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PubMed1996

Inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder.

BACKGROUND: Inverted papillomas are rare in the lower urinary tract. It is a histologically benign tumor with low grade malignant potential. Association with transitional cell carcinoma has also been reported. METHODS: Eight cases of inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder were diagnosed at this hospital between November 1990 and May 1994. There were one female and seven males with an average age of 63.5 years. We analyze their clinical presentations, histological findings and the outcome of treatments. RESULTS: Four patients presented with hematuria, and four with obstructive symptoms. Four were solid pedunculated tumors; three were papillary pedunculated; and one was a papillary sessile tumor. All tumors were solitary with four located in the bladder neck, two in the lateral wall, one in the interureteral ridge, and one in the trigonal area. A 77-year-old man whose tumor coexisted with an infiltrative transitional cell carcinoma was treated with partial cystectomy. The other seven patients were treated by transurethral resection. All the tumors were of the trabecular type and three of them (37.5%) harbored calcium oxalate crystals. There was no evidence of recurrence in a median follow-up of 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Inverted papillomas of urinary bladder are benign tumors, which can be treated successfully by transurethral resection and fulguration of tumor bed. However, precautionary studies are necessary to exclude the coexistence of malignancy and annual follow-up with cystourethroscopy is mandatory.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Malignant transformation in endometriosis of the urinary bladder: case report of clear cell adenocarcinoma.

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is a very rare neoplasm. This mullerian tumor frequently arises from ovarian endometriosis. We present a case of clear cell adenocarcinoma arising from endometriosis in the bladder; this is only the third such case report in the English language literature. Endometriosis involves the bladder in only approximately 1% of patients with this disease. The patient is a 40 year-old woman who has a history of adenocarcinoma arising from endometrial tissue in the bladder. Her tumor invaded the rectum, necessitating an anterior resection of the rectum as well as a partial cystectomy and a right oophorectomy. This case confirms that the relationship between endometriosis and clear cell adenocarcinomas of the female genital tract extends to the urinary bladder. Carboplatin chemotherapy was initiated in this patient.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗

PubMed2005

Calcitonin-producing well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor) of the urinary bladder: case report.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of calcitonin-secreting primary carcinoid tumor of the urinary bladder is extremely rare. CASE PRESENTATION: The case of a 68-year-old male with carcinoid tumor arising in the urinary bladder is presented. Transurethral resection of a polypoid small tumor 0.4 cm in diameter was performed. Immunohistochemical study using neuroendocrine markers allowed a straightforward diagnosis of a low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor) of the urinary bladder. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated calcitonin immunoreactivity in the most of the tumor cells. CONCLUSION: This tumor shows specific clinical, macroscopical and histological features and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of bladder neoplasms.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

A rapid method for preparation of urinary bladder epithelium for flow cytometric analysis.

A rapid and reliable method is described for preparation of urinary bladder epithelium for flow cytometric analysis. This method has proven useful for measurement of cell cycle kinetics in bladder epithelium from normal fetal, neonatal and adult mice as well as animals that have been exposed to urinary bladder toxicants. A modified Vindelov 's propidium iodide stain was instilled directly into the urinary bladder through the urethra, allowing the propidium iodide to lyse the epithelial cells and stain the DNA in the liberated nuclei. The stained epithelial cell nuclei were then removed from the lumen and analyzed by flow cytometry without centrifugation or filtration techniques. This method allows examination of epithelial cell nuclei without contamination from other tissue elements due to the fact that the propidium iodide did not act beyond the epithelial basement membrane under our experimental conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

The effect of urinary bladder shape on its mechanics during filling.

Despite the normal variation in the shape of the urinary bladder, it has always been modeled as a sphere. We have investigated whether its steady-state pressure-volume relation would be significantly different if it were a spheroid. From pressure-volume curves of anesthetized dogs, we deduced stress-strain constitutive relationships for the bladder wall material. We then solved the equilibrium equations for prolate and oblate spheroids with these constitutive relationships and predicted stress, strain, and volume at 120 different transmural pressures and eight different eccentricities of both types of spheroids. The pressure-volume relation of the prolate spheroid never differed very much from that of a sphere. However, an oblate spheroid made of urinary bladder material is significantly more compliant than either a prolate spheroid or a sphere made of the same material. Applications include identification of the position of highest stress in the bladder wall, estimation of material properties of urinary bladders, and determination of the physiological signal indicating bladder fullness.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1980

Central neurotransmitter mechanisms involved in the control of urinary bladder function. An experimental study in the rat.

Central neurotransmitter systems have been activated in anaesthetized rats, while the effects on the urinary bladder have been recorded by cystometric procedures. Stimulation of central catecholamine neurons with the amine precursor L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), after peripheral inhibition of the degradating enzyme dopadecarboxylase, resulted in a hyperactive urinary bladder response. This bladder action seems to be elicited mainly via central dopamine receptors, and mediated via neurons of non-catecholamine type. Activation of central muscarinic receptors with oxotremorine, after pretreatment with methylscopolamine, induced a hyperactive urinary bladder response, which is suggested to originate in pontine-mesencephalic structures as well. There might in some instances be an interaction with muscarinic receptors in the generation of the bladder hyperreactivity to L-DOPA, at the pontine-mesencephalic brain level. The bladder response to stimulation of central muscarinic receptors, on the other hand, seems to be independent of intact adrenergic neurons. The peripheral mediation of the bladder response to L-DOPA is propagated via the pelvic nerves; in the peripheral ganglia via cholinergic receptors, but in the bladder detrusor via non-cholinergic as well as non-adrenergic receptors. Activation of central GABA mechanisms with GABA, muscimol and diazepam strongly inhibited the bladder hyperactivity to L-DOPA. This inhibition probably occurred in the pontine-mesencephalic brain area. The results suggest that excitatory dopaminergic and muscarinic receptors, as well as inhibitory gabaergic receptors in the pontine-mesencephalic brain region, are involved in the modulation of the urinary bladder function.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunohistochemical evaluation of nonspecific cross reactive antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in urinary bladder carcinoma.

The immunohistochemical expression of CEA in formalin-fixed paraffin sections in urinary bladder carcinomas was compared to the use of polyclonal anti-CEA antiserum (P-CEA), NCA-absorbed anti-CEA (NCA-aCEA) and monoclonal antibody to CEA (M-CEA). The urinary bladder carcinomas examined consisted of 19 cases of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and 7 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Both TCC and SCC were positive for CEA with the use of P-CEA and NCA-aCEA, and the degree of staining was markedly dependent on the grade of malignancy in TCC. However, the reaction to M-CEA was generally very weak or negative in TCC and SCC. In SCC, the staining reaction was confined to keratinized foci and not found in all malignant tumour cells when polyclonal CEA antiserum was used. These findings indicate that positive reactions seen with conventional CEA antibodies (P-CEA and NCA-aCEA) are possibly related to NCA and that urinary bladder carcinoma may contain relatively more NCA than true CEA.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1992

Placenta praevia percreta invading the urinary bladder.

A case of placenta praevia percreta involving the urinary bladder is presented. A classical Caesarean section was performed at 35 weeks' gestation but the placenta was left in situ and an elective hysterectomy was successfully performed 2 weeks postpartum.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: diagnosis and management.

Small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCUB) accounts for less than 1% of all cancers arising in the urinary bladder. Current diagnosis and management of SCCUB are often patterned after small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, SCCUB therapy is different from that for SCLC. For example, many patients with SCCUB undergo local resection, which is rarely performed in SCLC. As in SCLC, platinum-etoposide combination chemotherapy is employed as the main systemic treatment option for SCCUB. Chemotherapy is usually combined with other therapeutic modalities, especially in patients whose disease is limited to the locoregional area. Owing to the rarity of this malignancy, no prospective study has been performed that establishes the efficacy and duration of chemotherapy or the relative efficacy of platinum-etoposide versus other chemotherapeutic regimens. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current status of SCCUB diagnosis and management, as well as some unique insights into this rare tumor.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Effect of extracellular calcium and calcium channel antagonists on ATP and field stimulation induced contractions of the mouse urinary bladder.

1. The dependence on extracellular calcium of the response to the electrical stimulation, ATP and high K induced contractions has been studied in the mouse urinary bladder. 2. The responses to ATP, field stimulation and K induced depolarization were eliminated in calcium free EGTA medium. However, a small remanent of these responses was observed in the absence of calcium in the superfusing medium. 3. The calcium antagonists verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem decreased in a dose dependent manner the contractions induced by ATP and electrical stimulation of the mouse urinary bladder. 4. The responses of the mouse urinary bladder to high K concentration were antagonized by verapamil and diltiazem, but nifedipine was less effective in decreasing the tonic component of the contraction induced by K in the muscle. 5. The responses of the mouse urinary bladder to electrical stimulation, ATP and high concentration of K are mainly dependent on the extracellular calcium.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1996

Mathematical modelling of the concentration of microorganisms in the urinary bladder under simple conditions.

Mathematical relationships for simple models of the filling and evacuation of the urinary bladder have been found and analyzed. These make the determination of the concentration of microbes in the urinary bladder at a given moment possible in relation to different parameters such as the rate of urine flow from the ureters, the microbe concentration in urine, the reproduction rate of microorganisms, the capacity of the urinary bladder and the size of the residue which remains in the bladder after miction.

Bacteriuria↗

PubMed1999

[Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder: a report of 27 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the therapeutic results of urinary bladder adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Twenty-seven urinary bladder adenocarcinoma patients were treated from 1970 through 1997. There were 12 cases of urachal adenocarcinoma and 15 cases of bladder adenocarcinoma. Hematuria with or without urinary tract irritation symptoms was the most common clinical manifestation. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate was 25.9%. Among patients with urachal adenocarcinoma, 7 received extended partial bladder resection. None of them had local recurrence. Patients with bladder adenocarcinoma mainly received partial bladder resection, with which 4 developed local recurrence at the primary site. The 5-year survival rate of urachal adenocarcinoma and bladder adenocarcinoma was 33.3% and 20.0%, respectively. One patient of bladder adenocarcinoma with skin and inguinal lymph node metastases and 2 patients of urachal adenocarcinoma with lung metastasis treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy survived 24, 28 and 60 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: Extended partial bladder resection is the treatment of choice for urachal adenocarcinoma while radical cystectomy for bladder adenocarcinoma. Comprehensive therapy should be given to patients with metastatic or recurrent disease to improve survival.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Drug metabolizing enzyme activities in porcine urinary bladder epithelial cell cultures (PUBEC).

Drug metabolizing enzyme activities have been determined in cultured porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells (PUBEC) in order to evaluate this system as an in vitro model for studies of urinary bladder carcinogens. Activities of several phase I and II enzymes were measured in cells cultured for various periods and compared with the activities determined in freshly isolated PUBEC. Prostaglandin H synthase mediated production of prostaglandin E2 was found both in freshly isolated and in cultured PUBEC, whereas cytochrome P450 1A1-associated EROD activity was only detectable in freshly isolated bladder cells. The latter activity was not inducible by benz(a)anthracene or 3-methylcholanthrene in PUBEC cultures. N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity measured with p-aminobenzoic acid, a diagnostic substrate for human NAT-1, was stable and even higher during the culture period compared to freshly isolated cells. In contrast, isoniazid (a substrate for NAT-2) was not acetylated either in fresh or cultured PUBEC. Glutathione S-transferases activity determined with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene decreased gradually to 50% after 1 week and to 20% after 4 weeks in culture compared to fresh cells. A similar decline was also observed for UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities measured with 1-naphthol. In accordance with the reported lack of sulfotransferases in pigs, no sulfation of 1-naphthol or 2-naphthylamine was detected in PUBEC. Our results show that cultured porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells maintain several enzyme activities required for the biotransformation of xenobiotics. In future investigations on the mechanism of action of bladder carcinogens PUBEC cultures may thus provide a useful in vitro model for this target tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Differential activity of aspirin, ketoprofen and sulindac as cancer chemopreventive agents in the mouse urinary bladder.

In vivo studies were conducted to compare the activity of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as inhibitors of urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced in B6D2F1 (BDF) mice by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN). Mice received continuous dietary exposure to non-toxic doses of aspirin, sulindac or ketoprofen beginning 1 week prior to the first of eight weekly doses of 7.5 mg OH-BBN; studies were terminated at 24 weeks after the first carcinogen dose. Both dose levels of sulindac (200 and 400 mg/kg diet) and both dose levels of ketoprofen (40 and 80 mg/kg diet) reduced the incidence of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder by >70% from that seen in dietary controls. The high dose of sulindac conferred the greatest protection against bladder cancer induction. In contrast, when administered at 400 and 800 mg/kg diet aspirin was inactive as a chemopreventive agent in the OH-BBN/BDF bladder cancer model. The significant potency of sulindac and ketoprofen as inhibitors of urinary bladder carcinogenesis, when considered with their history of safe human use, suggests that these agents merit further study as drugs for cancer chemoprevention in this target tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Urinary bladder tumours. The new 2004 WHO classification].

Increasing knowledge in molecular genetic research on urinary bladder carcinoma has allowed us to classify the morphological picture on the basis of a better understanding. But this new knowledge will only be ground-breaking if it can be correlated with the clinical outcome of urinary bladder tumours and with histopathological findings. The use of the new 2004 WHO classification results in a standardized diagnosis of urothelial tumours by means of an exact definition of the subgroups. In the future, trials can thus be compared worldwide and risk profiles can be stratified. Further research in molecular genetics and correlation with the current classification together with molecular biological techniques may allow refinement of this scheme, e.g. by immunohistochemical subclassifications, enabling identification of potentially genetically unstable tumours. In this paper we present the new 2004 WHO classification of urinary bladder tumours emphasizing the changes in relation to the former classifications focusing on histological typing, grading and molecular characterization. Until the new classification is finally validated, and those working in the field have become familiar with it, the WHO classification of 1973 should be mentioned additionally in the histopathological report.

Humans↗

PubMed1986

Anaplastic carcinoma of urinary bladder with oat cell features.

Anaplastic carcinoma of the urinary bladder, with oat cell-like components, is rare. We report such a tumor in a fifty-nine-year-old man, who died of rapidly disseminated carcinoma in one year despite postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Carcinoma↗

PubMed1993

[Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder after radiotherapy].

The spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of the urinary bladder is an extremely rare life threatening event. There are often difficulties in making the diagnosis. A case of spontaneous rupture of the bladder 6 years after radiation therapy for uterus cancer is reported. An early surgical exploration including the closing of the rupture, peritoneal lavage and continuous vesical drainage will save the life of the patient.

Combined Modality Therapy↗

PubMed1983

Serosal and mucosal facilitated transport of urea in urinary bladder of of Bufo bufo: evidence for an alleged water uptake.

In Bufo bufo urinary bladder an urea facilitated transport has been localised on the luminal membrane. The transport fulfils the criteria for such a mechanism, i.e. is saturable and is inhibited by phloretin, a specific inhibitor for urea transport. Similarly to that of Bufo marinus and Rana esculenta the luminal membrane of Bufo bufo urinary bladder shows an ADH stimulated facilitated transport. Experiments wtih Amphotericin B, serosal phloretin (with and without ADH), have demonstrated the presence of a facilitated urea transport localised on basolateral membrane. Urea uptake on the isolated epithelial cells of Bufo bufo urinary bladder shows a characteristic feature, different from molecules passively transported such as glycerol yet inhibited by phloretin. Allegedly with urea, water flows in to the cells by a dragging or osmotic effect.

Amphotericin B↗