Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “intelligence”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Right and left hand skill in left-handers: distribution, learning, and relation to nonverbal intelligence.

The relation of hand skill to nonverbal intelligence (spatial reasoning) tested by Cattle's Culture Fair Intelligence Test was studied in left-handed subjects. Hand skill was assessed by the peg moving test, which revealed that some of the left-handers (Geschwind scores and self-reports) were ambidexters. The distribution for right hand skill fitted to Gaussian data better than that for left hand skill. The R-L difference between the hands in peg moving times could also be described by normal distributions in the total sample, ambidexters, and left-handers. The right and left hands of ambidexters were as fast as the left-handers. In left-handers, the right hand was significantly slower than the left hand. In males, right-hand skill fitted to Gaussian data better than left-hand skill. In males and females, right and left-hand skill fitted to Gaussian data. Left-hand skill fitted to Gaussian data better in females than males. The difference between right- and left-hand peg-moving times was found to be larger in females than males. There was no significant difference between the right- and left-hand peg moving times of the male and female left-handers. The mean peg moving times for the right and left hands linearly decreased at each successive trial (N = 10). This motor learning was found to be better in left-handers with high IQs than those with low IQs. The right hand of left-handers with high IQs was faster than that with low IQs. The motor learning of the left hand was not different in left-handers with high and low IQs. The regression line for ambidexters exhibited less learning than that for left-handers. It was suggested that right hand skill is associated with nonverbal intelligence in left-handers, indicating the importance of left hemispheric processing in this kind of cognitive performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Relationship of testosterone and nonverbal intelligence to hand preference and hand skill in right-handed young adults.

The relationship between serum testosterone level and nonverbal intelligence was studied in right-handed young adults with regard to handedness. Hand preference was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Hand skill was measured by a peg moving task. Serum testosterone level was determined using tritium-marked-radioimmunoassay. Visual-spatial performance (nonverbal intelligence) was measured by Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test. In men with consistent right-hand preference (GSs: 80 to 100), IQ was found to be positively linearly related to serum testosterone, which exhibited two regression lines belonging to low and high difference in skill between hands. In females with consistent right-handedness, there was a negative linear correlation between IQ and serum testosterone, which also exhibited two different regression lines according to difference in skill between hands. In males with moderate right-hand preference (GSs 50 to 75), IQ was found to be positively linearly related to serum testosterone, exhibiting two different (same slopes) regression lines according to difference in skill between hands. In females with moderate right-hand preference, IQ first increased and then decreased with serum testosterone, exhibiting a quadratic relationship. These results suggested that serum testosterone in young adults may be associated with visual-spatial performance depending upon sex, hand preference, and hand skill.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The curvelinear correlations between the total testosterone levels and fluid intelligence in men and women.

The relationship between serum total testosterone (T) level and the fluid intelligence (Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test) was studied in men and women. There was no significant difference between IQs of men and women. There was an inverse curvelinear relationship between IQ and T in women. The same was found also in men, but the declining part of the regression line at high T levels was not as pronounced as in women. It is concluded that T may be related to IQ, even in subjects exhibiting no sex difference in IQ tests; too low or too high T levels may be disadvantages for the fluid intelligence, especially in women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Above-average intelligence and neuropsychological test score performance.

Recent studies regarding the effects of above average intelligence and neuropsychological performance have been mixed with Dodrill (1977) suggesting that above-average performances on neuropsychological test scores should not be expected when intellectual abilities are above average and Tremont, Hoffman, Scott and Adams (in press) clearly suggesting better neuropsychological skills in the higher IQ group. This paper described a reanalysis of a previously presented Canadian data-set assembled by Pauker (1980) of three hundred and sixty-three persons (152 males, 211 females) who were administered the core tests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNTB) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The results were that subjects with higher intelligence had better neuropsychological test score performances except for the Finger Tapping with the dominant hand test.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Computerized measurement of speech intelligibility. I. Development of system and procedures.

An experimental system for the measurement of speech intelligibility has been developed. It uses a Personal Computer (PC), together with appropriate software to handle playback of test words in carrier phrases, presented in a 'closed response' test condition. Information about the intelligibility, based on the correct responses and the confusions, is immediately available due to simultaneous collecting and sorting of subjects' responses. The system works satisfactorily and reliably and has been well received by experimenters as well as by adult test subjects in the age range 18-70 years. From a new Danish standard speech material for audiological purposes, a Multiple Choice speech intelligibility test has been devised. The test is called 4AFC (Four Alternative Forced Choice) and is based on monosyllabic words with consonant confusions. Normative data for the 4AFC test, obtained with the computerized system, are presented in an accompanying paper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The efficacy of physiological cost index (PCI) measurement of a subject walking with an Intelligent Prosthesis.

The Intelligent Prosthesis may enable lower limb amputees to walk faster than with conventionally damped prostheses and as a result the physical burden involved in walking could be expected to be considerably higher. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not physiological cost index (PCI) is applicable as an indicator for monitoring the amount of exercise load involved in walking with an Intelligent Prosthesis. The method used a treadmill and monitored gas exchange, ventilation and heart rate (HR) in 6 unilateral trans-femoral amputees, ages were between 17 and 34 with an average age of 23.1. The exercise protocol was as follows: for each person speeds at 0.8 times the subject's free level walking speed, 1.0 times, 1.2 times, 1.4 times and for some 1.6 times were applied. In each case the index of correlation between PCI and oxygen uptake in response to walking speed was calculated. A significant correlation was observed between PCI and oxygen uptake in each case, which indicated a close relationship between cardiopulmonary factor and energy consumption while walking. These results suggest that PCI is of use as an indicator for ascertaining the amount of exercise load in walking with an Intelligent Prosthesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Acceptability ratings and intelligibility scores of alaryngeal speakers by three listener groups.

Acceptability and intelligibility of three groups of alaryngeal speakers were examined: four oesophageal speakers, four tracheo-oesophageal puncture speakers using a tracheostoma valve and four tracheo-oesophageal puncture speakers using digital occlusion. Speakers were video-taped producing samples from the Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech, in addition to a section of spontaneous speech. Three groups of listeners were used: nine speech and language therapists, five ENT surgeons and ten naïve listeners. Specific variables including fluency, rate, quality, intensity, extraneous noise, effort required, pitch and general acceptability were rated on a 7-point scale. Overall no significant difference was found between the speaker groups but listener groups did obtain significantly different intelligibility scores with speech and language therapists scoring highest and ENT surgeons lowest. Analysis suggests that speech and language therapist listeners cope equally well with all speaker groups but ENT surgeons and naïve listeners cope best with tracheo-oesophageal puncture speakers using the tracheostoma valve; only the data from ENT surgeons showed a significant difference between scores for the different speaker groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Speech intelligibility in tone language (Chinese) laryngectomy speakers.

Tone language speakers use lexical tone or fundamental frequency to signal meaning. Therefore, native tone language alaryngeal speakers encountering difficulty imparting lexical tone variation would suffer loss of speech intelligibility. This study examines the intelligibility of lexical tone produced by four different alaryngeal speech methods, namely: oesophageal speech, electrolarynx, a pneumatic device and tracheo-oesophageal speech. Isolated and embedded monosyllabic Chinese words produced by 53 alaryngeal speakers were presented to three normally hearing, young adult listeners with no prior exposure to laryngectomy speech. The listeners transcribed the speech orthographically. Significant differences were found in the intelligibility level between the different speech methods. Listeners' responses were also pooled together and analysed for tone and segmental errors. Errors of tone alone were found to occur more often than segmental errors.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Effects of high-frequency emphasis and compression time constants on speech intelligibility in noise.

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of different settings with regard to speech intelligibility in noise both objectively and subjectively and thus determine a favoured setting of compression time parameters, pre-set program (high-frequency emphasis) or combination for each individual user in a prospective study. Another objective was to evaluate the relationship between patient characteristics (e.g. slope of hearing loss) and favoured settings. In total, 38 subjects divided over five audiological centres were fitted with the Philips Spaceline D71-40 BTE digital hearing aid. Subjects were asked to compare three predefined compression algorithms with different time constants, slow (indicated by the manufacturer as AVC), intermediate (NORMAL) and fast (SYLLABIC) over two 4-week periods using the intermediate setting in both comparisons and randomizing over the fast and slow conditions. A randomization determined whether a subject started with the comfort-oriented pre-set program (AUTO) or the speech intelligibility-oriented setting with high-frequency emphasis (SPIN). In a third 4-week period, the pre-sets AUTO and SPIN were compared using the setting of the compression time constants that gave the best results during the first two periods. Comparisons were made using a standard speech-in-noise test with three types of noise: continuous speaker noise, modulated ICRA-4 noise, and car noise. The patients were also asked to fill in a Dutch translation and adaptation of the APHAB questionnaire to indicate their impression of performance. The results indicate that no compression algorithm, pre-set or combination is favoured overall. The largest improvement in speech-in-noise scores was found with syllabic compression. The advantageous effect of high-frequency emphasis after optimization of compression timing is small. The APHAB showed that users tend to prefer the SPIN setting. We found no relationship between favoured compression or pre-set and the degree or steepness of the hearing loss User preference and best performance in noise do not always coincide. Acclimatization may play a role. It could be advisable to let a user listen to a subjectively less favoured condition for at least some time if an optimal setting for speech intelligibility in noise is preferred over comfort.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Impaired memory and general intelligence related to severity and duration of patients' disease in Type A posttraumatic stress disorder.

Studies of short-term memory and general intelligence associated with duration and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on observed Type A scores are rare. The authors' aim was to assess Type A behavior and identify subgroups of patients who performed most poorly on memory and intelligence tests and Type A scores related to the severity and duration of their disease. They administered nonverbal memory and intelligence tests to 30 men with PTSD and 20 men without PTSD who responded. During their initial contact with the participants, 2 experts assessed 3 major coronary-prone characteristics (hyperalertness, tight facial musculature, and explosive speech). They found significant differences between the PTSD and control groups in total Type A scores. Those with the most severe PTSD performed most poorly on visual retention tests and showed the highest scores on self-reported and subjective diastolic blood pressure reactivity during magnetic resonance imaging. In the PTSD group, high error scores on the visual retention test predicted Type A behavior and low scores on the picture memory block design tests predicted high Type A scores. A significant positive correlation was found between Type A and clinician-assessed subjective distress, whereas the correlations were significantly negative between picture memory and Type A behavior Suppressed fear is commonly associated with PTSD; decades of research on Type A behavior have isolated fear as a crucial factor in cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dynamic assessment of intelligence is a better reply to adaptive behavior and cognitive plasticity.

In the present study, the author conducted 3 experiments to examine the dynamic testing of potential intelligence. She investigated the relationship between dynamic measures and other factors such as (a) static measures of intelligence (Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test [J. C. Raven, J. H. Court, & J. Raven, 1979] and the D48 [J. D. Black, 1961]) and (b) codifying speed, codifying accuracy, and school performance. The participants were kindergarten children (n = 150), primary school children (n = 287), and teenaged students (n = 198) who were all trained to master problem solving tests with dynamic measures of intelligence. The results showed that dynamic measures predict more accurately the relationships of codifying speed, codifying accuracy, and school performance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The emotional intelligence of transformational leaders: a field study of elected officials.

Participants were 80 elected public officials in the United States and 3-6 direct-report staffers for each leader. Together they composed 388 leader-member dyads. The authors surveyed them to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. The authors considered the 80 officials as leaders and the staffers as members. The present results showed that the emotional intelligence of the leaders shared significant variance with self-perceptions and rater-perceptions of transformational leadership. The present results also somewhat support the predictive value of emotional intelligence in antecedent leadership field research.

Emotions↗
PubMed2026

Multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in oncology: from data integration to precision cancer care.

Cancer remains a major global health burden, with approximately 20 million new cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths reported globally in 2022. While advances in radiological imaging, molecular profiling, and clinical data have enhanced the interpretation of disease progression, the availability of multiple such modalities still does not meet the needs of a large patient population. This narrative review focuses on the role of multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in bridging the gap in interpreting heterogeneous modalities to improve risk prediction, prognostic assessment, and treatment decision-making in precision oncology. Multimodal frameworks such as Pathomic Fusion illustrate how complementary histopathological and genomic information can be integrated for cancer diagnosis and prognostic modeling. Multimodal models have demonstrated potential in virtual biopsy, cancer screening, prognostic prediction, radiotherapy planning, intraoperative guidance, and clinical-trial design using digital twins and synthetic control arms. The major limitations of incorporating multimodal artificial intelligence and machine learning in oncology include data heterogeneity, demographic or institutional biases, and reproducibility challenges that hinder translation. Accordingly, appropriate data-governance strategies, fairness audits, and privacy-preserving approaches such as federated learning should be considered where appropriate. Future progress will depend on the development of standardized benchmarking datasets, robust external validation, seamless integration with electronic health records and picture archiving and communication systems, and the implementation of explainable, secure, and clinically validated multimodal artificial intelligence frameworks that support precision oncology in routine clinical practice.

deep learning↗
PubMed1997

Limited visual control of the intelligibility of speech in face-to-face dialogue.

Speakers are thought to articulate individual words in running speech less carefully whenever additional nonacoustic information can help listeners recognize what is said (Fowler & Housum, 1987; Lieberman, 1963). Comparing single words excerpted from spontaneous dialogues and control tokens of the same words read by the same speakers in lists, Experiment 1 yielded a significant but general effect of visual context: Tokens introducing 71 new entities in dialogues in which participants could see one another's faces were more degraded (less intelligible to 54 naive listeners) than were tokens of the same words from dialogues with sight lines blocked. Loss of clarity was not keyed to moment-to-moment visual behavior. Subjects with clear sight lines looked at each other too rarely to account for the observed effect. Experiment 2 revealed that tokens of 60 words uttered while subjects were looking at each other were significantly less degraded (in length and in intelligibility to 72 subjects) vis-à-vis controls than were spontaneous tokens of the same words produced when subjects were looking elsewhere. Intelligibility loss was mitigated only when listeners looked at speakers. Two separate visual effects are discussed, one of the global availability and the other of the local use of the interlocutor's face.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Effect of the rate of speech flow on speech intelligibility in normal and hearing-impaired subjects].

The relationship between the rate of speech flow and speech intelligibility was investigated in normal and hearing-impaired subjects. It is usually observed that a slowly and clearly delivered speech is easier for hearing-impaired patients to understand. The purpose of paper is to analyze this phenomenon clinically and to present useful data for developing new hearing aids. Four or 5 syllabic words lists were prepared for this experiment and speech stimuli were chosen from these lists. The subjects consisted of 15 normal subjects and 79 hearing-impaired patients (57 with inner ear hearing loss and 22 with retrocochlear hearing loss). Hearing tests were performed using a tape recorder with various speech control systems in a soundproof room. Speech samples were presented at three speaking rates, that is, a conversational speech rate, a rate one and a half times as fast as the conversational speech rate and a rate twice as fast as that rate. The results obtained in the normal subjects confirmed that the faster the speaking rate was, the more the word intelligibility was reduced. According to the results in the hearing-impaired subjects, both the correlation coefficient and regression parameter between the word intelligibility in this experiment and speech discrimination scores measured by 57S-monosyllabic lists were low at the conversational speaking rate, but the higher the speaking rate was, the closer the relation between the both factors was. It was estimated by analyzing the data of inner ear hearing loss and retrocochler hearing loss separately that the subjects with retrocochler hearing loss had more difficulty in speech-mediated communication than the subjects with inner ear hearing loss.

Hearing Loss↗
PubMed2002

Emotional intelligence and conflict resolution in nursing.

How nurses maintain relationships and resolve conflict in the workplace is considered an important skill in the nursing profession (Hillhouse & Adler, 1997). In this paper we explore the utility of emotional intelligence in predicting an individual's preferred style of conflict resolution. Theorists such as Goleman (1998) have proposed a strong link between emotional intelligence and successful conflict resolution. A preliminary analysis of our empirical study indicates that individuals with high emotional intelligence prefer to seek collaborative solutions when confronted with conflict. Implications for the nursing profession are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[No adverse effects on intelligence 6 years after surgery for epilepsy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term effects of epilepsy surgery on intelligence. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive. METHOD: The group included 20 patients of the Instituut voor Epilepsiebestrijding, Heemstede, and the Epilepsiecentrum Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands, who suffered from medication-resistant epilepsy originating from the temporal lobe, in 9 patients from the left lobe (mean age: 33.1 years), in 11 from the right one (34.6 years). The epilepsy focus was removed surgically (Academic Hospital, Utrecht). The scores on the 'Wechsler adult intelligence scale' (WAIS) were determined before the operation and 6 months, 2 years and 6 years after operation. RESULTS: The mean WAIS IQs before operation were: verbal IQ (VIQ): 111.8 and performance IQ (PIQ): 117.7 in the group treated on the left and VIQ: 113.5 and PIQ: 112.4 in the group treated on the right. The mean gains 6 years after operation were 0.8 and 2.6 VIQ-points and 8.7 and 8.5 PIQ-points respectively. In the patients operated on the left the difference between VIQ and PIQ was significant 2 and 6 years after operation. The increase in IQs remained within what could be expected in retests. Only for the VIQ of patients treated on the left was a smaller retest effect found. CONCLUSION: These figures show that in the long term epilepsy surgery does not have an adverse outcome on the intelligence.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Speech intelligibility in aircraft noise as a function of altitude.

UNLABELLED: Few studies have addressed physiological effects of altitude and noise combined, although these two factors are inherent parts of all aviation. Altitude effects on hearing function have mainly been studied using gas mixtures with reduced oxygen content. The results have been inconclusive. HYPOTHESIS: The present study was designed to assess the effect of altitude on speech intelligibility in aircraft noise. The primary hypothesis was that exposure to altitude would produce a detrimental, hypoxic effect on speech intelligibility in noise. METHODS: Eight male subjects with normal hearing were fitted with an aviation headset specially adapted for use with the audiometer. Pure-tone audiometry, as well as speech audiometry in noise, were performed at 0, 10,000, 13,000, and 16,000 ft simulated altitudes in a hypobaric chamber. The four test altitudes were performed double blind with respect to audiometry operator and test subject. Arterial blood gases where measured using an intra-arterial catheter. Tympanometric measurements verified full middle ear equilibration. Noise levels where monitored and logged throughout all experiments. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A substantial increase in speech intelligibility in noise due to altitude was evident in our study. The physical effect of barometric pressure on noise causing an increased signal-to-noise ratio was found to greatly outweigh any possible hypoxic detrimental effect.

Adult↗