A review of health and human rights after five years of democracy in South Africa.
South Africa became a democratic state with a supreme Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1994. Between 1994 and 1996 South Africans drafted a new constitution which came into force in 1997. While, the right to health, as well as socio-economic rights is provided for, the health care system in post-apartheid South Africa still mirrors that which existed during the apartheid years. There are still two health care systems. The poorly funded public sector services the majority, while the well-funded private sector services the privileged few. A lack of resources is blamed by the state for its inability to provide better and more widespread health services. This article examines, from a human rights perspective, the successes and challenges in developing the right to health between 1994 to 1999, and provides an overview of the present state of health in South Africa. This article further examines the constitutional provisions on health, and discusses recent constitutional court decisions relevant to the right to health. New and controversial health laws and regulations, affecting health care professionals, medical aid schemes and the availability of pharmaceuticals, are critiqued. The move to devolving health care to the provinces is described. Also discussed are the controversial steps taken by the Department of Health to restructure health structures and services. Progress on key health issues such as HIV/Aids, tobacco, tuberculosis, polio, measles, hepatitis, malaria and abortion are also described. Attention is focused on the role of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's health hearings in bringing to light violations of human rights in health during apartheid as well as the recommendations made to address these problems.