Septal lesions and aggressive behavior.
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Aggression↗
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[A computer ethological-pharmacological analysis of the intraspecific behavior of primates].
Experiments were performed on primates (Cercopithecus sabeus, Macaca maurus, Cebus apella). Possibility to formalize the structure of normal and pathological monkey behaviour was shown by computerized technique. Rigid dominant-subordinate structures (linear type) were demonstrated on Macaca maurus, Cercopithecus sabeus, Cebus apella. These structures display some variants of normal relationship between monkeys. Raising in isolation from conspecifics determines behavioural disadaptation and pathological behaviour, e.g. "timid-defensive" syndrome. Model of "timid-defensive" syndrome in isolated primates seems to be useful for psycho-pharmacological research, for assessment of anxiolytic and antidepressive properties of drugs.
Amitriptyline↗
A method to quantify aggressiveness in Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica).
Testing procedures which rely on paired fights are unsuitable for measuring individual aggressiveness because the outcome of initial encounters influences subsequent dominance status. In an effort to circumvent this problem, we developed a test system which quantifies aggressiveness in individual Japanese quail by measuring locomotor and pecking activity of test birds presented with the visual stimulus of a conspecific. Using this procedure, we demonstrate that aggression is specific to sexually mature males; however, the intensity of the behavior varies widely among individuals. Scores for each bird are constant with time, reproducible, independent of the gender or behavior of the stimulus bird and accurately predict the outcome of a subsequent paired fight. In addition, we show that fighting per se produces increases and decreases in aggressiveness of dominant and subordinate birds, respectively, and re-orders the rank of a group of birds. This test procedure, therefore, confirms earlier studies which indicate that dominance hierarchies are influenced by initial encounters. Finally, repeat testing is reliable and gives an absolute, not relative, measure of aggressiveness. We conclude that this behavioral test can be applied to future studies addressing the social, developmental and endocrine basis of aggressiveness and dominance in quail and other vertebrates.
Aggression↗
Stress during adolescence alters behavioral sensitization to amphetamine.
In humans, chronic intermittent and uncontrollable stress during adolescence is viewed as a key factor for vulnerability to drug abuse and development of psychopathologies later in life. Less is known about the long-term effects of chronic stress in animals during the juvenile period. Although there is evidence of cross sensitization during prenatal period and adulthood between chronic stress and amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in the rat, no studies have been conducted on cross sensitization between chronic variable stress in adolescence and behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. To address this question, at the onset of adolescence (28 days) male rats were subjected to 28 days of intermittent non-habituating social stress (isolation, novel environment, crowding, litter-shifting, subordination), or physical stress (restraint, swim, cold, ether, noise), or were handled as controls. Twenty-four hours after the last stressor or handling, all groups were exposed to a novel environment for 1 h, after which they underwent a regimen of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine. Our results showed that socially stressed rats have low locomotor activity in the novel environment, when compared to the control and physical groups who were identical in the same test. Even though socially stressed rats had lower locomotor activity in response to amphetamine injections, there were no significant differences during the training phase between the three groups at this dose of amphetamine. However, when tested for behavioral sensitization to amphetamine control and physically stressed rats showed a robust sensitization, socially stressed rats were significantly inhibited. We conclude that our chronic variable social stress protocol during adolescence inhibits behavioral sensitization to amphetamine during adulthood.
Aging↗
Relation between social rank, submissive behavior, and brain catecholamine levels in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus).
In Experiment 1, the social hierarchy of 23 male ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) was found to be linear except for positions in the middle ranks. Social rank was inversely correlated with submissive ("supercedent") behavior but was unrelated to size (weight) of the birds. In Experiment 2, with 8 cock pheasants, general activity of the birds was not correlated with social rank or supercedent behavior. These data suggest that the spatial displacement of one individual by another is not a random or neutral social process, or a function of size differences among birds. The catecholamine concentrations in several brain structures were determined. Only dopamine concentrations in the neostriatum of high-ranking males were reliably different (higher) from concentrations of low-ranking males. These concentrations were inversely correlated with supercedent behavior. These findings are discussed in terms of other pharmacological, neuroanatomical, and behavioral data.
Animals↗
[Feeding habitat of red-crowned crane and white-napped crane during their courtship period in Zhalong wetland].
By the methods of fixed-spot observation, GPS positioning, plot sampling measurement and factor analysis, a comparative study was made on the feeding habitat of red-crowned and white-napped crane during their courtship period (from March to April) in Zhalong Nature Reserve in 2003 and 2004. The results showed that red-crowned crane preferred unique habitat for feed, mostly focused on water field (e. g., reed marsh). During its selection of microhabitat, food factor played a crucial role, followed by concealment factor, water factor, and identification factor. The feeding habitat of white-napped crane was of diversification, and dry field, e. g., Carex marsh, farmland and burned field, was the priority. White-napped crane had a strict requirement in selecting feeding microhabitat, with "valid food" factor as the most important ingredient, and disturbance and water factors as the subordinate one.
Animals↗
Altered excitability of the crayfish lateral giant escape reflex during agonistic encounters.
The excitability of the lateral giant escape reflex of socially dominant and submissive crayfish at rest and during agonistic encounters was studied and compared. During agonistic encounters the excitability of the lateral giant reflex falls, substantially in subordinates and slightly in dominants, whereas at rest excitability seems to be independent of social status. Thus, paradoxically, socially dominant animals are more likely to execute lateral giant escape reactions during interactions than are subordinates. It is suggested that subordinates under threat of attack tend to engage circuitry involved in flexible, nonreflex ("voluntary") types of escape not mediated by giant neurons and therefore inhibit giant neuron-mediated reflex circuitry that produces prompt, but less adaptive, responses. In contrast, dominants go about their business, mainly ignoring their conspecifics and relying on reflex escape to protect them from unexpected attack. Consistent with this view, escape of subordinates during agonistic encounters is mediated by nongiant, not reflex, circuitry. These observations and their interpretation suggest a possible functional role for recently described social status-dependent serotonergic modulation of the lateral giant reflex, which is inhibitory in sign in subordinates and facilitatory in dominants.
Agonistic Behavior↗
Critique of a hypothesis of dominance and sexual behavior.
The author critically evaluates the article "Dominance and Sexual Behavior: A Hypothesis," which appeared in this journal last year and hypothesized that "male dominance facilitates male-female copulatory behavior while female dominance inhibits it." He concludes that such unitary-cause hypotheses of complex behaviors may be reductionistic and therefore less helpful than intended.
Animals↗
Effects of raclopride on aggression and stress in diversely selected chicken lines.
Genetic selection for chickens of high (HGPS) and low (LGPS) group productivity and survivability, resulted in two distinct genetic lines characterized by differences in cannibalism, flightiness, and immunocompetence. Additionally, birds exhibited differences in behaviour and social stress coping strategy. HGPS birds have a superior stress coping strategy compared with birds of LGPS or Dekalb XL (DXL), a commercial strain. Line differences in stress response and behaviour could be due to selection-induced differences in expression of the dopaminergic system. The dopamine (D2) receptor, an integral part of the dopaminergic system, was hypothesized to be a key contributory factor of the stress response. We tested this hypothesis by injecting either a D2 antagonist (raclopride) or saline in the dominant individual in pair-housed birds for 10 days and examining stress coping ability. Results showed that dominant birds of all strains showed a reduced frequency of aggressive pecks on subordinates following raclopride injection. In contrast, subordinates paired with raclopride-injected birds increased pecking frequency. Two days after stopping injections, LGPS and DXL birds returned to pre-injection levels of aggressive threats, while HGPS birds maintained depressed frequency of threats. Strain differences in aggressive responsiveness coincided with increased epinephrine levels in raclopride treated LGPS birds relative to control LGPS birds, but not by HGPS and DXL birds. Our findings suggest a functional linkage between the genetic basis of stress coping ability and the dopamine regulation of aggressive responsiveness. The data further indicate that the sympathetic-adreno-medullary axis is directly involved in regulating both stress coping strategy and aggressiveness.
Aggression↗
Behavioral and neurobiological effects of estrogen replacement therapy and a history of triphasic oral contraceptive exposure.
The effects of contraceptive steroids and estrogen replacement therapy on behavior and neuroendocrine function were evaluated in adult female cynomolgus monkeys. During the 'premenopausal' phase of the experiment, the animals were assigned to either treatment with a triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) for 24 months or the untreated control group. The monkeys were then ovariectomized and half of each of the premenopausal groups were randomly assigned to either treatment with conjugated equine estrogens (ERT) or the untreated control group for 12 months (the 'postmenopausal' phase). All evaluations were completed during the postmenopausal phase of the experiment. Both types of exogenous steroid treatments appeared to increase cardiovascular and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress in socially dominant but not socially subordinate females. A history of triphasic OC administration increased contact aggression received, and reduced the prolactin response to fenfluramine, suggesting reduced serotonergic activity, for at least a year following the cessation of triphasic OC treatment.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
The effect of electrically induced convulsions on the behavior of normal and abnormal rhesus monkeys.
The social behavior of six juvenile rhesus monkeys was studied in a playroom before, during, and after a series of electrically induced convulsive (EIC) treatments. Three subjects had been reared in a normal environment, and showed the usual levels of social activity for monkeys of this age. Three were socially deprived early in life and showed higher levels of self-directed behaviors and lower levels of social behaviors. At different times all animals received both EIC ad sham EIC, three times per week for 4 weeks, and were observed in a playroom. In general the experimental subjects showed an increase in environmental activity as a consequence of EIC treatments while the control subjects showed decreases in environmental activity and in several social behaviors. The control subjects showed clear increases in self-disturbance behaviors while the experimental animals tended to show a decrease. The patterns of these changes thus showed clearly different characteristics of response to EIC and sham EIC as a function of early rearing condition. The results are discussed in terms of possible models for further study of the effects of EIC on physiological and social variables in a controlled laboratory setting.
Aggression↗
Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school.
BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, concerns about bullying and its role in school violence, depression, and health concerns have grown. However, no large studies in the United States have examined the prevalence of bullying during elementary school or its association with objective measures of school attendance and achievement. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bullying during elementary school and its association with school attendance, academic achievement, disciplinary actions, and self-reported feelings of sadness, safety, and belonging. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using 2001-2002 school data. SETTING: Urban, West Coast public school district. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand five hundred thirty (91.4%) third, fourth, and fifth grade students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-reported involvement in bullying. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of children surveyed were involved in bullying either as a victim, bully, or both. Victims and bully-victims were more likely to have low achievement than bystanders (odds ratios [ORs], 0.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7-0.9] and 0.8 [95% CI, 0.6-1.0], respectively). All 3 bullying-involved groups were significantly more likely than bystanders to feel unsafe at school (victims, OR, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.1-4.2]; bullies, OR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.5-4.1]; bully-victims, OR, 5.0 [95% CI, 1.9-13.6]). Victims and bully-victims were more likely to report feeling that they don't belong at school (ORs, 4.1 [95% CI, 2.6-6.5] and 3.1 [95% CI, 1.3-7.2], respectively). Bullies and victims were more likely than bystanders to feel sad most days (ORs 1.5 [95% CI, 1.2-1.9] and 1.8 [95% CI, 1.2-2.8], respectively). Bullies and bully-victims were more likely to be male (ORs, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.2-1.9] and 3.0 [95% CI, 1.3-7.0], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of frequent bullying among elementary school children is substantial. Associations between bullying involvement and school problems indicate this is a serious issue for elementary schools. The research presented herein demonstrates the need for evidence-based antibullying curricula in the elementary grades.
Achievement↗
Social and reproductive influences on plasma cortisol in female marmoset monkeys.
Subordinate female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) undergo ovulation suppression and exhibit low plasma cortisol levels compared to the dominant, breeding female. To determine whether this cortisol difference is mediated by the differential reproductive consequences of social status, we monitored plasma progesterone and cortisol in 32 adult female marmosets while they were housed in heterosexual pairs, during the first 3 days of heterosexual group formation, and while animals were housed in established social groups. Cortisol levels prior to group formation were significantly higher in females exhibiting cyclic ovulatory activity than in anovulatory females but were not predictive of social status. Subsequently, when animals were housed in established social groups, dominant (cyclic) females had significantly higher cortisol levels than did subordinate (anovulatory) females. Cortisol levels differed between the pre and postgroup formation conditions only in animals that underwent a corresponding onset or termination of ovulatory cyclicity. Cortisol differences between dominant and subordinate female marmosets therefore appear to be associated with differences in reproductive function rather than with social status per se.
Animals↗
Differential effect of lesioning of the central amygdala on the bradycardiac and behavioral response of the rat in relation to conditioned social and solitary stress.
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is considered to be involved in stress-dependent regulation of autonomic functions. In the present study the effects of a bilateral electrolytic lesion of the CEA on the cardiac response and on the duration of immobility behavior in two conditioned stress situations have been analysed in Wistar rats. Fear of a previously received electric footshock elicited in almost all animals a profound early bradycardia and a marked immobility behavior in comparison to non-stressed freely moving controls. Lesioning of the CEA completely abolished the bradycardiac response. Immobility behavior was slightly diminished. The conditioned fear of a dominant rat following social defeat was accompanied by a bradycardiac response in about 50% of the rats. This bradycardiac response was not accompanied by significant immobility behavior. The rest of the defeated rats--i.e. cardiac 'non-responders'--displayed an early increase in immobility behavior. The CEA lesion abolished again the bradycardiac response, but the immobility behavior remained unchanged. In the cardiac 'non-responders' CEA lesion failed to affect immobility behavior, and the heart rate also remained unchanged. These results suggest that the CEA is involved in the organization of conditioned parasympathetic responses independent of the nature of stress. In contrast, the role of this nucleus in the organization of the immobility behavior seems to depend on the nature of stress and other, probably individual characteristics of the rats' behavior.
Amygdala↗
Artificially increasing scent mark rate increases urogenital gland size in mice Mus musculus.
Male mice produce scent marks by depositing urine throughout their territory. The scent marks contain a number of pheromones and contain major urinary proteins (MUPs). Up to 1 g of these MUPs may be produced everyday. It is therefore likely that scent marking is costly and as such will impact on male fitness. In order to investigate the costs of scent marking, we conducted an experiment where scent marking rate was increased artificially, without changing the social environment (which may have an independent and different effect on both scent marking and physiology), or changing travelling time (such as would occur in a larger territory). Novel objects were introduced every other day (Replace); objects were introduced on day 1 and moved on alternate days (Move); or the mice were left undisturbed (Control). Introducing new objects daily caused a significant increase in scent marking rate, and an increase in the size of both the coagulating gland and the testes compared to the other two conditions. This is likely to be due to increased hormonal activity, which is known to affect these gland sizes. Interestingly, the preputial gland, which produces a number of pheromones, did not differ between the three conditions. There were no differences in male weight, growth rate or condition, indicating that the effect of an increase in scent marking of this magnitude does not have measurable fitness effects.
Animal Communication↗
Temperature regulation and social grooming in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).
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Animals↗
Youth prostitution: a balance of power.
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Adolescent↗
Social behaviour, stress and susceptibility to infection in house mice (Mus musculus): effects of duration of grouping and aggressive behaviour prior to infection on susceptibility to Babesia microti.
Unrelated and initially unfamiliar male CFLP mice, maintained for different periods in groups of 6, differed in both their rate of clearance of Babesia microti and the time taken to reach peak parasitaemia in relation to their aggressive behaviour within groups prior to infection. Males maintained in groups for shorter periods and showing more aggression within their group were slower to clear infection and males showing more marked external evidence of aggressive interaction reached a peak of parasitaemia sooner. Serum IgG and corticosterone analyses were consistent with increased aggression causing stress-induced immunodepression but relationships with aggression and social status were not simple. Males showing more aggression tended to enter their groups with higher levels of corticosterone and, to a lesser extent, reduced levels of IgG compared with other mice. The results thus suggest that increased susceptibility to disease may be a cost to males aggressively maintaining high social status.
Aggression↗