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At least 865 records · Page 48Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Fetal tele-echography using a robotic arm and a satellite link.

OBJECTIVE: To design a method for conducting fetal ultrasound examinations in isolated hospital sites using a dedicated remotely controlled robotic arm (tele-echography). METHODS: Tele-echography was performed from our hospital (expert center) on 29 pregnant women in an isolated maternity hospital (patient site) 1700 km away, and findings were compared with those of conventional ultrasound examinations. At the patient site, a robotic arm holding the real ultrasound probe was placed on the patient's abdomen by an assistant with no experience of performing ultrasound. The robotic arm, remotely controlled with a fictive (expert) probe, reproduced the exact movements (tilting and rotating) of the expert hand on the real ultrasound probe. RESULTS: In 93.1% of the cases, all biometric parameters, placental location and amniotic fluid volume, were correctly assessed using the teleoperated robotic arm. In two cases, femur length could not be correctly measured. The mean duration of fetal ultrasound examination was 14 min (range, 10-18) and 18 min (range, 13-23) by conventional and tele-echography methods, respectively. The mean number of times the robotic arm was repositioned on the patient's abdomen was seven (range, 5-9). CONCLUSION: Tele-echography using a robotic arm provides the main information needed to assess fetal growth and the intrauterine environment within a limited period of time.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Conformation and thermodynamics of DNA "necks". Models for three-arm branch formation in a duplex.

The properties of three-arm DNA junctions differ from those of four-arm junctions in several respects. Most apparently, bases flanking the branch are reactive to single strand specific agents in three-arm junctions but not four-arm junctions. To determine the basis for this, we have designed and synthesized a series of complexes in which a short duplex, a neck, progressively extends from a parent 16-mer DNA duplex. These structure allow us to investigate how a three-arm branch forms, and how its properties change as the neck extends. Comparison of the properties of a nicked duplex with those of the neck structures using native gel electrophoresis with reporter arms attached reveals progressively greater geometrical perturbation of the complexes as the number of base-pairs in the neck increases. Footprinting by single-strand specific reagents indicates that the reactivity to single-strand reagents near the branch occurs when only a single pair is possible. The branch in each neck interacts tightly with ethidium, as does a nick in the same duplex. The thermodynamics of neck formation have been evaluated by calorimetry and from the concentration dependence of absorbance temperature profiles. Each neck complex is destabilized with respect to duplex DNA or a nicked duplex, and has a lower enthalpy of formation despite the increased number of base-pairs present. A model is proposed to account for these properties in which the bases in the pair adjacent to the duplex interact directly with the duplex, via transient insertion.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Crystal structure of a truncated mutant of glucose-fructose oxidoreductase shows that an N-terminal arm controls tetramer formation.

N-terminal or C-terminal arms that extend from folded protein domains can play a critical role in quaternary structure and other intermolecular associations and/or in controlling biological activity. We have tested the role of an extended N-terminal arm in the structure and function of a periplasmic enzyme glucose-fructose oxidoreductase (GFOR) from Zymomonas mobilis. We have determined the crystal structure of the NAD(+) complex of a truncated form of the enzyme, GFORDelta, in which the first 22 residues of the N-terminal arm of the mature protein have been deleted. The structure, refined at 2.7 A resolution (R(cryst)=24.1%, R(free)=28.4%), shows that the truncated form of the enzyme forms a dimer and implies that the N-terminal arm is essential for tetramer formation by wild-type GFOR. Truncation of the N-terminal arm also greatly increases the solvent exposure of the cofactor; since GFOR activity is dependent on retention of the cofactor during the catalytic cycle we conclude that the absence of GFOR activity in this mutant results from dissociation of the cofactor. The N-terminal arm thus determines the quaternary structure and the retention of the cofactor for GFOR activity and during translocation into the periplasm. The structure of GFORDelta also shows how an additional mutation, Ser64Asp, converts the strict NADP(+) specificity of wild-type GFOR to a dual NADP(+)/NAD(+) specificity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 5: a case due to balanced paternal translocation and review of the literature.

A partial duplication of the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 5 (q31 leads to qter) was observed in an infant with congenital malformations and dysmorphic features. The phenotypically normal father had a balanced translocation between the long arm of chromosome 5 and the short arm of chromosome 9: 46,XY,t(5;9)(q31;p24). The clinical and cytogenetic data obtained from six patients with partial duplications of two different long arm segments of chromosome 5 suggest that partial duplication of the distal long arm of chromosome 5 is associated with microcephaly, hypertelorism, epicanthus, strabismus, large upper lip, low-set, dysplastic ears, in addition to growth and psychomotor retardation. Partial duplication of the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 5, on the other hand, is associated mainly with musculoskeletal abnormalities including muscle hypotrophy and hypotonia, scoliosis, lordosis, pectus carinatum, cubitus valgus, and genu valgum, in addition to psychomotor retardation. The dysmorphic features in this latter group include a bulging forehead, short nose, thick upper lip, low-set protruding ears and tapering, thin fingers.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1975

Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila VIII. Faster replication and hyperactivity of both arms of the X-chromosome in males of Drosophila pseudoobscura and their possible significance.

3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine labeling patterns of the X-chromosome arms of Drosophila pseudoobscura have been examined autoradiographically. Results show that in all phases of replication, namely, initial, middle and terminal, both arms of the X-chromosome in the male are advanced by one or two steps of 3H-thymidine labeling in comparison with the autosomes, and both arms in the female show more or less similar labeling profile as the autosomes. Both the arms in the male show pale stainability and enlarged width ratio, as reported in other species. The 3H-uridine labeling patterns also reveal that both arms in the male incorporate twice as much precursor as the individual X in the female. Results, therefore, suggest that both arms of the X in D. pseudoobscura are faster replicating and hyperactive in the male, although it is considered that XL is homologous to the X and XR to part of the third chromosome of D. melanogaster.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Shoulder strain in keyboard workers and its alleviation by arm supports.

Keyboard work consists mostly of dynamic contractions of the small muscles of the forearms and hands. This is accompanied by continuous activity in the arm, shoulder and neck muscles keeping the head and hand in the correct position. Eliminating the weight from the arm by means of support and the position of the arms influences the electrical activity of shoulder muscles when working at a keyboard. We studied the influence of elbow angle; as well as that of different arm supports, on electrical activity of upper trapezius muscle during keyboard work in healthy workers and persons suffering from shoulder pains. The measurements were carried out in the laboratory. EMG activities, which where measured as mean square root (RMS)-values at every 100-millisecond period in trapezius muscle when working, were lower, the greater the elbow angle. Furthermore electrical activity decreased when subjects used arm supports while working. It is evident that the static load to shoulder muscles can be lowered significantly in keyboard work, when the forearms are at an angle of at least 100 degrees and by using arm supports. The most convienient and ergonomic working position can also be found individually be the method used here.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A new aluminum tolerance gene located on rye chromosome arm 7RS.

Rye has one of the most efficient groups of genes for aluminum tolerance (Alt) among cultivated species of Triticeae. This tolerance is controlled by, at least, three independent and dominant loci (Alt1, Alt2, and Alt3) located on chromosome arms 6RS, 3RS, and 4RL, respectively. The segregation of Alt genes and several random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Secale cereale inter-microsatellite (SCIM), and Secale cereale microsatellite (SCM) markers in three F(2) between a tolerant cultivar (Ailés) and a non-tolerant inbred line (Riodeva) were studied. The segregation ratio obtained for aluminum tolerance in the three F(2) populations analyzed was 3:1 (tolerant:non-tolerant), indicating that tolerance is controlled by one dominant locus. SCIM811(1376) was linked to an Alt gene in the three F(2) populations studied, and three different SCIMs and one RAPD (SCIM811(1376), SCIM812(626), SCIM812(1138), and OPQ4(725)) were linked to the Alt gene in two F(2) populations. This result indicated that the same Alt gene was segregating in the three crosses. SCIM819(1434) and OPQ4(578) linked to the tolerance gene in one F(2) population were located using wheat-rye ditelosomic addition lines on the 7RS chromosome arm. The Alt locus is mapped between SCIM819(1434) and the OPQ4(578) markers. Two microsatellite loci (SCM-40 and SCM-86), previously located on chromosome 7R, were also linked to the Alt gene. Therefore, the Alt gene segregating in these F(2) populations is new and probably could be orthologous to the Alt genes located on wheat chromosome arm 4DL, on barley chromosome arm 4HL, on rye chromosome arm 4RL, and rice chromosome 3. This new Alt gene located on rye chromosome arm 7RS was named Alt4. A map of rye chromosome 7R with the Alt4 gene, 16 SCIM and RAPD, markers and two SCM markers was obtained.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

In vivo measurement-based estimations of the human Achilles tendon moment arm.

The aim of the present study was to estimate and compare in vivo measurement-based Achilles tendon moment arm lengths at rest and during isometric plantarflexion maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using the centre-of-rotation (COR) and the tendon-excursion (TE) methods. Both methods were based on morphometric analysis of sagittal-plane magnetic resonance images of the foot. Using the COR method, moment arms were obtained at ankle angles from 15 degrees of dorsiflexion to 30 degrees of plantarflexion in steps of 15 degrees, digitizing the perpendicular distance from a moving centre of rotation in the tibio-talar joint to the Achilles tendon action line. The TE method was based on measurement of calcaneal displacement along the tibial axis during 15 degrees rotations of the ankle joint, from 30 degrees of dorsiflexion to 45 degrees of plantarflexion. The two methods gave similar estimations at rest varying from 4.3 to 5.6 cm. Using the COR method, the Achilles tendon moment arm during MVC was larger by 1-1.5 cm (22-27%, P < 0.01) than the respective resting value. In contrast, no difference (P > 0.05) was found between the resting and MVC moment arm estimations of the TE method. The disagreement in moment arms during MVC may be attributed to differences in the assumptions made between the two methods. The TE method has more limitations than the COR method and its estimations during MVC should be treated with caution. Resting Achilles tendon moment arm estimations of the COR method should be multiplied by 1.22-1.27 when maximal isometric plantarflexion joint moments, musculotendon forces and stresses are predicted using modelling.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1989

Painful versus silent myocardial ischemia during leg and arm exercise testing in stable angina pectoris.

When 51 patients with proven coronary heart disease and stable angina pectoris underwent exercise testing, 22 experienced painful myocardial ischemia during both leg and arm exercise testing (group L + A), whereas 29 patients had such episodes only during the leg testing (group L). Upright bicycle exercise was performed with the legs first, followed 2 days later by arm testing. Exercise was stopped when typical anginal pain and greater than 1-mm ST horizontal depression occurred during leg testing, and when greater than 1-mm ST horizontal depression was noted during arm testing. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product for leg and arm testing, either at the beginning of anginal pain or at the time when 1-mm ST depression was noted, were similar. Two-dimensional echocardiography showed that the L group had higher (p less than 0.01) end-systolic volume at rest and decreased (p less than 0.05) ejection fraction during exercise. Coronary angiography showed that the L group had a greater (p less than 0.001) number of patients with 3-vessel disease, a decreased (p less than 0.001) ejection fraction and less patients with 1-vessel disease. In these patients, absence of anginal pain during arm exercise suggests defective segmental transmission of pain sensation related to severe coronary artery disease. Thus, arm testing, in addition to leg testing, seems to be a simple and useful tool for the detection of severe coronary disease.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1992

Accumulation of the pre-assembled membrane arm of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase in mitochondria of manganese-limited grown Neurospora crassa.

The NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of mitochondria is constructed from two arms arranged perpendicular to each other. The peripheral arm protruding into the matrix contains the proximal section of the electron pathway, and the membrane arm with all mitochondrially encoded subunits contains the distal section of the electron pathway. When Neurospora crassa is grown under manganese limitation the formation of the peripheral arm is disturbed, but the membrane arm containing the iron-sulfur cluster N-2, is accumulated. An extra-polypeptide, assumed to be a chaperone, is found to be associated with this pre-assembled membrane arm.

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed1985

In vivo moment arm lengths for hip extensor muscles at different angles of hip flexion.

Moment arm lengths of three hip extensor muscles, the gluteus maximus, the hamstrings and the adductor magnus, were determined at hip flexion angles from 0 degrees to 90 degrees by combining data from ten autopsy specimens and from twenty patients, the latter examined by computed tomography. A straight-line muscle model for muscle force was used for the hamstrings and adductor magnus, and for the gluteus maximus a two-segment straight-line muscle force model was used. With the joint in its anatomical position the moment arm of the gluteus maximus to the bilateral motion axis averaged 79 mm, for the hamstrings 61 mm and for the adductor magnus 15 mm. The moment arm of gluteus maximus decreased with increasing hip flexion angle. The hamstrings showed an increase in moment arm length up to an average of 35 degrees hip flexion and then a decrease with increasing hip flexion angle. The corresponding figures for the adductor magnus moment arm showed an increase up to 75 degrees and then a decrease. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in moment arm length between men and women.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Spatial and temporal response patterns on the eight-arm radial maze.

Six maze-experienced hooded rats were timed during five trials on which they collected water from all arms of an eight-arm radial maze, then made five more choices. All subjects frequently exhibited a "task-completion pause:" The subjects rarely spent more than 1 sec in the center of the maze between choices until they had entered all eight arms, then stopped in the center of the maze. In contrast, the time spent in each arm gradually increased until all of the water had been obtained, then decreased slightly. Four subjects began every trial by choosing eight consecutive adjacent arms. The task-completion pause indicates that these subjects recognized when all of the arms had been entered, without having to repeat one. Therefore, even extreme degrees of response stereotypy do not imply a fundamental dependence on response strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ap58: a novel in situ outer dynein arm-binding protein.

Outer arm dynein is a molecular motor that is positioned at 24 nm intervals on outer doublet microtubules in cilia and flagella. In the present paper, we report identification of a 58 kDa novel protein with a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR), referred to as ap58 (for 58 kDa axonemal protein) in sea urchin sperm axonemes. Ap58 is extracted along with the outer arm dynein by a high salt solution from axonemes. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation or gel filtration of the extract separates the outer arm dynein core from ap58. Most ap58 sediments to the lower density fraction or elutes in fractions of smaller molecules. However, immunogold localization reveals that ap58 is distributed at approximately 25 nm intervals on doublet microtubules, suggesting that in situ it is associated with the outer dynein arm. Thus, ap58 with the TPR motif is a new member of outer dynein arm-binding proteins distinct from the outer dynein arm-docking complex.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Moment arms of forearm rotators.

BACKGROUND: Rotation about a longitudinal axis of the forearm has been a matter of investigation for over 100 years. However, most studies were limited to only a few muscles and to their action in specific set positions of elbow and forearm rotation. This investigation aims at determining the moment arms of muscles that contribute to pronation and supination at three different angles of elbow flexion throughout the entire range of forearm rotation. METHODS: Muscle moment arms were derived from tendon excursions that were recorded on a full-size epoxy model of the radioulnar complex. The results were verified on a fresh cadaver specimen. FINDINGS: Moment arms of all major supinators exhibit peak values in 40-50 degrees of pronation, for all three positions of the elbow. These peak values vary with elbow position, the biceps muscle showing the highest dependency with its greatest moment arm in 90 degrees of elbow flexion. The pronators show a maximum of moment arm about the neutral position, with little dependency on elbow flexion. Brachioradialis brings the pronated, or supinated forearm into the neutral position. The bow of the radius is in function comparable to the 'throw' of a crankshaft, forming a greater lever arm between the point of insertion of the muscles and the axis of rotation of the radius. INTERPRETATION: The observations drawn from this study could be of eminent value in planning rotator muscle transplantation, in understanding functional disorders after injury, and in the physical treatment of forearm rotator muscle deficiency. Reconstruction of the physiological anatomical arrangement in the treatment of injuries is strongly recommended for restoration of function.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2005

Role of the inertial eigenvectors in proprioception near the limits of arm adduction range of motion.

Common everyday activities such as reaching for a cup, combing one's hair, or positioning a tool involve the accurate registration of the limb's orientation relative to the body and the environment. Past work has demonstrated that the ability of humans to perceive the spatial orientation of an occluded arm is tied to the arm's inertial eigenvectors, invariant mechanical parameters corresponding to a limb's axes of rotational symmetry. In a recent study participants pointed to visible targets while the arms' inertial eigenvectors were displaced by asymmetrically weighted splints. The lack of an effect of those splints on pointing error led them to conclude that inertial eigenvectors are not the primary invariants used for proprioception. However, their data suggested an effect of the eigenvectors, but only for conditions in which pointing did not require placing the arm near the limits of shoulder adduction range of motion. In the present study we found a significant effect of displacing the eigenvector for all tested arm angles, regardless of degree of shoulder adduction. Overall, the results supported the hypothesis that proprioception is based on sensitivity to the limb's inertial eigenvectors, with no reduction of the eigenvector effect when adducting the arm so as to reach far across the body midline.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The impact of surface water exchange on the nutrient and particle dynamics in side-arms along the River Danube, Austria.

Results of two monitoring programs obtained in the free-flowing section of the Danube downstream of Vienna were used to evaluate the effects of river restoration designed to increase surface water inputs into side-arms. Functional descriptors like hydrochemical parameters and plankton react immediately to restored hydrological conditions and offer the opportunity to elucidate the hydrological control on organic processing as an important ecosystem function in fluvial landscapes. Two hydraulic parameters were estimated and linked to basic ecological properties. The level of hydrological connectivity was defined as the average annual duration (days per year) of upstream surface connection and can be used as a 'simple to estimate' parameter within the planning phase. Water age, an adapted measure of residence time based on more detailed information, allow description of the temporal development in side-arms. Greater hydrological connectivity leads to lower conductivity levels and increased nutrient concentrations due to the shift of the dominating source to river water. The contribution of river flow is indicated by higher suspended solid concentrations in side-arms than disconnected water bodies. The phytoplankton biomass shows the highest mean values at a duration of integration of 1 month a(-1) and decrease with increasing connectivity. The relationships point to a more 'main channel like' hydrochemical situation in the side-arms, with a medium level of phytoplankton biomass and increased autochthonous carbon export. No evidence of eutrophication was found due to the shift of the side-arm from an organic matter sink to a source. On a more detailed level, water age demonstrates the temporal patterns of riverine input, the development of plankton production and the shift between hydrological and biological control of phytoplankton vs. riverine flow in a side-arm. The hydrologic parameters were useful predictors for evaluating the effects of restoration measures in river floodplain systems.

Austria↗
PubMed2005

Use of fourth arm in da Vinci robot-assisted extraperitoneal laparoscopic prostatectomy: novel technique.

INTRODUCTION: The da Vinci robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is a relatively new approach that is revolutionizing the surgical treatment of localized prostate cancer. Since its introduction, several improvements have been made in the robot design model, as well as in the surgical technique for prostatectomy. One of the more recent advances in this technology has been the introduction of a four-arm robot model. This modified system allows the operating surgeon to use the fourth arm for key steps and maneuvers during the operation, thereby decreasing the reliance on advanced assistant laparoscopic skills. In this report, we describe our modifications for the extraperitoneal approach for laparoscopic removal of the prostate using the four-arm da Vinci surgical system. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS: During a 24-month period, 154 consecutive patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent extraperitoneal robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy using the four-arm da Vinci robot system. All cases were videotaped and subsequently reviewed. Important factors regarding extraperitoneal access, patient positioning, port placement, and assistant role with or without the fourth arm were defined. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience has revealed that the extraperitoneal approach allows for a more natural patient position during the operation and avoids intraperitoneal organ injury. The addition of the fourth arm to the da Vinci robot provides the operating surgeon with a great deal of independence, which facilitates all aspects of robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. It allows the operating surgeon to retract tissue during critical steps in this challenging operation and reduces the reliance on highly trained laparoscopic assistants.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2003

Robot-assisted arm trainer for the passive and active practice of bilateral forearm and wrist movements in hemiparetic subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether use of a robotic arm trainer for bilateral exercise in daily repetitive training for a 3-week period reduced spasticity and improved motor control in the arm of severely affected, chronic hemiparetic subjects. DESIGN: Before-after trial. SETTING: Community rehabilitation center in Germany. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive sample of 12 chronic hemiparetic patients; minimum stroke interval 6 months; patients could maximally protract the affected shoulder, hold the extended arm, or slightly flex and extend the elbow. INTERVENTIONS: Additional daily therapy of 15 minutes with the arm trainer for 3 weeks; the 1 degree of freedom trainer enabled the bilateral passive and active practice of a forearm pronation and supination and wrist dorsiflexion and volarflexion; impedance control guaranteed a smooth movement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients' impressions, the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score (range, 0-5) to assess spasticity, and the arm section of the Rivermead Motor Assessment (RMA) score (range, 0-15) to assess motor control were rated before therapy, after each 3-week interval, and at follow-up 3 months later. RESULTS: All patients had favorable impressions: the extremity felt more vivid, and 8 subjects noticed a reduction in spasticity, an ease of hand hygiene, and pain relief. The MAS score of the wrist and fingers joints decreased significantly (P<.0125) from a median of 3 (2-3) and 3 (3-4) to 2 (1-2) and 2.5 (2-3). The RMA score minimally increased in 5 cases without improvement in functional tasks. The median RMA score before therapy was 2.0 (1-2) and 2.0 (1-3.75) after therapy. There were no side effects. At follow-up, the effects had waned. CONCLUSIONS: The arm trainer made possible intensive bilateral elbow and wrist training of severely affected stroke patients. Future studies should address the treatment effect in subacute stroke patients and determine the optimum treatment intensity.

Adult↗