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PubMed2003

The relationship between Doppler indices from inferior vena cava and hepatic veins in normal human fetuses.

This study was conducted to determine the gestational age-related reference range of the preload index [peak velocity during atrial contraction (A)/peak velocity during ventricular systole (S)] for the inferior vena cava (IVC), the right hepatic vein, the middle hepatic vein and the left hepatic vein. The slope and the intercept of the regression line for each preload index were compared among the 4 veins using analysis of covariance. Doppler measurements were obtained for the 4 veins of 316 normal fetuses at 22-40 weeks of gestation. A and S values were measured from the recorded flow velocity waveform of each vein and the A/S ratio was calculated as the preload index. The regression lines for the preload index of the 4 veins decreased gradually throughout gestation. Analysis of covariance revealed no significant differences in the slopes of the regression lines for the 4 veins. However, the intercepts of the regression lines for all hepatic veins were significantly higher than that of the regression line for the IVC (P<0.0001), with the difference ranging from 0.024 to 0.033. There were no significant differences among the intercepts of the regression lines for different hepatic veins. We concluded that the relationship between the preload index and the duration of gestation was statistically similar for all hepatic veins, and strongly resembled that for the IVC.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1992

Immediate HbA1c results. Performance of new HbA1c system in pediatric outpatient population.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the performance of a new device that uses an IA to measure HbA1c in 9 min with a 1-microliter capillary blood sample with AC and CE methods in both nondiabetic and diabetic pediatric patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Two hundred seven pediatric subjects (103 nondiabetic, 104 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) had HbA1c measured with the IA method and compared with total GHb values determined by AC and HbA1 by the CE method with the same whole-blood capillary aliquot. Glucose values were also obtained from the same blood samples. RESULTS: Correlations and regression analyses show excellent correspondence between the three assays. The correlation between the AC and CE methods is 0.98 (P less than 0.001) with a slope of 1.615 +/- 0.0125 and intercept of 4.00 +/- 0.20. The correlation between the IA and AC methods is 0.99 (P less than 0.001) with a slope of 0.608 +/- 0.007 and intercept of 1.326 +/- 0.066. The correlation between the IA and CE methods is 0.97 (P less than 0.001), with a slope of 0.983 +/- 0.018 and intercept of 1.122 +/- 0.153. The average difference and average percentage difference between methods were also significant (P less than 0.001), reflecting the differences in GHb components measured. There was a significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between each method and glucose values (IA r = 0.72, AC r = 0.70, CE r = 0.73). Within-run precision for IA ranged from 1.7 to 3.5% and between-run precision 2.7 to 4.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Study results suggest that the IA method gives extremely accurate and reliable values over the clinical range of interest. The instrument is small, portable, easy to use, and provides information within 9 min for both physicians and patients.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2001

Homeostasis model assessment is a reliable indicator of insulin resistance during follow-up of patients with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of the homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for evaluating the clinical course of patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The usefulness of HOMA-IR and its relationship with insulin resistance assessed by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study (clamp IR) were evaluated in 55 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes before and after treatment. The patients were subjected to diet (approximately 1,440-1,720 kcal/day) and exercise therapy (walking 10,000 steps daily) for 6 weeks during their hospitalization. RESULTS: Univariate regression analysis disclosed a significant correlation between log-transformed HOMA-IR and log-transformed clamp IR before (r = -0.613, P < 0.0001) and after ( = -0.734, P < 0.0001) treatment. Neither the slopes (-0.71 +/- 0.12 vs. -0.79 +/- 0.09, F = 0.25, P = 0.61) nor the intercepts (y-intercept = 1.67 vs. 1.70, x-intercept = 2.36 vs. 2.15, F = 0.02, P = 0.88) of the regression lines between HOMA-IR and clamp IR were significantly different before and after treatment. There was a significant correlation between the decrease in log-transformed HOMA-IR and the increase in clamp IR during treatment (r = -0.617, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: HOMA-IR may constitute a useful method not only for diagnosing insulin resistance, but also for follow-up during the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A problem in measuring the Stroop facilitation and interference effects: implications for measuring performance change in general.

The Stroop facilitation and interference effects as observed in the Stroop color-naming task are typically measured as the difference in naming time between the congruent or the conflicting condition and the neutral condition. The measure assumes the regression function relating the congruent or conflicting naming time to neutral naming time is linear with a slope of one and a nonzero intercept. Instead, analysis showed that the regression function subserving the facilitation effect, in fact, had a slope of less than one with a zero intercept. Analysis also showed that the regression function subserving the interference effect had a zero intercept with a greater than one slope. These results suggest that the Stroop facilitation and interference effects are the consequence of a multiplicative process by which each stage of the naming process is reduced or increased by a constant proportion. Also the appropriate measure of the Stroop effect is the ratio of the congruent (for facilitation) or the conflicting (for interference) naming time over the neutral naming time.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Preweaning growth curves in Brown Swiss and Pirenaica calves with emphasis on individual variability.

A quadratic polynomial model with random regression coefficients was used to describe preweaning growth curves of two beef cattle breeds widely used in the Spanish Pyrenees, according to genotype and season of birth effects. In addition, parameters of individual variability that can be used in a stochastic model were obtained. Data recorded indoors from birth to weaning of 217 Brown Swiss calves (3,509 observations) born either in spring or autumn (BS-S, BS-A) and 101 spring-born Pirenaica calves (PI-S, 967 observations) were analyzed. A quadratic model accurately fitted the preweaning weights (R2 = .99). Use of random regression coefficients improved the weaning weight adjustment; the residual variance of the model with intercept and linear random coefficients (9.61 kg2) was smaller than that of the model without them (130.03 kg2). Brown Swiss-S and PI-S calves had similar birth weight (40.9 +/- .96 vs 39.4 +/- .73 kg), but BS-S calves achieved significantly higher weaning weights at 150 d of age (175.2 +/- 2.45 vs 158.4 +/- 3.17 kg). Preweaning growth patterns were different for each season of birth, but there were no differences in weaning weight at 150 d of age (172.9 +/- 2.01 BS-A vs 175.2 +/- 2.45 BS-S). Standardization of weaning weights using a linear approximation could lead to biases, especially when comparing animals from the two calving seasons. The estimate of variances of random parameters should be done within breed and season of birth in order to take into account heteroscedasticity. The variances for BS-A, BS-S, and PI-S were 39.9, 57.6, and 32.2 kg2 for the intercept, respectively, and .0159, .0141, and .0205 kg2 for the linear coefficient. Covariance between the intercept and the linear coefficient (.34 kg2) was only statistically significant in the case of BS-S. The individual variance of weight at 150 d was 424.7 kg2 and 526.7 kg2 for BS-S and PI-S, respectively, almost 65% of the observed variance of weaning weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of urea dilution as a technique for estimating body composition of beef steers in vivo: validation of published equations and comparison with chemical composition.

Urea dilution equations for prediction of empty body water in live cattle, developed by three separate groups of investigators, were evaluated by comparing empty body water calculated by these equations with that measured chemically in 6-, 12- and 18-mo-old crossbred beef steers (n = 10, 9 and 9, respectively). Of four equations for prediction of percent empty body water, one derived from mixed-breeds of steers overestimated empty body water in the 6-mo-old steers by 7.59% (P less than .05). For the 12- and 18-mo-old steers, calculated and measured percent empty body water did not differ (P greater than .05). Of seven equations for calculation of empty body water volume, two derived from Angus steers with an without live weight in the equation, and one derived from a combination of Angus and mixed-breeds of steers overestimated empty body water (P less than .05) in the 6-mo-old steers. No differences (P greater than .05) between calculated and measured empty body water volume were observed for either the 12- or 18-mo-old steers. When calculated empty body water values were regressed against that measured directly, all regression slopes were not different from 1 (P greater than .05). Intercepts from regressions involving percent empty body water (four equations) were not different from 0. Three of the seven equations for calculation of empty body water volume, one derived from bulls and the others from Angus steers had intercept estimates not different (P greater than .05) from 0. Validity required that these regressions have slopes not different from 1 and intercepts not different from 0. Empty body water calculated from equations that combined live weight and urea space were more highly correlated with directly measured empty body water than that calculated from equations derived only from urea space. Urea space correlations with body composition of our steers also were improved when live weight was included with urea space in multiple regression models. Results of this study suggest that before using any prediction equation for calculating body composition of cattle in vivo, equations should be tested with a sub-sample of cattle from the population for which its use is intended.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum by high performance liquid chromatography and isotope dilution-mass spectrometry.

Four different HPLC methods for analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum were evaluated with a method based on isotope dilution-mass spectrometry (ID-MS). Method I utilized Sephadex LH-20 chromatography as the only prepurification step. No correlation with the ID-MS method was obtained. Method II utilized Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and a subsequent reversed phase HPLC step as prepurification. The correlation coefficient was 0.99 (regression coefficient 1.2 and intercept - 3.9 micrograms/l). Method III included open silicic acid chromatography and straight phase HPLC as prepurification. The correlation when compared with the ID-MS method was 0.94 (regression coefficient 1.2 and intercept - 0.4 micrograms/l). In method IV Sep-pak C18 chromatography and open silicic acid chromatography were used as prepurification. The correlation coefficient when compared with the ID-MS method was 0.97 (regression coefficient 0.8 and intercept 0.1 microgram/l). It is concluded that a single Sephadex LH-20 step is not sufficient as prepurification and that method IV had an accuracy sufficient for its intended use to analyse 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum from cattle.

Calcifediol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Further investigation of the use of intratracheally administered hyaluronic acid to ameliorate elastase-induced emphysema.

Previously, this laboratory has shown that intratracheally administered hyaluronic acid (HA) significantly reduces air-space enlargement in a hamster model of emphysema induced with pancreatic elastase. Whereas HA was given immediately following elastase in those initial studies, the current investigation determined the effect of instilling HA up to 2 h before or after intratracheal administration of elastase to hamsters. Both 1 and 2 mg HA, given 2 h before pancreatic elastase, significantly decreased (p < .05) air-space enlargement compared to controls (as measured by the mean linear intercept). Instillment of 2 mg HA, 1 h after pancreatic elastase, had a similar effect (p < .05). In contrast, 1 mg HA, given 1 or 2 h after pancreatic elastase, did not significantly affect the mean linear intercept. Against human neutrophil elastase, HA exhibited the same protective effect. While neutrophil elastase induced less air-space enlargement than pancreatic elastase, both 1 and 4 mg of HA, given 2 h prior to the enzyme, still produced a significant reduction (p < .05) in the mean linear intercept. HA exerted this effect despite the fact that it initiates a transient influx of neutrophils into the lung. Since HA does not slow the clearance of intratracheally instilled [14C] albumin from the lung, its mechanism of action may not involve physical interference with the movement of elastase through the lung, but may instead depend on interaction with elastic fibers. Evidence for an association between these two matrix constituents was provided by studies using fluorescein-labeled HA. Overall, these results further suggest that HA may be useful in preventing lung injury by elastases.

Air↗
PubMed1995

Noninvasive measurement of corneal epithelial permeability.

The Fluorotron Master fluorophotometer was used to measure the corneal epithelial permeability to carboxyfluorescein in the normal unanesthetized rabbit. This was related to the epithelial fluorescein staining grade as assessed with a slit lamp. The carboxyfluorescein concentration in the cornea was measured at 3, 60 and 120 min after bathing the cornea in 2.7 x 10(-3) M carboxyfluorescein for 5 min. The epithelial cell layer permeability was calculated from the corneal carboxyfluorescein concentration immediately after a balanced salt solution rinse (initial technique) and from the time zero intercept value extrapolated from the 60 and 120 min data (intercept technique). The slit lamp demonstrated 69% of the nonpaired rabbit eyes were free of epithelial defects, whereas, 46% of the paired rabbit eyes were free of defects. Epithelial permeability values determined from the initial or intercept technique were similar (p = 0.77, unpaired 2 tailed t-test for data < 0.165 nm/s). The initial analysis permeability values ranged from 0.0154 to 4.309 nm/s., n = 29 There was a Gaussian distribution of data between 0.015 and 0.144 nm/s with a mean of 0.0646 +/- 0.0070 nm/s. The larger values correlated with the naturally occurring epithelial defects observed with the slit lamp. The epithelial permeability values were independent of the contralateral eye or subsequent day measurements.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Increased systemic vascular responsiveness to catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Systemic vascular responsiveness to i.v. bolus injections of norepinephrine and tyramine was evaluated in adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Changes in total peripheral resistance (TPR) were used as an index of vascular response. Dose-response curves were plotted with 1n-dose on the x-axis and percent of maximum change in TPR on the y-axis, and the following indices of responsiveness were used: slope, 1nED50, 1nx-intercept, and maximum response. Measurements were made before and after ganglionic blockade with pentolinium (5 mg/kg, i.v.). Cardiac output for TPR calculations was obtained from an implanted flow probe on the ascending aorta. The slopes and maximum responses to norepinephrine and tyramine were greater in SHR v. WKY, P less than .05, before and after pentolinium treatment. There were no significant differences in 1nED50 or 1nx-intercept between WKY and SHR for tyramine and norepinephrine prior to pentolinium. After pentolinium 1nED50 and 1nx-intercept were similar for SHR and WKY for norepinephrine, but were greater in SHR for tyramine. The results demonstrate an increased systemic vascular responsiveness to catecholamines in adult SHR, with no evidence of increased systemic vascular sensitivity. These findings are consistent with the concept of increased systemic vascular responsiveness to catecholamines in adult SHR secondary to structural changes in blood vessels.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1993

Analyzing coefficients of psychophysical power functions.

Some mathematical properties of coefficients of power functions were analyzed. The size of correlations between intercepts (the logarithm of the coefficient) and exponents depends on the choice of unit of measurement of the physical stimuli. When the mean of logarithms of a set of responses is uncorrelated with the exponent, the absolute size of the correlation between the intercept and the exponent increases as the geometric mean of the stimulus measures deviates from one. When the geometric mean is less than one, the correlation is positive, and when it is greater than one, the correlation is negative. Similar trends hold for a nonzero correlation between the exponent and the mean logarithm of a set of responses. The power of statistical tests of differences between mean intercepts also depends on the geometric mean of the stimuli. Power is reduced as the geometric mean deviates from one. Effects are illustrated with real data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1998

Effect of chronic furosemide administration on acid-base balance in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure.

We quantitatively analyzed the effect of long-term administration of oral furosemide on the PaCO2 - H+ relationship in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. In this study we measured arterial blood gases of eighteen outpatients (mean duration of visits, 7.6 years; mean rise of PaCO2, 15.4 mmHg). We obtained linear regression lines for PaCO2 - H+, and determined their Y-axis intercepts and slopes. The results indicated that an increase in the administered dose of furosemide decreased linearly the Y-axis intercept of the regression line [(Y-intercept) = - 6.9(dose of furosemide) + 30.9, r = 0.81], and increased linearly the slope of the regression line [(slope) = 0.094(dose of furosemide) + 0.22, r = 0.74]. Thus, the regression line of the PaCO2 - H+ relationship moved downward and became steeper at higher doses of furosemide. The regression lines for each dose of furosemide crossed at a PaCO2 of 75 mmHg. We concluded that there is a mutual interaction between the renal and respiratory mechanisms for acid-base balance in chronic hypercapnia and the effect of furosemide on the PaCO2 - H+ relationship is negligible in severe hypercapnia.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2000

Perception of bronchoconstriction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in asthma.

The inter-relationship between the perception of bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and temporal adaptation in asthma is still a matter of debate. In a total of 52 stable asthmatic patients, 32 without airway obstruction ¿forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1))/vital capacity (VC) 84.1% (S.D. 7.9%), and 20 with airway obstruction [FEV(1)/VC 60% (4%)], we assessed the perception of bronchoconstriction during methacholine inhalation by using: (i) the slope and intercept of the Borg and VAS (Visual Analog Scale) scores against the decrease in FEV(1), expressed as a percentage of the predicted value; and (ii) the Borg and VAS scores at a 20% decrease in FEV(1) from the lowest post-saline level (PB(20)). Bronchial hyper-responsiveness was assessed as the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV(1) (PC(20)FEV(1)). The reduction in FEV(1) was significantly related to the Borg and VAS scores, with values for the group mean slope and intercept of this relationship of 0.13 (S.D. 0.08) and -1.1 (3.02) for Borg, and 1.5 (1.19) and -12.01 (35) for VAS. PB(20) was 3 (1.75) with Borg scores and 34.6 (20.5) with VAS scores. Compared with the subgroup without airway obstruction, the obstructed subgroup exhibited similar slopes, but lower Borg and VAS intercepts. For similar decreases in FEV(1) (5-20% decreases from the lowest post-saline values), the Borg and VAS scores were lower in the non-obstructed than in the obstructed subgroup. PC(20)FEV(1) was significantly related to both Borg PB(20) and VAS PB(20) when considering all patients. When assessing the subgroups, PC(20)FEV(1) was related to Borg PB(20) and VAS PB(20) in the non-obstructed subjects, but not in the obstructed subjects. In neither subgroup was the log of the cumulative dose related to the Borg and VAS scores at the end of the test. We conclude that, unlike in previous studies, the ability to perceive acute bronchoconstriction may be reduced as background airflow obstruction increases in asthma. Bronchial hyper-responsiveness did not play a major role in perceived breathlessness in patients without airway obstruction, and even less of a role in patients with obstruction. The cumulative dose of agonist did not appear to influence the perception of bronchoconstriction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Family risk factors and adolescent substance use: moderation effects for temperament dimensions.

This research tested for moderation in the relation of family risk factors (parent-child conflict, family life events, and parental substance use) to adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana). A sample of 1,810 participants was surveyed at the mean age of 11.5 years and followed with 2 yearly assessments. Temperament dimensions were assessed with the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey and the Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability Inventory. Multiple-group latent growth analyses indicated moderation occurred through (a) alteration of effects of parental variables on the adolescent substance use intercept and on the peer substance use intercept and slope and (b) alteration of the effect of the peer substance use intercept on the adolescent substance use slope. The impact of parental risk factors was decreased among participants with higher task attentional orientation and positive emotionality (resilience effect) and was increased among participants with higher activity level and negative emotionality (vulnerability effect). Results from self-report data were corroborated by independent teacher reports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Intracanopy lighting reduces electrical energy utilization by closed cowpea stands.

The high planting densities needed to grow edible biomass in sustainable space life support systems will create problems for planophile crops that form closed, self-shading canopies. The use of traditional overhead-lighting configurations will reduce the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into such canopies and will result in substantial shading of understory leaves. Intracanopy lighting, an irradiation approach that allows plants to grow around fixed arrays of low-intensity lamps, reduces overall energy expenditure for crop production by improving light distribution and interception throughout the canopy. Comparing different fluorescent lamp geometries within vegetative canopies of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) revealed great plasticity of leaf orientation to maximize absorption of PAR from lamps arrayed at various nontraditional angles. Varying the amount of photosynthetic energy available within canopies creates considerable potential to manipulate canopy productivity. Increasing lamp number 38% within cowpea canopies raised stand productivity 45%, reflecting the highly efficient interception and absorption of intracanopy PAR. However, combined above/within-canopy lighting did not increase overall PAR interception and vegetative yield, and productivity did not improve relative to the same input wattage of intracanopy lighting alone. Optimization of intracanopy lighting for crops to be used in future space life support systems will substantially reduce power and energy burdens for food-crop production.

Biomass↗
PubMed2002

[Study on core test characteristics of neuro-behavior in aircrew].

Objective. To analyze the characteristics of neuro-behavior in aircrew, interception personnel, and postgraduate students majored in command and to provide basis for the selection and training of aircrew members, as well as to serve as a methodology reference for the personnel selection in space flight. Method. 82 test subjects were divided into three groups and NCTB tests were conducted according to the neuro-behavior function core test of the World Health Organization (WHO). Then the results were analyzed and compared among the three groups. Result. Aircrew members were obviously better in neuro-behavior function with six indices superior to and three indices inferior to those majored in interception, while compared with the post graduates in command major, there are three superior indices and two inferior indices. Conclusion. The order of neuro-behavior function among the three groups is aircrew, postgraduates majored in command, and the students majored in interception. WHO NCTB is an ideal method in the neuro-behavior function selection.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2003

Influence of the base-line determination on work efficiency during submaximal cycling.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare work efficiency values (WE = work accomplished/energy expenditure above exercising with 0 load) among different unloaded base-line correction techniques for different power outputs. METHODS: Twelve healthy men performed 6 5-min steady-state exercises of 0 (unloaded), 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 W at a pedalling rate of 90 rpm on a cycle ergometer. Three different unloaded base-line corrections were used for WE calculation: an actual measurement of VO(2) corresponding to the unloaded pedalling exercise, the y-intercept value of the linear regression between VO(2) and power output and the y-intercept value of the curvilinear VO(2)-power regression. RESULTS: The present study demonstrated that WE was significantly higher when determined using the actual measurement of the unloaded VO(2) than y-intercept values of the linear (p<0.001) and curvilinear (p<0.05) VO(2)-power regressions. WE based on theoretical determinations (linear vs curvilinear regressions) were not significantly different. The power output significantly affected all WE index, with higher WE being measured when the power output was low and lower WE when power output was high. CONCLUSION: The high WE values determined using the actual VO(2) measurement could be explained by (i) the additional energy expended to stabilise the body in addition to the energy expenditure of moving the lower limbs without power production and by (ii) the difficulty to experimentally reproduce the unloaded condition. The large range of WE values measured in the present study is due to differences in the procedures used to determine the unloaded VO(2) (and thus differences in unloaded VO(2) values) as well as differences in the cycling intensities.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Accelerated cardiac growth and abnormal cardiac flow in fetuses of type I diabetic mothers.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the growth patterns of the fetal heart and the development of cardiac function during gestation in fetuses of diabetic mothers, and to compare these findings with those of normal fetuses. METHODS: Serial M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic recordings were made at 4-week intervals in 14 fetuses of well-controlled type I insulin-dependent diabetic mothers and in ten control fetuses at 20-36 weeks' gestation. The following variables were measured: interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular wall thickness, right ventricular wall thickness, ratio between the peak velocities during early passive ventricular filling and active atrial filling at the level of the atrioventricular valves, peak velocities, and time to peak velocity at the level of the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. RESULTS: In both groups of fetuses, all of the indices increased linearly with gestation. However, fetuses of diabetic mothers showed significant differences in the slope and intercept values for the function describing the growth of the interventricular septum (P less than or equal to .001) and the right and left ventricular wall thicknesses (P less than or equal to .01), resulting in accelerated cardiac growth. The function describing the development of the ratios between early and active ventricular filling showed differences in slope and intercept values at the level of both the mitral (P less than or equal to .001) and tricuspid valves (P less than or equal to .001), resulting in a lower rate of increase during diabetic pregnancy when compared with control fetuses. Significantly higher intercept values were found in the functions describing the increase of peak velocities in the aorta and pulmonary artery in fetuses of diabetic mothers (P less than or equal to .01), whereas the slopes were similar to those of control fetuses. No differences were found in the time to peak values between the groups of fetuses. No relationships were found between the echocardiographic results and the metabolic control of pregnancy or fetal characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that strict maternal diabetes control does not exclude accelerated fetal cardiac growth and abnormal development of cardiac function.

Adult↗