning was carried out on the basis of an evaluation of the findings of ultrasonography, computed tomography, arteriography, portography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy. Curative surgery, which included right hepatic lobectomy with total caudate lobectomy and combined resection and reconstruction of the portal vein, was performed. Bilioenteric continuity was re-established by a Roux-en-Y jejunal loop. The histological diagnosis was moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma originated in the right posterior branch of the intrahepatic bile duct. Postoperative recovery was very good, and the patient has now been enjoying a good active social life for the past three years with no signs of tumor recurrence. This case report discusses the accurate diagnosis and rational surgical treatment for intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma with hilar invasion.

Adenoma, Bile Duct↗