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PubMedDate not supplied

Allelic stability of VNTR locus 3' alpha HVR: linkage disequilibrium with the common alpha-thalassaemia-1 deletion of South-East Asia (--SEA/).

Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) loci are among the most polymorphic sequences described to date. VNTR allelic variability is a function of the high rates of de novo mutation due to intra- and inter-allelic recombination. We have assessed the allelic stability of VNTRs during recent human evolution, focusing on the relationship between an alpha-thalassaemia-1 deletion that is common among South-East Asian populations (--SEA/) and a VNTR located immediately down-stream of the alpha-globin gene cluster (3'alpha HVR). More than 50 unrelated (--SEA/) carriers were analyzed using a strategy that allowed the unambiguous assignment of a carrier's 3'alpha HVR alleles to either the normal or the (--SEA/) chromosome. The analysis revealed that 89% of the (--SEA/) chromosomes are associated with 3'alpha HVR alleles that fall within a limited size range (5,415-6,442 bp for PvuII digests). In contrast, only 4% of the carriers' normal chromosomes are associated with 3'alpha HVR alleles of this size range, and surveys of other racial and ethnic populations confirm that these 3' alpha HVR alleles are uncommon in general. Overall, these data indicate that the (--SEA/) deletion originally occurred on a chromosome marked by a rare 3'alpha HVR allele, and that this association has been relatively stable over the course of recent human evolution in South-East Asia.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

History of medicine and nephrology in Asia.

The beginning of Chinese medicine has been attributed to 3 mythical emperors who gathered herbs for medicines. During the 2nd century BC, Han dynasty physicians developed cranial trephining and sedation with wine and herbs for anesthesia. Chiang Chung-Ching (142-212 AD) used the appearance of rashes in diagnosis, treated infections with anthelmintics and asthma with ephedra, described the symptoms of diabetes mellitus and expanded medical ethics. The specialties of obstetrics, pediatrics, ophthalmology and dentistry were described in the records of the Han and Tang dynasties, and methods of setting fractures and treating trauma were comparable with those of Roman military doctors. Shen Tua (1031-1095 AD) compiled a pharmacopeia and studied acupuncture and the pulses. Forensic medicine was developed during the 10th century by Sung Tse, who also advocated hand washing with sulfur and vinegar to avoid infection during autopsies. The Daoist physicians used androgens and estrogens to treat hypogonadism with therapeutic preparations of placentas. They also had an advanced knowledge of alchemy, claiming to achieve 'immortality' by their preservation techniques. Qualifying examinations for physicians were conducted by the Chinese state as early as the 1st century AD, and later incorporated philosophy and art to conform with the Confucian ideal. Throughout these eras, Chinese medicine profited from contact with western Asia. In ancient Chinese medicine, the excretory function of the kidney was attributed to the bladder. 'Kidney weakness', which refers to somatized depression, was treated by acupuncture along the 'kidney channel'. Pulse examination was also used to give a measure of the imbalance of renal Yin and Yang.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alchemy↗
PubMed1999

Risk factors for early death in acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: A prospective hospital-based study in Asia. Asian Acute Stroke Advisory Panel.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In Asia, there has been no international study to investigate the risk factors for early death in patients with ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of consecutive patients with acute stroke who were admitted to 36 participating hospitals in China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. With the use of a simple identical data sheet, we recorded the demographics and cardiovascular risk factors of each patient. Early death was defined as death on discharge from the acute hospital. RESULTS: We enrolled 2403 patients with ischemic stroke and 783 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Among patients with ischemic stroke, previous use of antiplatelet drugs (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0. 30 to 0.95) and relatively young age group 56 to 75 years (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.00) were protective factors; atrial fibrillation (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.40 to 3.57), ischemic heart disease (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.37 to 3.05), diabetes (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.04 to 2.22), and ex-smoker status (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.18 to 4.05) were risk factors for early death. Among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, hypertension (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.82) and young age group 56 to 75 years old (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.87) were associated with lower death rate, whereas diabetes (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.98) was a risk factor for early death. CONCLUSIONS: In Asian patients with stroke, previous use of antiplatelet drugs nearly halved the risk of early death in patients with ischemic stroke, whereas atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, and ex-smoker status were risk factors for early death. Among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, diabetes was associated with early death, whereas young age group and hypertension were associated with lower death rates, though no clear explanation for the hypertension association could be discerned from the data available.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factor clustering among the adult population of China: results from the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterAsia).

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has been increasing in China. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the prevalence of CVD risk factor clustering among Chinese adults aged 35 to 74 years with data from the International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterAsia), a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample (n=14 690) conducted during 2000 to 2001 and compared these data with those of US adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1999 to 2000. Overall, 80.5%, 45.9%, and 17.2% of Chinese adults had > or =1, > or =2, and > or =3 modifiable CVD risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and overweight), respectively. By comparison, 93.1%, 73.0%, and 35.9% of US adults had > or =1, > or =2, and > or =3 of these risk factors, respectively. In a multivariate model including age, sex, and area of residence, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) of having > or =1, > or =2, and > or =3 CVD risk factors versus none of the studied risk factors was 2.61 (95% CI, 2.09 to 3.27), 3.55 (95% CI, 2.77 to 4.54), and 4.97 (95% CI, 3.67 to 6.74), respectively, for Chinese adults 65 to 74 years old versus 35 to 44 years old; 3.65 (95% CI, 3.21 to 4.15), 4.67 (95% CI, 4.06 to 5.38), and 5.60 (95% CI, 4.70 to 6.67), respectively, for men compared with women; 1.18 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.30), 1.34 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.50), and 1.84 (95% CI, 1.60 to 2.12), respectively, for urban compared with rural residents; and 1.98 (95% CI, 1.76 to 2.22), 2.75 (95% CI, 2.42 to 3.13), and 4.36 (95% CI, 3.68 to 5.18), respectively, for residents of northern compared with southern China. CONCLUSIONS: Clustering of CVD risk factors is common in China. Prevention, detection, and treatment of CVD risk factor clustering should be an important component of a national strategy to reduce the increasing burden of CVD in China.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Alcoholism in Southeast Asia. Prevalence and treatment.

A pilot, field investigation of the prevalence and treatment of alcoholism in Southeast Asia (Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Burma, and Thailand) and conducted. The methodology combined an informant study, interviewing leading alcohol and drug abuse authorities; utilising existing data; and clinical and naturalistic observation. The effects of modernisation, multiracial culture, and the unilateral focus on opiates are discussed; recommendations on treatment, education, and research are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

International manpower flows in Asia: an overview.

The authors review international labor migration flows in Asia. "We will begin with an overview and comparison of the economic and demographic features of the countries of the Asian region. Following this review, we will assemble what information is available on manpower flows from/to the countries of the region. In the context of this review, we will draw attention to country-specific variables we believe explain much of this type of migration."

Asia↗
PubMed1994

The movement of people in Asia: internal, intra-regional and international migration.

"The comprehensive overview of Asian-Pacific migration summarizes early population movements during the colonial period and describes the major types of contemporary Asian population movements: (1) environmental refugees, (2) political refugees, (3) internal population movements, (4) contract labor migration, (5) migration of permanent settlers, (6) business related movements and tourism. Projections of net international migration are given. Population growth, employment absorption and emigration pressures are likely to contribute to a large mobility potential for Asia, with significant implications for Australia."

Asia↗
PubMed1995

Regional interdependence and migration in Asia.

"The 1980s witnessed increasing regional interdependence in Asia through trade and investment. Increasing flows of labor within the region, however, raise questions about three important issues: (1) the assumption that trade, investment and aid will eventually mitigate migration pressure in source countries and the effectiveness of migration policies based on that assumption; (2) whether increasing regional interdependence stimulates or deters migration; [and] (3) the effect of rising interdependence on the political and international relations aspects of migration. As a partial attempt to address these questions, this article examines the regional pattern of economic interdependence by utilizing information concerning trade, investment and migration flows. The concept of interdependence/dependence is discussed within a political context, focusing on migration and policy responses to it. Observations are made on the implications for regional stability and development."

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Economic interdependence and migration dynamics in Asia.

"This paper searches first for alternative explanations about migration dynamics and, in particular, the migration transition in Asian countries. It raises the question whether increasing economic interdependence will increase labor mobility and attempts to explain the association between them with a simple model. Countries in the region are divided [into] three groups with regard to international labor migration: transitional, non-transitional exporters, and non-transitional importers. Increasing economic integration will lead to migration transition for many Asian countries, but with uncertainties concerning in particular China and South Asia."

Asia↗
PubMed2006

Diversion from youth courts in five Asia Pacific jurisdictions: welfare or restorative solutions.

Since the 1970s, there has been a trend to move away from punitive and retributive approaches to reintegrative practices. This article provides an account of how young offenders in five Asia Pacific jurisdictions are diverted from being prosecuted in the youth courts and of to where they are diverted. The five cases demonstrate that diversionary measures in the Australasian jurisdictions tend to be more restorative in their practices than are those in Chinese-dominated jurisdictions, which adopt welfare responses. It is concluded that although there is some progress in the areas of decarceration and delegalization, the diversion goals of decategorization and deprofessionalization in Chinese-dominated jurisdictions have yet to be achieved. Such diversionary strategies carry the risk that many more young people committing minor offences may be subject to more intrusive measures and disguised social control in the name of diversion, welfare, or the prevention of future offending.

Asia↗
PubMed2001

The fetal origins of disease hypothesis: public health implications for the Asia-Pacific region.

There has been rapid development in the Asia-Pacific region, leading to improvements in the food supply and nutrition. The high prevalence of low birth weight has been a problem in many countries and continues to be a problem in some parts of the region. In the past few years an epidemic of obesity and chronic disease has emerged. The fetal origins hypothesis links the high prevalence of low birth weight and recent increasing obesity to explain the emerging epidemic of chronic disease. One public health strategy to challenge this epidemic is the promotion of breastfeeding of all infants. Breastfeeding has been shown to protect against childhood obesity, and is "dose related", that is, the longer an infant is breastfed, the lower the risk of obesity.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1990

The leadership challenge of tobacco use in Asia: towards health promotion and health for all.

Tobacco use in Asia is sharply on the rise. Present trends in increased smoking behavior will result in epidemics of smoking related diseases and deaths of millions annually in the foreseeable future. Collective leadership for health from several sectors is needed to reverse the trend in increased tobacco use. An agenda for action by leaders is presented, and an intersectoral approach is advocated with a focus on proactive measures to promote positive behaviors for health and to prevent a pandemic of unprecedented proportions.

Asia↗
PubMed1994

Attributes of effective managers and implications for health care management education in the Asia-Pacific region.

This paper explores the perceptions of managers and students from 11 countries in the Asia-Pacific region regarding the attributes needed for becoming effective managers and the broad implications of these findings for health care management education. The study forms part of a wider international project aimed at exploring the role of national culture in managerial behavior and effectiveness.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Development of an Asia-Pacific regional network for public health.

As public health by its very nature is multi-disciplinary, it may benefit individual programs to formulate a regional network, joining researchers and academics across programs. This approach may afford extended benefits, such as the establishment of regional health surveillance systems and collaborative funding initiatives. To explore this potential, member institutions comprising the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health provided data to form an aggregate profile of cross-institutional expertise and resources, which was presented to Health Specialists at the Asian Development Bank. The study provided a foundation for a planned regional network. A four-pronged approach was proffered detailing concurrent aspects of development: 1) network formation and expansion, 2) research coordination, 3) cross-institutional communication and instruction, and 4) promotion of self-sufficiency. The proposed plan affords the groundwork for an improved approach to public health research and practice that builds upon the established Consortium, and encourages new horizons. Regionalization is an increasing phenomenon world wide, and should be furthered as a concept for improved public health intervention and control.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health promoting schools: issues and future directions for Australia and the Asia Pacific Region.

This paper sets out to trace the development of health promoting schools in Australia and the Asia Pacific Region. An overview of conceptual frameworks pertinent to promoting health in school is presented, together with a justification for a focus on schools as settings for health. The challenge ahead for school communities is to move from the simple classroom-based topic focused old style health education, to the whole settings approach and the broad-ranging, comprehensive collection of actions that make up this wider view.

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Role of schools of public health on maternal and child health programmes in the Asia-Pacific region.

This paper assessed the role of public health schools on maternal and child health programmes in the Asia Pacific region. Economic development and its associated effects, particularly in the ASEAN countries, for example, migrant labour, ageing, environmental health, turbulence and social climate, has a tremendous impact on maternal and child health. Based on these current issues, it is evident that public health schools can play a major role in maternal and child health in terms of policy formulation and programme development. Several areas were proposed as to what schools of public health can do, namely, through networking, communication, research and training.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children's environmental health in Central Asia and the Middle east.

Children in Central Asia and the Middle East bear disproportionate environmental threats to health, of which the most widespread and serious result from poverty, malnutrition, lack of access to safe drinking water and food, and exposures to toxic chemicals. Their psychological health is threatened in several parts of this region by internal wars and strife. Many, or even most, children are regularly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. In many of these countries, children constitute very high percentages of the population. Because children constitute the future, it is critical that these threats to their health be addressed and reduced to the greatest extent possible through both provision of safe and adequate drinking water and nutrition and reduction of exposures to environmental contaminants.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From conflict to collaboration, local political climate accelerates ITREOH's regionalization in South Asia.

As Pakistan becomes industrialized, the development of human resources is essential to addressing emerging health problems. The Fogarty International Center (FIC)-funded University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)-Aga Khan University (AKU) ITREOH initiative has been instrumental in filling the gaps in environmental and occupational health (EOH) training and research. Because of travel impediments to Pakistan, a regional short-term training program was implemented in Nepal and Sri Lanka. Workshop participants were from Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, and Bangladesh. The training programs enhanced north-to-south and south-to-south collaboration in research and training in South Asia. A major impact is the development of a certificate program in EOH at AKU. Research initiatives of regional and/or global concern are also under way in the other participating countries. The combination of face-to-face training with Web-based interaction for follow-up was optimal for short-term training.

Asia↗