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PubMedDate not supplied

[Depression and somatic diseases. On one retrospective study of 210 patients with major depression hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital].

Associations between depression and somatic disorders are common and little studied. We present the results of a retrospective study including 210 psychiatric inpatients, suffering from a major depressive episodes (MDE-DSM III-R criteria). The purpose of this study was: first, to access the prevalence of comorbid MDEs with somatic illness, second to describe the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary characteristics of MDEs secondary to a physical trouble, comparatively with primary depressions and depressions secondary to another psychiatric disorder. A somatic comorbidity was found in 55% of patients (n = 116), the physical illness being, in 6% of cases, causal regarding MDEs. MDEs with a somatic comorbidity (n = 55) are significantly different from primary MDEs (n = 36) and MDEs secondary to another psychiatric disorder (n = 58), regarding an older age at hospitalization and at first affective episode. Moreover, they are different from MDEs secondary to another psychiatric disorder through fewer past suicide attempts, more episodes with melancholic or psychotic characteristics and a lower frequency of tricyclic antidepressant use. Despite methodologically limited, these results confirm the frequency of physical comorbidity in depressed patients hospitalized in general hospitals, especially in elderly subjects. They also reflect the heterogeneity of the group of secondary depressions, MDEs associated with a somatic illness being closer to MDEs secondary to another psychiatric disorder than to primary MDEs.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Somatic mosaicism of CAG repeats size in the nervous system of dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA)].

The somatic mosaicism of CAG repeat expansion in the neural tissues of a dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) was reviewed. The size of the major bands of the expanded allele was significantly smaller in the cerebellar cortex, however no significant difference was recognized in other regions of neuronal tissues. This showed that severity of neuropathological involvement in DRPLA is not parallel to the size of the expanded allele, indicating somatic mosaicism doesn't explain the selective neurodegeneration in DRPLA. The mechanism underlying the somatic mosaicism remains unknown. However, somatic CAG instability, cell division and some tissue specific factors may closely relate to the occurrence of the somatic mosaicism.

Anticipation, Genetic↗
PubMed1999

Environmental odours and somatic complaints.

Two field studies in two cities in Northrhine-Westfalia were carried out in order to characterize the degree of association between environmental odour-exposure, annoyance, and somatic symptoms. In both studies, odour effects were assessed through personal interviews by means of standardised questionnaires. In the first study, the odour source was a fertilizer plant for mushroom cultivation with particularly offensive odour emissions. The distance from the source was taken to characterize the intensity of odour exposure. 250 subjects were interviewed at close, medium or remote distance from the plant. Apart from an extremely high degree of annoyance, an increasing frequency of somatic symptoms was found with increasing proximity to the odour source. Somatic symptoms were directly linked to odour exposure and additionally mediated by annoyance. In the second study (n = 322), the odour source was a pig rearing facility, and the degree of odour exposure was assessed by measuring the frequency of odour-events by means of systematic field observations. Results showed that the degree of odour-annoyance as well as the frequency of somatic symptoms increased significantly with increasing odour-exposure, although their frequency was reduced relative to the first study, and mediated by annoyance. In both studies, perceived negative health was associated with increased symptom reports, however, results for old age were inconsistent. Response tendencies and biases were controlled. Environmental odours have been shown to be associated with somatic symptoms and, may, thus, be considered as a risk factor for health and wellbeing of exposed populations, especially for vulnerable subjects with perceived negative health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

The detection of somatic mutations of thyrotropin receptor gene in fine needle biopsy samples from thyroid nodules.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the detection possibility of TSH receptor gene mutation within the third cytoplasmic loop and the sixth transmembrane domain in the cytological material obtained by means of fine needle biopsy of autonomous and non-autonomous nodules. METHODS: The study has been carried out in 16 women with goitre showing no clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. According to the thyroid scintigraphy and serum level of thyrotropin (TSH) the patients were divided into two groups: 1. 6 patients with autonomous nodules; 2. 10 patients with non-autonomous nodules. Genomic DNA has been isolated from the cytological material and the peripheral blood nuclear cells in order to confirm possible somatic character of TSH receptor gene mutations. DNA has been amplified in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the use of a specific pair of primers. Purified PCR products have been subjected to further automatic sequencing. RESULTS: Among 6 autonomous nodules tested one heterozygotic somatic mutation of adenine for cytosine at 1804 nucleotide of TSH receptor gene was detected. This mutation resulted in the change of threonine (codon ACC) at 632 position of TSH receptor protein for proline (codon CCC). Among the non-autonomous nodules one heterozygotic somatic mutation of adenine for cytosine at 1870 nucleotide of receptor TSH gene has been detected. From this mutation followed the change of lysine (codon AAG) at 624 position of the polypeptide chain for glutamine (codon CAG) followed as a consequence. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize the validity of fine needle biopsy in the detection of somatic mutations in the TSH receptor gene. For the first time the somatic mutation in the TSH receptor gene in a non-autonomous nodule has been reported.

Adenine↗
PubMed2000

Somatic mutation of bcl-6 genes can occur in the absence of V(H) mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Somatic mutation in immunoglobulin variable (V) region genes occurs largely in the germinal center and, after neoplastic transformation, imprints V genes of B-cell tumors with the mutational history of the cell of origin. Recently, it has been found that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) consists of 2 subsets, each with a different clinical course, one with unmutated V(H) genes consistent with a naive B cell, and the other with mutated V(H) genes consistent with transit through the germinal center. However, somatic mutation also occurs at another distinct locus, the 5' noncoding region of the bcl-6 gene, in both B-cell tumors and in normal germinal center B cells. To probe the suggestive link between the occurrence of mutations in V(H) and bcl-6 genes, we analyzed the nature of somatic mutation at these distinct loci in the 2 CLL subsets. Unexpectedly, we found no such link in the CLLs defined by unmutated V(H) genes, with 4 of 10 cases clearly showing mutations in bcl-6. In those CLLs defined by somatically mutated V(H) genes, 4 of 9 cases predictively showed bcl-6 mutations. The frequency of bcl-6 mutations was comparable in both subsets, with mutations being biallelic, and in 3 of 8 cases indicative of clonal origins. Surprisingly, intraclonal variation, which is not a feature of V(H) genes in CLL, was found in 6 of 8 cases in both subsets. These data indicate that somatic mutation of the V(H) and bcl-6 loci may not necessarily occur in tandem in CLL, suggesting diverse pathways operating on the 2 genes.

Chromosome Deletion↗
PubMed1999

Transposable DNA elements and life history traits: II. Transposition of P DNA elements in somatic cells reduces fitness, mating activity, and locomotion of Drosophila melanogaster.

Some transposable DNA elements in higher organisms are active in somatic cells, as well as in germinal cells. What effect does the movement of DNA elements in somatic cells have on life history traits? It has previously been reported that somatically active P and mariner elements in Drosophila induce genetic damage and significantly reduce lifespan. In this study, we report that the movement of P elements in somatic cells also significantly reduces fitness, mating activity, and locomotion of Drosophila melanogaster. If other elements cause similar changes in life history traits, it is doubtful if transposable DNA elements remain active for long in somatic cells in natural populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Analysis of excretory-secretory and somatic antigens of Gastrothylax crumenifer.

The excretory/secretory (ES) metabolic products released by Gastrothylax crumenifer (Trematoda: Digenea) during in vitro incubations and the somatic extract of the adult parasite were analysed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Immunogenicity of ES and somatic extracts were evaluated by immunoblotting and ELISA using sera raised against ES and somatic antigens in rabbits. The electropherograms of ES and somatic extracts have been resolved into 38 and 41 polypeptides, respectively. The apparent molecular weights of these polypeptides range from < 29 to > 205 kDa. A total of 14 polypeptides were found to be common to both of the samples. The analysis of immunoblot results revealed 22 and 27 antigenic polypeptides in ES and somatic extracts respectively. Only 11 and 13 antigenic polypeptides were found specific to ES and tissue extract respectively. The molecular weights of these specific polypeptides were calculated to be < 14.4, 16, 20, 25, 33, 42, 119, 125 and > 205 kDa for metabolic products and < 14.4, 25, 30, 35, 78, 84 and > 205 kDa for the tissue extracts, respectively. Analysis of ELISA results revealed that a dilution of up to 1:3200 of the test sera could react with the ES product. Further, when the ES antigens were allowed to react with antisomatic extracts in hyperimmune sera the titre of IgG increased up to a dilution of 1:12800. The potential importance of these antigens in the immunodiagnosis of amphistomiasis is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Analysis of excretory-secretory and somatic antigens of Gastrothylax crumenifer.

The excretory/secretory (ES) metabolic products released by Gastrothylax crumenifer (Trematoda: Digenea) during in vitro incubations and the somatic extract of the adult parasite were analysed using polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis (PAGE). Immunogenicity of ES and somatic extracts were evaluated by immunoblotting and ELISA using sera raised against ES and somatic antigens in rabbits. The electropherograms of ES and somatic extracts have been resolved into 38 and 41 polypeptides, respectively. The apparent molecular weights of these polypeptides range from <29 to > 205 kDa. A total of 14 polypeptides were found to be common to both of the samples. The analysis of immunoblot results revealed 22 and 27 antigenic polypeptides in ES and somatic extracts respectively. Only 11 and 13 antigenic polypeptides were found specific to ES and tissue extract respectively. The molecular weights of these specific polypeptides were calculated to be <14.4, 16, 20, 25, 33, 42, 119, 125 and > 205 kDa for metabolic products and <14.4, 25, 30, 35, 78, 84 and > 205 kDa for the tissue extracts, respectively. Analysis of ELISA results revealed that a dilution of up to 1:3200 of the test sera could react with the ES product. Further, when the ES antigens were allowed to react with antisomatic extracts in hyperimmune sera the titre of IgG increased up to a dilution of 1:12800. The potential importance of these antigens in the immunodiagnosis of amphistomiasis is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Study on effect of ABA, PEG4000 and AgNO3 on number of somatic embryos of Larix Principis-Rupprechtii by 311-A regression design].

This paper, the effects of ABA, PEG400 and AgNO3 on the number of somatic embryos of Larix Principis-Rupprechtii were carried out by 311-A regression design. The regression equation was established which expresses the number of somatic embryos of Larix Principis-Rupprechtii as function, and the ABA, PEG400 and AgNO3 on as variable respectively. Using the regression equation, the single factor effect and mutual effect between the number of somatic embryos of Larix Principis-Rupprechtii and ABA, PEG400 and AgNO3 was studied; the optimum concentration recipes can be obtained by computer processing, that are ABA: 18.9138 mg/L, PEG400: 88.8007 g/L and AgNO3: 10.7513 mg/L, the target somatic embryos number is 107.5278 each gram callus. The results of experiment showed that this method is simple, practical and rapid for selecting several hormone category and concentration recipes media of conifer somatic embryogenesis.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2000

[Somatic development of asthmatic children and youth].

UNLABELLED: Systemic diseases especially the chronic ones, causing substance and oxygen insufficiency may lead to disturbances in growth, in the nutritional status and slowing of the maturation processes. Bronchial asthma is the most frequent inflammatory chronic disease of the respiratory system and it is estimated, that 5-10% of the population in the development period suffers from it. Somatic development retardation, disturbances in the nutritional status and maturation may be caused by respiratory insufficiency leading to anoxia, improper nutritional habits, recurrent or chronic infections, long-term physical and mental stress, limited physical activity and also pharmacological therapy. THE AIM of this work was to conduct, in children with bronchial asthma, the evaluation of: somatic development, body proportions, nutritional status, sexual maturation depending on the duration and degree of severity of the disease. The second aim was to assess whether the assumed standard for complex treatment depending on the severity of the diseases may lead to normal somatic development. MATERIAL: In the research comprised 508 children (3 1 5 boys and 93 girls) between 7 and 1 5 years of age, treated for bronchial asthma in the Paediatric Department of the Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Rabka. Due to the multiplicity of factors influencing the course of development, the following were observed in the studied groups: birth weight and length, average height of parents (selected genetic factors); place of domicile and educational level of the parents (social-economic factors). The study concerned children born with normal birth weight and length. Evaluation of the impact of genetic factors, was based on the analysis of parent's height; it did not differ in the studied groups with regard to the women's or men's height in the average population. The majority of the studied children lived in towns, every third child lived in the country. Parents of the studied children suffering from asthma had a higher educational level than the Polish population. METHODS: The level of somatic development and body proportions were evaluated with reference to direct anthropometric measurements: body height and weight, head and chest circumference, length of trunk, width of shoulders and hips, width and depth of the chest, and indexes of the trunk length, shoulder-hip and chest. The nutritional status was evaluated by the following anthropometric measurements, according to WHO/FAO recommendations: circumference of the arm and thigh, subscapular and abdominal skinfold thickness, BMI and the arm muscle circumference, according to Frisancho. All the above anthropometric measurements and indices were analyzed in groups of children depending on the severity and duration of the disease (classification according to the Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention NHLBI/WHO, NIH Publication, 1998) group I -- episodic and mild asthma (I and II degree) duration up to 3 years, group II -- moderate and severe asthma (III and IV degree) duration up to 3 years, group III -- episodic and mild asthma (I and II degree) duration over 3 years group IV -- moderate and severe asthma (III and IV degree) duration over 3 years. The obtained results were compared with data for healthy Warsaw population. In order to compare the level and variation of different somatic measurements and indices in children at different ages measurement results were transformed to standard normal distribution with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. Moreover, in order to evaluate the variation of features with normal distribution within the groups and between the studied groups, analysis of variance ANOVA was used (acc. to the STATISTICA programme). This enabled the comparison of anthropometric measurements and indices in children with bronchial asthma in the four studied groups. To determine the statistical significance between the arithmetical means of the studied features in children with bronchial asthma and in healthy children, the t-Student test for independent samples was applied. These differences between selected groups depending on the degree of severity of the disease and its duration and between the four groups, based on the severity of the disease and its duration, on one hand and healthy children on the other were evaluated. The features and anthropometric indexes with naturally skewed distribution of measurement results were evaluated using centile values and medians. The subscapular and abdominal skinfold thickness after calculating centile values, were estimated on centile charts for this feature in the Warsaw population. The value of the skinfold thickness in centile intervals in isolated groups depending on severity of the illness and its duration and in the four groups, considering severity and duration of illness, was also analyzed. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Cellular origin of human B-cell neoplasms and Hodgkin's disease based on analysis of somatic hypermutations in the immunoglobulin variable region genes].

In response to antigen stimulation, B cells undergo a germinal center(GC) reaction such as somatic hypermutations of the immunoglobulin variable region genes, which results in the production and selection of antigen-specific antibodies with increased affinity. Therefore, somatic hypermutations are considered to be a hallmark of GC B cells and their descendants. Pre-GC B cells(precursor B cells, immature B cells, naive B cells and CD5+ B cells) carry no somatic hypermutations, whereas GC B cells and post-GC B cells(memory B cells and plasma cells) express somatic hypermutations. This phenomenon is useful in identifying the cellular origin of various B-cell neoplasms. Precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and most B-CLL originate from pre-GC B cells, and follicular lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and myeloma from GC B cells or post-GC B cells. Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease and most classical types of Hodgkin's disease are derived from GC B cells. Most human-B cell neoplasms including Hodgkin's disease are derived from GC B cells or their descendants. Molecular processes that modify the DNA of GC B cells, such as somatic hypermutation, class switching and receptor editing occur in the environment of the GCs, and increase the risk of malignant transformation.

Hodgkin Disease↗
PubMed2001

[Proto-oncogene RET somatic mutations in medullary thyroid carcinoma].

UNLABELLED: Somatic mutations of the RET protooncogene are present in 23-68% cases of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The aim of the study was to introduce the RET somatic mutations analysis in tumor tissue as well as to evaluate their types and frequencies in postoperative specimens of MTC patients treated in the Center of Oncology in Gliwice. MATERIAL: 14 tumor tissues obtained from sporadic MTC patients and two control groups--six and four specimens from patients with MEN 2A and MEN 2B syndrome respectively. METHODS: Tumor tissue DNA isolation followed by PCR amplification of RET exons 10, 11, 13, 14, 16 and automated, fluorescent sequencing of PCR products. We identified somatic mutation ATG > ACG in codon 918, exon 16 in 7 of 14 (50%) of analyzed sporadic MTC cases. We also found one deletion/insertion mutation in RET exon 11 that encompasses cysteine codon 634 and has not been published so far. The types and frequencies of found RET gene mutations were similar to previously reported. The analysis of RET somatic mutations supports the differentiation between the sporadic and inherited MTC. The presence of somatic mutation and its simultaneous absence in the germline proves sporadic type of cancer.

Carcinoma, Medullary↗
PubMed2000

[The somatic embryogenesis and establishment of transformation experiment system in Larix principis-Rupprechtii].

Larix principis-Rupprechtii is one of the superior afforestation forest trees growing in north China. Embryogenic cultures were initiated from immature zygotic embryos of Larix principis-Rupprechtii on S culture medium containing 2, 4-D 0-2.2 mg/L, KT and BA each at 0-0. 8 mg/L. Embryogenic calli were subcultured and multiplicated on S + B culture medium containing dropping off each hormone concentration. We set up 33 steady-going embryogenic cell lines; We studied on the growth stage and genotype differences of every embryogenic cell lines; and Finded more than 10 high-frequency somatic embryogenesis cell lines such as 2K, 2T, 2I, 2J, 3C etc.. The number of 2T somatic embryos reaches 314/per gram of embryogenic tissue and the number of 3C somatic embryos is 185/per gram of embryogenic tissue. The re-induction method of Larix principis-Rupprechtii from somatic embryos was used to produce renewable embryogenic cultures and steady-going embryogenic cell lines effectively. Mature somatic embryos can germinate and develop further into plantlets when they are isolated and cultured on a hormone-free WPM culture medium. The regeneration plantlets were obtained. Furthermore, the transformation with a truncated gene of Bacillus thuringensis (B. t) were carried out, the PCR showed positive results, because of this, embryogenic cell line of Larix principis-Rupprechtii can be used for transformation experiments to support further breeding in forestry.

Cell Line↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Somatization, anxiety and depression in a drug-free residential therapeutic community.

This study aims to assess the nature and prevalence of somatization and related psychiatric symptoms among residents in Daytop Village, a drug-free residential therapeutic community (TC). Three hundred and twenty two residents at Daytop were surveyed, and when compared with a normal, non-patient reference group, residents at Daytop exhibited higher levels of somatization, depression, and anxiety as measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that being widowed or divorced, having marijuana/hallucinogens as greatest drug problem, and the importance of a religious figure in entering Daytop were associated with higher levels of somatization. A length of stay of 3-6 months and acceptance of Daytop program philosophy was inversely correlated with somatization scores. These findings are discussed with particular attention focused on the role of somatization among TC residents.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Voltage- and site-dependent control of the somatic impact of dendritic IPSPs.

Inhibitory interneurons target specific subcellular compartments of cortical pyramidal neurons, where location-specific interactions of IPSPs with voltage-activated ion channels are likely to influence the inhibitory control of neuronal output. To investigate this, we simulated IPSPs as a conductance source at sites across the somato-apical dendritic axis (up to 750 microm) of neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Analysis revealed that the electrotonic architecture of cortical pyramidal neurons is highly voltage dependent, resulting in a significant site-dependent disparity between the amplitude, kinetics, and dendro-somatic attenuation of IPSPs generated from depolarized (-50 mV) and hyperpolarized (-80 mV) membrane potentials. At the soma, the time course of IPSPs evoked from depolarized potentials was greatest when generated from proximal dendritic sites and decreased as events were generated more distally, whereas the somatic time course of IPSPs evoked from hyperpolarized potentials was independent of the dendritic site of generation. This behavior resulted from the concerted actions of axo-somatic sodium channels that increased the duration of proximal dendritic IPSPs generated at depolarized potentials and distal dendritic hyperpolarization-activated channels that mediated site independence of somatic IPSP time course at hyperpolarized potentials. Functionally, this voltage-dependent control of IPSPs shaped the spatial and temporal profile of inhibition of axonal action potential firing and dendritic spike generation. Together, these findings demonstrate that the somatic impact of dendritic IPSPs is highly voltage dependent and controlled by classes of ion channels differentially distributed across axodendritic domains, directly revealing site-dependent inhibitory synaptic processing in cortical pyramidal neurons.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

[Ultracytochemical localization of calcium and ATPase activity on the 2,4-D induced somatic embryogenesis of Lycium barbarum L].

In order to research the function mechanism of the 2,4-D during the development of plant somatic embryogenesis, we studied its function mechanism and relationship with the space-time distributing of Ca2+ content and ATPase activity on somatic embryogenesis of Lycium barbarum L. The possible effects on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) induced somatic embryogenesis and changes of Ca2+ and ATPase active at different development period of somatic embryogenesis. The result showed: The 2,4-D was a key hormone for induced embryonic state of Lycium barbarum L. The embryonic callus and non-embryonic callus was separately obtained in the medium that contains the auxin 2,4-D and lack 2,4-D. In the present study, we have observed the Ca2+ was more abundant in the further intercellular matrix and on the cell wall at the multi-cellular stage, and Ca2+ was concentrated in the plasma membrane and vacuoles membrane during embryonic cell differentiate and division, to the globular embryo, more Ca2+ was seen in the nucleus. Afterward, it was also observed to be distributed in the thicken cell wall and intercellular matrix. At the same process, the variations of ATPase activity and Ca2+ were highly similar, ATPase activity was mainly located on the plasma membrane in early embryogenic cells. With further development, it was also observed to be distributed in endoplasm, nucleus and vacuoles, with the thickening of embryogenic cell wall, ATPase activity was found in the thickened region and the intercellular space. However, the variations of ATPase activity and Ca2+ have not clearly observed variety dynamics at the nonembryogenic callus, and with further vacuolation of nonembryogenic cell, Ca2+ content and ATPase activity gradually drop. It was indicated there was a closely relationship between the dynamics of Ca2+ and ATPase activity in somatic embryogenesis by 2,4-D induced. And the space-time distribution of Ca2+ and ATPase activity play a key role on signal transmission and the regulation of relevant gene expression.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Isolation of callus-specific mRNAs from differentiating embryogenic somatic calli of Pimpinella brachycarpa by cDNA-AFLP.

We used cDNA-AFLP to analyze gene expression profiles during somatic embryogenesis and to isolate stage-specific genes in Pimpinella brachycarpa. Ninety-six combinations of AFLP primers produced 3,785 fragments, of which 478, 403, and 436 were specific to calli, somatic embryos, and plants, respectively. 262 fragments were shared by callus and somatic embryo, 324 by somatic embryo and plant, and 222 by callus and plant. The number of fragments common to all three stages was 1,660. Seventy-five of the 478 callus-specific fragments were cloned and sequenced and their functions sought in the GenBank database. Thirty-three of them showed significant homology to GenBank data base entries and twelve of these were homologous to genes with products of known function such as ATPases, tubulins, kinases, transcription factors, ubiquitins, and ankyrin. Callus-specific expression was confirmed by performing RT-PCR with six of the twelve fragments. Since the somatic embryo is induced by auxin (Thidiazuron), possible down regulation of these genes by auxin is also discussed.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2002

[Study on the cloning goat by cross-breed somatic cell nuclear transfer].

UNLABELLED: Shaneng goat is a famous milking species. Boer goat is world famous goat breed for creophagism. In this study, we evaluated the development potential of adult Boer goat's somatic nuclei after nuclear tansfer (NT) into enucleated MII oocytes of the Shaneng goat. Somatic donor cells were obtained from two different sources: 1) adult granulosa cells (GCs) and 2) adult skin fibroblasts (FCs). The reconstructed embryos that developed to morula or blastocyst stage in vivo were transferred to 38 synchronized recipient. CONTROL: Somatic donor fibroblast cells were obtained from a fetal at 35 day. In the same way the reconstructed embryos were directly transferred to synchronized recipient of Shaneng goats. (1) Experimental group: NT embryos derived from GC and FC developed into morulas and blastocysts at a frequency of 46.8% and 31.4% respectively. Fifty-two NT morula and blastocyst stage embryos were transferred in to 38 recipients, Three of which were confirmed to be pregnant (7.9%). All pregnancies were not maintained to term. (2) CONTROL group: 136 NT embryos were transferred in to 14 recipients, Six of which were confirmed to be pregnant (42.9%). Four of those were maintained to term. Four recipients delivered four male kids (2.9% of embryos transferred). One male kid died at birth, the dead lamb shows as "large offspring syndrome". the others appeared health and normal. DNA analysis confirmed that those kids were genetically identical to their donor. These results demonstrated that Shaneng goat somatic cells could direct normal development and Shaneng goat oocyte cytoplasm supported development of preimplantation embryos produced by NT of somatic cell nuclei from Boer goat.

Animals↗