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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Is the flow in the giraffe's jugular vein a "free" fall?

There is controversy as to whether or not the heart works against gravity in the arteries to the head in the upright position. One view is that the gravitational effects in the neck arteries are counterbalanced by the gravitational effects in the veins of the neck and the heart does not do extra pressure work. This concept has been challenged by others who claim that the heart works against gravity based on the notion that the jugular vein is collapsed and gravitational effects on jugular blood are inoperative, similar to the "free" fall of liquids. The present study supports the view that blood flow in the collapsible jugular vein of the giraffe is not a "free" fall and that the heart does not spend extra energy to raise the blood to the head.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Comparative biochemistry of a cytosolic artiodactyl glycosidase.

Artiodactyls possess abundant neutral glycosidase activity in liver, kidney and intestine. This enzyme is cytosolic and displays a more neutral pH optimum, more acidic isoelectric point and broader substrate range than the corresponding acidic beta-galactosidases. The neutral glycosidases were more thermolabile than the respective acidic beta-galactosidases and displayed a relative molecular mass approximating 60 kDa. This isozyme appeared to be a minor species in both rat and dog liver. The porcine enzyme was studied in more detail. Porcine neutral glycosidase activity was detected in 45-day gestational fetuses in both liver and kidney but not brain. Fetal kidney activities were about half those observed in adult kidney extracts. Porcine neutral glycosidase was immunologically distinct from acidic beta-galactosidase and was immunologically similar to the corresponding isozymes from deer, ovine and bovine liver. Porcine neutral glycosidase was moderately inhibited by D-galactonic acid gamma-lactone and strongly inhibited by D-gluconic acid delta-lactone; however, acidic beta-galactosidase was not inhibited by the delta-lactone. Inhibition by the gamma-lactone was competitive for both enzymes. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside,-glucoside and -xyloside competed for the same active site. A polymorphism for fast- and slow-migrating isozymes of porcine neutral glycosidase was observed, which appeared to be under genetic control.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Secretory ribonuclease genes and pseudogenes in true ruminants.

Mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases (RNase) form a family of extensively studied homologous proteins. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the primary structures of these enzymes, indicated that the presence of three homologous enzymes (pancreatic, seminal and brain ribonucleases) in the bovine species is due to gene duplication events, which occurred during the evolution of ancestral ruminants. In this paper the sequences are reported of the coding regions of the orthologues of the three bovine secretory ribonucleases in hog deer and roe deer, two deer species belonging to two different subfamilies of the family Cervidae. The sequences of the 3' untranslated regions of the three different secretory RNase genes of these two deer species and giraffe are also presented. Comparison of these and previously determined sequences of ruminant ribonucleases showed that the brain-type enzymes of giraffe and these deer species exhibit variations in their C-terminal extensions. The seminal-type genes of giraffe, hog deer and roe deer show all the features of pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the complete coding regions and parts of the 3' untranslated regions of the three different secretory ribonuclease genes of ox, sheep, giraffe and the two deer species, show that pancreatic, seminal- and brain-type RNases form three separate groups.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

A lung nematode in Canadian Arctic muskoxen. Standard radiographic and computed tomographic imaging.

Medical imaging was used before death to follow the development of U. pallikuukensis infection in muskoxen and postmortem to investigate the distribution and characteristics of parasite-associated pulmonary cysts. In two experimentally infected animals, lesions were not visible radiographically until days 178 and 191 PI, 3 months after the parasites became patent. Serial radiographs taken throughout the period of patency of one animal showed an initial increase in lesion size by day 415 PI, but by day 789 PI, lesions had stabilized or decreased in size. Although all lesions detected postmortem were not visible radiographically during life, the radiographs did provide an indication of the relative severity of infection. In contrast to other parasitic pneumonias, there was no evidence of pulmonary disease outside of the discrete parasitic cysts. Radiographs of lungs postmortem proved to be an effective tool for locating parasitic cysts in a lightly infected muskox and demonstrated a bronchovascular cyst distribution. Postmortem CT provided a more rapid and detailed assessment of the number, size, and distribution of cysts in the lungs of one muskox.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The llama industry in the United States.

This chapter provides an overview of the llama in the United States. It covers the animal and its history, the people who own llamas, and the business that is developing around them and describes the industry's needs from the veterinary profession in terms of health care.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1989

Llama medicine. Conformation and soundness.

Conformational problems tend to be common in llamas and alpacas. Without setting a standard, basic conformation can still be evaluated by comparing with equine conformation, especially in terms of straightness of limbs. Good conformation should evoke a sense of balance in the observer. Conformation faults predispose to unsoundness.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Llama medicine. Physical examination, restraint and handling.

Llamas are generally docile, easily handled domestic animals. Special chutes have been designed for safe, efficient restraint for examination and diagnostic procedures, most of which are commonly performed on other species. Anatomic differences make some of these procedures unique to the llama.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Clinical pathology of llamas.

Examination of the diseased llama often relies on clinical laboratory information to supplement that from the physical examination and history. Because of the llama's only recent importance as a companion animal, little information is available on the analysis and interpretation of clinical laboratory parameters in this species. Llamas possess red blood cells with a unique shape, small size, and high hemoglobin content. The hemoglobin has a high oxygen affinity, which helps the animal adapt to high altitudes and presents with an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the left. The llama maintains high resting blood glucose, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels. It is very efficient at recycling urea nitrogen via nonrenal pathways. Most of the clinical pathologic parameters can be utilized and interpreted as in other species, but with a different baseline of normal values.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Llama anesthetic programs.

Llamas are anesthetized conveniently with guaifenesin thiamylal mixes, or, for short periods of time, with xylazine/ketamine. Small individuals must be accurately weighed. Estimating weight without experience is dangerous in this species. The greatest levels of safety and control, especially for critical patients, is afforded by inhalation anesthesia techniques using small animal equipment. All neonates and juveniles can be masked readily but in adults intravenous induction is most satisfactory. Intubation is aided by a long blade laryngoscope. Blood pressure monitoring is best accomplished with an arterial line in the ear artery. However, doppler equipment on the tail or distal leg usually works well.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Surgical conditions in the llama.

Various surgical conditions of llamas are discussed, based on the author's experience, that of colleagues at Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, and what little information is available in the literature. Some surgery is described for the correction of congenital abnormalities, some of which may be inherited. Sterilization of affected animals should be performed to prevent further occurrence of such defects. Many of the surgical techniques used in llamas are adaptations of methods used in other domestic species. Knowledge of the anatomical differences (especially in the gastrointestinal tract) as well as the other idiosyncracies of this species is essential for a successful surgical outcome. In time, refinements of these techniques as well as reports on the use of different or newer techniques will appear in the literature.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1989

Noninfectious diseases, metabolic diseases, toxicities, and neoplastic diseases of South American camelids.

Although the SAC generally are healthy and tolerant of a wide variety of management schemes, a number of noninfectious diseases have been documented to occur, affecting all body systems. Gastrointestinal diseases appear to be the most common afflictions, particularly dental diseases, indigestion, ulceration of the third compartment, and the various causes of colic, such as enteritis, peritonitis, and intestinal accidents. Diseases of the urinary system (urolithiasis, amyloidosis, and glomerulonephritis in particular), the nervous system (especially various compressive lesions of the spinal cord), and the respiratory system (such as obstructive pulmonary diseases) are not uncommon. Diseases of the cardiovascular system (other than congenital defects), hemolymphatic system, and nonsurgical diseases of the musculoskeletal system only rarely are encountered. Heat stress appears to be a very common problem in certain areas, but other metabolic diseases (ketosis, hypocalcemia, and hypothyroidism) are of minor importance. It is assumed that SAC are susceptible to most of the same toxicities that affect domestic livestock species. The best documented examples appear to be the Ericaceae family of plants (laurels, rhododendrons, and so on) and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos. Neoplasia occasionally is seen; examples include lymphosarcoma, gastric squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. As the longevity of these species increases because of their pet status, neoplasia can be expected to become more common. The treatment of most of these conditions is based upon extrapolation from domestic ruminants.

Animals↗