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PubMed2004

Prevalence of adult binge drinking: a comparison of two national surveys.

BACKGROUND: Binge drinking (defined as five or more drinks on an occasion) causes approximately half of the estimated 85,000 alcohol-related deaths in the United States each year. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a telephone survey, and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an in-person survey, provide population-based estimates of binge drinking. Evaluating the concordance of binge drinking estimates from the BRFSS and the NSDUH is important for surveillance and for planning prevention programs. METHODS: In 2003, combined data on binge drinking for 1999 and 2001 from the BRFSS (n =355,371) and the NSDUH (n =87,145) were analyzed for respondents aged >or=18 years. RESULTS: National binge drinking estimates were 14.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]=14.5-15.2) for BRFSS and 21.6% (CI=21.2-22.0) for NSDUH. Although there was good correlation between state-specific binge drinking estimates from the two surveys (Pearson's r =0.82), the BRFSS state estimates were significantly lower (p <0.05) than the NSDUH estimates in 46 states and the District of Columbia. The demographic characteristics of binge drinkers and the wording of the binge question were similar in the two surveys. However, in 1999, NSDUH changed from paper interviews to computer-administered interviews, and incorporated an internal validity check with feedback questions to resolve inconsistent responses. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of binge drinking from the NSDUH were consistently higher than those from the BRFSS, probably due to differences in survey methodology. Continued efforts to improve binge drinking surveillance are important for preventing this public health problem.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol drinking of alcohol-preferring AA rats is differentially affected by clozapine and olanzapine.

Clinical evidence suggests that atypical antipsychotic drugs might reduce alcohol drinking and help to maintain abstinence. This study aimed to compare the effects of two widely used atypical antipsychotic drugs clozapine and olanzapine on alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring AA (Alko, Alcohol) rats that were taught to drink 10% alcohol in a 4 h limited access paradigm. Effects of acute clozapine (0, 0.3, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) and olanzapine (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.25 mg/kg) treatments on the limited access alcohol drinking were studied. In repeated treatment experiment, clozapine (1.0 mg/kg) or olanzapine (0.5 mg/kg) was administered once daily, before limited access alcohol drinking session, over 5 successive days. To reveal any effect of the drugs selective for alcohol drinking, alcohol was exchanged with 0.1% saccharin solution for the 4 h limited access, and acute treatments were repeated. Effects of the drugs on ambulatory locomotor activity were tested with doses that were used in the acute experiments. Acute clozapine treatment had no effect on either alcohol or saccharin drinking, but olanzapine significantly reduced 4 h alcohol drinking. Repeated olanzapine treatment significantly reduced 4 h alcohol drinking when compared with vehicle or clozapine, but a tolerance developed to this effect. Repeated clozapine treatment produced no significant effect compared with vehicle. Both drugs significantly reduced locomotor activity. In conclusion, the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine non-selectively reduced alcohol drinking, while clozapine failed to do so, even if both were administered at pharmacologically effective doses.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

A methodology for testing the erosive potential of sports drinks.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to develop and test a methodology in situ, which simulated the consumption of sports drinks. A secondary aim was to assess the acceptability of the method to sedentary participants. METHODS: To select the sports drink for the study in situ, five commercially available sports drinks were examined for erosive potential in vitro. The study in situ was a single centre, 2-period, 2-treatment crossover study to compare the erosive effect of a commercially available sports drink (Test), with that of mineral water (Control), over 10 day periods on 10 healthy volunteers. Subjects wore upper removable appliances containing two human enamel specimens from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The regimen of intake of the drinks was 350 ml in 10, 5-min rest, 650 ml in 25, 5-min rest, 500 ml in 10 and 5-min rest. Measurements of enamel loss were made on samples after 5 and 10 days by profilometry. RESULTS: The in situ study showed a statistically significant difference in erosive potential between the test and control beverages. No specimen exposed to the control beverage displayed appreciable erosion. Erosion occurred with the test drink, but to a variable degree between subjects. The subjects unanimously found the drinking regimen unpleasant. CONCLUSIONS: The sports drink caused significantly more erosion in situ than water and as seen in other studies, there was marked variation in susceptibility to erosion between subjects. The new drinking regimen was designed to simulate pre, during and post-exercise intake. Although all the sedentary subjects participating in this study reported that they found the volume of fluids consumed over a short period of time excessive it is unlikely that this would prove problematic in the exercise environment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Usual drinking patterns and non-fatal injury among patients seeking emergency care.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between drinking patterns, irrespective of whether alcohol was consumed in the event of the injury or not, and different injury variables; and to identify settings and situations in which risky drinkers have an increased likelihood of injury. STUDY DESIGN: The study population consisted of all patients aged 18-70 years registered for an injury according to ICD-10 at a Swedish emergency department during an 18-month period. After informed consent, the injury patients were screened for drinking habits by the AUDIT-C questionnaire. The gender, age and drinking pattern of injury patients were compared with the general population. METHODS: A total of 2782 patients aged 18-70 years were registered for an injury during the study period. The number of drop-outs was 631. Drop-outs include those who did not consent to participate, were severely injured, too intoxicated or did not fill out the questionnaire satisfactory. Thus, 77.3% of the target group were included for further analysis (1944 drinkers and 207 abstainers). The patients were categorized into three drinking categories: abstainers, non-risky and risky drinkers. Risky drinkers were defined according to usual weekly consumption of 80g or more of alcohol for women and 110g or more for men and/or heavy episodic drinking (i.e. having six glasses or more one glass=12g alcohol), or both, on one occasion at least once a month, valid for both women and men. To estimate the relationship between drinking patterns and the injury variables (environment, cause of injury, activity and diagnosis), odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression. Multiple logistic regression was used in order to control for age and sex differences between the various drinking and injury categories. RESULTS: The proportion of risky drinkers was higher in the study population compared with the general population in the same area. When controlling for age and sex, risky drinkers (OR 6.4(adj) Confidence interval CI 1.9-21.2) and non-risky drinkers (OR .4.5(adj) CI 1.4-14.5) displayed an increased risk for injury compared with abstainers, in amusement locations, parks, by or on lakes or seas, especially while engaged in play, hobby or other leisure activities (risky drinkers: OR 2.8(adj) CI 1.3-5.6; non-risky drinkers: OR 2.4(adj) CI 1.2-4.6). All differences between drinking patterns in external cause of injury disappeared when age and sex were considered. During rest, meals and attending to personal hygiene, the non-risky drinkers had a lower probability of injury compared with abstainers (OR 0.3(adj) CI 0.1-0.8). Non-risky drinkers had a higher probability than abstainers of suffering luxation (dislocation) or distortion (OR 1.6(adj) CI 1.1-2.5). Nine per cent of the study population reported that they believed that their injury was related to intake of alcohol. Half of this group were non-risky drinkers (CI for the 13.7% difference was 9.7-17.6). CONCLUSIONS: Few significant associations between drinking pattern and injury remained when age and sex were controlled for.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Daily intakes of copper, zinc and arsenic in drinking water by population of Shanghai, China.

Daily intakes of metals in drinking water are of extreme importance in risk assessment to human health. Some papers focused on this topic, but most of them did not consider the effect of age, gender and work location on daily intakes of metals in drinking water. The objective of present paper is to estimate the levels of Cu, Zn and As ingestion in drinking water in Shanghai, China and the effect of age, gender and work location on daily intakes of these metals. It was also the first time that such a detailed investigation on daily intakes of metals in drinking water was carried out in China in recent years. Drink/Sample (D/S) method was used to estimate the daily intakes of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water. The mean concentrations of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water were 10.8 microg/l, 0.29 mg/l and 0.91 microg/l, which were lower than U.S. EPA's Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) and WHO guideline values. The average daily intakes of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water was 21.12 microg/d, 0.65 mg/d, and 1.83 microg/d, which were on average 0.01%, 1.1% and 1.5% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee. There was a significant difference in daily intake of Zn for different work locations (P=0.04). But no other significant differences in daily intakes of metals in drinking water were found according to age, gender and work location.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

National trends in soft drink consumption among children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years: prevalence, amounts, and sources, 1977/1978 to 1994/1998.

OBJECTIVES: Trends between 1977/1978 and 1994/1998 in the prevalence, amounts, and sources of soft drink consumption were examined among youth age 6 to 17 years. DESIGN: Dietary intake data were examined from three national surveys: the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977/1978 (n=8,908), and the combined Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994/1996, and the Supplemental Children's Survey 1998 (n=3,177). Soft drinks were defined as carbonated beverages (all United States Department of Agriculture database codes starting with 924) and included flavored waters and juice drinks. Subjects/Setting A national sample of youth ages 6 to 17 years were interviewed for each of the 3 surveys. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: t tests were conducted to examine between-survey changes in soft drink consumption and sources of soft drinks. RESULTS: The prevalence of soft drink consumption among youth ages 6 to 17 years increased 48%, from a prevalence of 37% in 1977/1978 to 56% in 1994/1998. Mean intake of soft drinks more than doubled, from 5 fl oz to 12 fl oz per day. Although the home environment remained the largest source of children's soft drink access, an increasing share was obtained from restaurants and fast-food establishments (+53%), vending machines (+48%), and other sources (+37%). CONCLUSIONS: Away-from-home sources of soft drink are an important factor for dietitians to consider when evaluating the dietary intake and nutritional status of youths.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Examination of the short form of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) in a young adult university student sample.

The 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) assesses relative frequency of drinking behavior across eight categories of drinking situations and was originally developed as a method for identifying high-risk situations in alcoholic samples. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the IDS-42 in a sample of university students in order to assess its suitability as an assessment tool in the non-clinical population. Three hundred and ninety-six students (111 M, 283 F, 2 with missing gender data) completed the IDS-42 and a well established measure of drinking motives, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of the IDS-42 established a hierarchical factor structure with eight lower-order factors and three higher-order factors of negatively-reinforcing situations, positively-reinforcing situations, and temptation situations. The eight lower-order IDS-42 factors demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency and excellent concurrent validity with conceptually-similar DMQ subscale scores. Non-parametric analyses revealed that male students reported a higher drinking frequency overall as compared to female students, particularly in IDS-42 situations involving Social Pressure to Drink, Pleasant Times with Others, Testing Personal Control, and Urges and Temptations. Across the entire sample of university student drinkers, a higher drinking frequency was reported in positively-reinforcing situations as compared to negatively-reinforcing situations and temptation situations, as predicted. Results suggest the IDS-42 possesses good psychometric properties and support its utility as a tool in identifying situation-specific antecedents to drinking among university students.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How universal are social influences to drink and problem behaviors for alcohol use? A test comparing urban African-American and Caribbean-American adolescents.

The purpose of this study is to test specifically which social influences and which problem behaviors predict drinking among a sample of African-American and Caribbean-American black adolescents residing in New York City. A total of 3212 African-American or Caribbean-American seventh graders completed questionnaires assessing their alcohol use, demographic characteristics, social influences to drink, and other behavioral measures. Logistic regression analyses examined predictors for the overall black sample and separately for each of the two black groups. The predictors of alcohol initiation were virtually identical for both groups (father's drinking, siblings' drinking, friends' drinking, peer drinking, and smoking) with the exception of marijuana use. Although there were some common predictors of alcohol consumption for the two groups (siblings' drinking, friends' drinking, and smoking), some factors only influenced alcohol consumption for African-Americans (father's drinking and marijuana use) and others only did so for Caribbean-Americans (deviance and absenteeism). These findings highlight the importance of examining the etiology of alcohol use for different black groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of binge drinking of alcohol in highly educated employees.

This study evaluated the usefulness of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and CAGE, a standardized screening instrument for detecting alcohol dependence in identifying binge drinking among highly educated employees. Brochures were mailed to an entire workforce inviting employees to learn about their coping strategies, stress levels, and risk for alcohol-related problems, with 228 employees providing complete data. Binge drinking in the previous 3 months was reported by 29% of the employees, with greater binge drinking reported by White employees, of mixed/other ethnic background, or younger. The AUDIT achieved a sensitivity of 35% in identifying respondents who reported binge drinking and a specificity of 98% in accurately identifying respondents who did not report binge drinking. Sensitivity using the cut-off of scoring one or more positive hits on the CAGE was 67%, and specificity was 84%. Therefore, neither the AUDIT nor the CAGE achieved adequate sensitivity, as well as specificity, as screening tools for assessing binge drinking. A more accurate method for assessing binge drinking appears to be by directly asking for the largest number of drinks consumed in a single drinking session.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Socio-economic status and binge drinking in Israel.

Modern Israeli society is comprised primarily of two nationality groups-Jews and Arabs, with disparate religious and cultural attitudes toward alcohol drinking. We recently described higher rates of past-month drinking among Jewish adults, although Arabs who drink were more likely to report binge drinking. The goal of the present study is to examine the relationship between binge drinking and socio-economic status (SES) among Arab and Jewish adults in Israel. Data from a 1995 nationally representative household survey on drug and alcohol use were analyzed. Participants included male and female Arabs (n=982) and Jews (n=4,972) aged 18-40 living in Israel. SES was assessed using education, household income, and occupation. The prevalence of binge drinking was highest among Arab men (21.4%) followed by Jewish men (15.2%), Arab women (7.3%), and Jewish women (4.0%). Prevalence rates and odds ratios (ORs) from logistic models controlling for age, gender, marital status and religiosity show that increased household income and occupation are associated with increased binge drinking among Arabs (OR>2.0) and decreased binge drinking among Jews (OR congruent with 0.6). Higher educational achievement was protective against binge drinking in both nationality groups. Varied results for income and occupation, and education indicate the need to examine the association between each SES indicator and alcohol consumption independently, especially in culturally diverse populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Drinking as a risk factor for sustained smoking.

Data from a nationally representative sample of US adults (n=42862) were used to explore the associations between drinking and smoking, on a lifetime and past-year basis, and between drinking and smoking cessation for a subsample of past-year smokers (n=12586). Smoking cessation was defined as current nonsmoking (as of the time of interview) that had lasted at least 3 months. The proportions of both lifetime and past-year smokers increased with volume of alcohol intake and frequency of heavy drinking and were greater for individuals with DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence than for individuals without these disorders. For example, the proportion of past-year smokers rose from 22.5% of lifetime abstainers to 53.0% of heavy drinkers, from 23.8% of those who never drank 5+ drinks on any drinking day to 61.8% of those who drank 5+ drinks weekly or more often and from 27.6% of individuals without past-year DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence to 55.5% of those with either of these disorders. The proportion of past-year smokers who had stopped smoking decreased from 7.8% of former drinkers to 4.6% of heavy drinkers, from 7.3% of those who never drank 5+ drinks to 3.4% of those who did so weekly or more often and from 6.7% among individuals without past-year abuse or dependence compared to 4.4% among those with either disorder. In a multivariate analysis that adjusted for background variables and smoking history, average daily ethanol intake was not significantly associated with the odds of smoking cessation, but drinking 5+ drinks at least once a month reduced the odds of cessation by 42%. Having an alcohol use disorder increased the odds of smoking cessation below the age of 30 (an effect that disappeared after adjusting for the interaction between age group and having children in the home), but had an increasingly negative effect on smoking cessation at older ages.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Drinking and driving among college students: the influence of alcohol-control policies.

BACKGROUND: Studies have reported high rates of heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related problems, including drinking and driving, among college students. However, most studies have been conducted in single colleges or states. This study used a national sample to examine policy factors associated with alcohol-involved driving. METHODS: A random sample of full-time students (N=10,904) attending a nationally representative sample of 4-year colleges in 39 states (n=119) completed self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaire examined driving after consuming any alcohol, driving after > or = 5 drinks, and riding with a high or drunk driver. Individual-level data about driving after > or = 5 drinks were linked to information on the policy environment at both local and state levels and to ratings of enforcements for drunk driving laws. RESULTS: Drinking and driving behaviors are prevalent among a minority of college students and differ significantly among student subgroups. Students who attend colleges in states that have more restrictions on underaged drinking, high volume consumption, and sales of alcoholic beverages, and devote more resources to enforcing drunk driving laws, report less drinking and driving. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of drinking and driving among college students differs significantly according to the policy environment at local and state levels and the enforcement of those policies. Comprehensive policies and their strong enforcement are promising interventions to reduce drinking and driving among college students.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Social opportunity and alcohol abuse in women: temporal and structural differences in drinking contexts of nonclinic and clinic female drinkers.

This study examined the contextual drinking patterns of two groups of women drawn from larger samples of nonclinic (from a survey of drinking practices in metropolitan Boston) and alcoholic (from a Boston hospital outpatient alcoholism clinic) women. Clinic women, although reporting an equal number of drinking events as nonclinic women, consume more alcohol in settings outside the normative sphere of influence, thus maximizing the likelihood of drinking in response to internal demands or those of a heavy drinking social intimate. Differences obtained between lighter and heavier drinker categories within the nonclinic group suggest that those women who drink in contexts where heavy drinking is encouraged may be at risk for alcohol abuse. The data are discussed relative to the assumption that increased exposure to and participation in heavy drinking contexts may lead to an increase in alcohol abuse among those nonclinic women who respond to the structural demands of drinking contexts.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The drinking of earlier and more recent Russian immigrants to Israel: comparison to other Israelis.

OBJECTIVES: Russia has a high level of per capita alcohol consumption, while the level in Israel is low. Since 1989, over 820,000 Russian Jews immigrated to Israel. In the 1970's and early 1980's, a smaller wave of immigration from Russia to Israel occurred (approximately 170,000). The drinking of earlier immigrants was compared to recent immigrants and other Israelis. METHODS: Data came from a 1995 national survey of Israeli household residents. Of 4984 Israeli respondents, 292 were Russian immigrants who arrived since 1989 and 131 were Russians who immigrated earlier. Groups were compared with logistic regression. RESULTS: Recent Russian immigrants were more likely to drink in the last 12 months, to drink frequently and to get drunk than other Israelis. The earlier Russian immigrants were not more likely than other Israelis to report drinking in the last 12 months or frequent drinking, but were more likely to report 30-day drinking and getting drunk. In direct comparison of recent and earlier Russians, recent immigrants reported more frequent drinking than earlier immigrants. CONCLUSIONS: The results for drinking and frequency of drinking are consistent with acculturation effects as well as other explanations. Further investigation in studies with appropriate designs will be necessary to clarify the meaning of these results.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of two measures of low response to alcohol among heavy drinking male college students: implications for indicated prevention.

Low response (LR) to alcohol is a risk factor that strongly predicts later problems. This study compares subjective measures of high tolerance (HT) to measures of LR, using the Self-Rating of Effects of Alcohol (SRE) form. First-year heavy drinking students (N = 250) at an all-male college completed a survey during a mandatory class that included the SRE, past month peak consumption, 2-week heavy episodic use, family history, self-reported high tolerance, and whether it takes more alcohol to become impaired compared to others. The SRE identified LR for 96.7% of those reporting HT and 100% of those reporting both HT and that it takes comparatively more alcohol to become impaired. The measure of HT correlated more with heavy drinking than did that of LR (peak of 14.5 drinks and 4.3 occasions of heavy episodic drinking vs. 12.6 and 3.7) whereas those identified as not LR drank less than those who reported no HT (peak of 6.1 drinks and 1.3 occasions of heavy episodic drinking vs. 9.6 and 2.4). Those reporting uncertainty about HT averaged peaks of 10 drinks and 3.13 occasions of heavy episodic drinking; 73.6% scored LR on the SRE. These data suggest that, at least in a heavy drinking group, the SRE may be most effective as a selected follow-up to an initial two-question screening. Self-reporting a high tolerance provides as much information as the 12-question SRE and is associated with heavier use. The SRE may provide corrective feedback to those who report uncertainty about HT or who give conflicting responses to the two screening questions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Examination of the short-term efficacy of a parent intervention to reduce college student drinking tendencies.

The research evaluated the efficacy of an intervention to reduce the onset and extent of binge drinking during the 1st year of college. The approach was on influencing the students before they start college, through their parents, during the critical time between high school graduation and the beginning of college. Specifically, parents were educated about binge drinking and how to convey information to their teens, and then encouraged to talk with their teens just before their teens embarked on their college education. Teens whose parents implemented the intervention materials were compared with a control sample during their 1st semester on drinking outcomes, perceptions about drinking activities, perceived parental and peer approval of drinking, and drinking-related consequences. As anticipated, teens in the treatment condition were significantly different (p < .05) on nearly all outcomes in the predicted directions (e.g., lower drinking tendencies, drinking consequences). The benefits of a parent-based intervention to prevent college drinking are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Orogastric, hydrational, and behavioral controls of drinking following water deprivation in rats.

Drinking and its associated behaviors were studied in rats deprived of fluid for 8,24, or 48 hr. The behavior of rats drinking water could be divided into three successive stages: (a) an initial intense burst of drinking that could not be easily disrupted; (b) intermittent drinking, often distinguished by the brief appearance of conflict behavior directed at the drinking spout; and (c) termination of drinking. Drinking stopped well before the fluid loss, reflected in a sizable extracellular deficit, was restored. Intake of water was terminated when serum hyponatremia and hypoosmolality (and presumably cellular overhydration) developed in temporal continguity with drinking. These and other considerations suggest that the cellular fluid phase exerts significant inhibitory as well as excitatory control over drinking.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Changes in social roles as predictors of changes in drinking behaviour.

AIM: To assess the possible effects of changes in marital status, employment status and having children at home on alcohol consumption and the frequency of heavy drinking. With role theory as a starting point it was expected that a shift into more social roles would decrease consumption and heavy drinking while the shift away from social roles would be associated with an increase in consumption and heavy drinking. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The province of Limburg, The Netherlands (1980-89). PARTICIPANTS: 1327 men and women aged 16-69 years at first measurement. MEASUREMENTS: Weekly consumption of standard units (10 g ethanol) of alcoholic beverages; frequency of drinking six units or more; self-reported social role. FINDINGS: The acquisition of a spouse role and a parental role but not an employment role was associated with a decrease in consumption or heavy drinking. The loss of the spouse role among women was associated with an increase in heavy drinking. Otherwise, losing a role was not linked with a change in consumption and heavy drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Limited support was found for the expectation that role transitions influence drinking behaviour. Our study suggests that other theories must be sought to explain social differences in drinking behaviour.

Adolescent↗