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PubMed2006

[Zoonotic importance of selected species of Gram-positive bacteria.].

Zoonoses continue to play a signicant role in both human and veterinary medicine. Their eradication is difficult and some authors are convinced of their growing importance. Among the pathogens of infectious diseases transmissible from animals to man are several gram-positive bacteria. The authors focus on three agents that present a risk in three different areas-alimentary infections (Listeria monocytogenes), professional infections (Streptococcus suis) and infections of breeders of so-called pet animals (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius). The paper analyses the risk of human infections from animal sources and briefly informs on the present incidence of pathogens in animals and/or raw materials of animal origin in the catchment area of the State Veterinary Institute in Olomouc, Moravia.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular detection of Bartonella quintana, B. Elizabethae, B. Koehlerae, B. Doshiae, B. Taylorii, and Rickettsia felis in rodent fleas collected in Kabul, Afghanistan.

The prevalences of Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia spp. were investigated using molecular methods in 77 rodent fleas collected in November 2002 by the French forces detachment in Kabul, Afghanistan. Overall, Bartonella DNA was detected in 15.5% of gerbil fleas and 40.5% of rat fleas, whereas Rickettsia felis was found in 9% of gerbil fleas. We described for the first time in this country Bartonella quintana, B. koehlerae, B. taylorii, and Rickettsia felis in fleas from the gerbil species Meriones lybicus, and B. elizabethae and B. doshiae in rat fleas. Of these, B. quintana, B. elizabethae, B. koehlerae, and R. felis are recognized human pathogens. These results emphasize the potential risk of flea-borne infections transmitted by rodents in this area, and suggest that preventive measures should be taken in the general framework of zoonoses management.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed2006

Human infections due to nematode helminths nowadays: epidemiology and diagnostic tools.

An update on the epidemiology of intestinal and tissue roundworms, in the world as well as in Italy, is presented. This analysis indicates that the most important changes happened in developed countries, where two main phenomena have been registered. The improvements occurred in social, economic, hygienic and sanitary conditions resulted in decrease of intestinal geohelminth prevalence but, besides, the changes happened at level of other factors, like environment, climate and human behaviour, promote more and more the opportunity for infections due to animal nematode species, which in people induce tissue syndromes. Therefore, the easier circulation of zoonoses among humans constitutes the main remark, which has to be strongly taken into account in countries like Italy, in that it is an emerging sanitary problem, important both for the number of people involved, and for the difficulties induced by their diagnosis. The general trend of "traditional" and "new" nematode infections that can affect humans is analysed, changes in the distribution patterns are tentatively explained, and available diagnostic tools are summarised.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Enzootic reservoir for new Ixodes ricinus-transmitted infections].

In the last decade new tick-transmitted zoonoses have emerged as threats to the public health in Europe. They are mostly due to infection by Borrelia burgdorferi s.I., Babesia divergens, B. microti and Ehrlichia sp. All these pathogens are transmitted by the rodent-feeding ticks of Ixodes persulcatus "complex". Also there is first serological information of coexistence of antibodies to B. burgdorferi, B. microti and Ehrlichia sp. in human exposured to these multiple tick-transmitted pathogens. Actually in Poland, the identification of the host species that act as zoonotical reservoir for these pathogens on which the competent vector becomes infected, is crucial to understand the dynamics of enzootic cycle of these pathogens. It is also important to assess the risk factor of infection in different habitats, especially in environmental condition where changing in farming system has left great land area under grassland or pasture, e.g. in Mazury Lakes District. Under such circumstances, susceptible rodent species, at least for two of these pathogens: B. micrnti and B. burgdorfeń s.l., increasingly became competent reservoirs. This aspect is currently receiving considerable attention in Europe.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The bacteriological and serological prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in fattening pig herds in Lower Saxony].

This article presents the results of a study on the occurrence of two bacteria that cause zoonoses, Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica. The study was carried out in 30 fattening herds in Lower Saxony, Germany, in 2004 and compares the results of bacteriological and serological methods of detection. Bacteriological findings of Campylobacter spp. in the faeces indicated that 69.7% of the fattening pigs were positive, but 81.2% tested positive serologically. All herds tested here were both bacteriologically and serologically positive for Campylobacter spp. Furthermore, only 8.4% tested positive for Yersinia enterocolitica in the faecal samples, but 66.8% of the animals were serologically positive for that bacterium. While bacteriological examination did not detect Yersinia enterocolitica in 56.7% of the herds tested, serological testing showed that only 16.7% of the units were without reacting animals. The great difference between the results of bacteriological and serological testing, especially in the case of Yersinia enterocolitica, can be explained by the intermittent intestinal excretion and predominance of this bacterium in the animals' tonsils. Low faecal excretion is also the reason for the low detection rate of 3.4% of Yersinia enterocolitica in the environmental samples, while that of Campylobacter spp. was 33.3%. These results indicate that the environment plays only a secondary role in the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in pig herds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Veterinary medicine and public health at CDC.

People readily associate the role of veterinarians with private veterinary practice focused on pets and farm animals, but the true dimensions and contributions of veterinary medicine are much broader and reflect expanding societal needs and contemporary challenges to animal and human health and to the environment. Veterinary medicine has responsibilities in biomedical research; ecosystem management; public health; food and agricultural systems; and care of companion animals, wildlife, exotic animals, and food animals. The expanding role of veterinarians at CDC reflects an appreciation for this variety of contributions. Veterinarians' educational background in basic biomedical and clinical sciences compare with that of physicians. However, unlike their counterparts in human medicine, veterinarians must be familiar with multiple species, and their training emphasizes comparative medicine. Veterinarians are competent in preventive medicine, population health, parasitology, zoonoses, and epidemiology, which serve them well for careers in public health. The history and tradition of the profession always have focused on protecting and improving both animal health and human health.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The role of the veterinarian in the education and health of pre-school children.

Two surveys conducted in pre-schools (n = 156) located in advantaged areas and disadvantaged areas in Pretoria, indicated that animals had social and psychological as well as educational value for pre-school children. All schools (n = 156) utilised animals in some way for the education of pre-school children. Nineteen of the pre-schools in advantaged areas kept animals permanently at the school. All of these schools utilised the zoo. Only 3 of the schools in disadvantaged areas (n = 106) were able to keep animals permanently on the premises although 69 would have liked to keep animals and 77 of the schools visited the zoo at least once a year. Limiting factors included lack of finances and facilities, lack of knowledge on animal management and anxiety about zoonoses. No cases of zoonotic disease in children were recorded. The species of animals utilised at the pre-schools differed from those found most commonly as household pets. Pre-schools favoured rodents, fish and birds rather than carnivores. The role of the veterinarian may include clinical treatment of the animals from the pre-school, advice on management and zoonosis prevention, pet-care counselling, communication with children and their parents in the consulting room, public health aspects and promotion of environmental education.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Tuberculosis in alpacas; a zoonosis as an imported disease].

In the Netherlands, in 1988, a micro-epidemic of tuberculosis in alpacas recently imported from Peru prompted health authorities to initiate investigation of human and animal contacts. Although the animal trainer and his assistant suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, they turned out to be infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while the animals later proved to be infected by M. bovis. The alpacas' caretaker and a laboratory technician present at the autopsy, were probably infected by animal contact. Elsewhere in the country, three more alpacas were reported with tuberculosis at the time; this initiated a large-scale investigation among alpacas, llamas etc., but no further cases were detected. The possibility of imported zoonoses, especially after 1992, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Perspectives on veterinary infectious disease control in the European Economic Community].

The internal market of EC from 1993 is a provocation for the veterinary services of the member states to prevent dangers by animal infectious diseases and zoonoses in a big territory without borders. The systems for the control of animal infectious diseases, transport and trade have to be adapted and the veterinary services, especially on the local basis, will have more responsibility, they will be in action more as in the past and more intensive too. Primary aim is to reach a high uniform animal health level in the whole community. This requires more burden, strong and consequent measures as till now in the concerned region or member state. The control of infectious diseases in EC will stay on three big column --uniform measures for protection against animal infectious diseases, --common system for the control within the EC, --common control system on outside borders of EC for import from third countries. The already accepted and applied principle of regionalization will get essential importance. EC will participate in financing the control of animal infectious diseases particularly of very dangerous diseases, but also in certain control- and surveillance-programs. The veterinary controls on the internal borders in EC up to now will be replaced by controls at the place of origin and the place of destination. Imports from third countries will be controlled on outside-borders of EC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1991

[Diseases and causes of death in native wild birds--a literature review].

Little attention was dedicated to diseases and causes of death of indigenous wild birds compared to poultry until recent decades. The interest of veterinary medicine in the spectrum of causes of morbidity and mortality of wild birds increased with the understanding of the importance of these birds as vectors in the epidemiology of zoonoses and as a biological indicator for the occurrence of substances noxious for the environment. The climate as a natural factor and the influences of civilization as traffic, high voltage lines and oil contamination of the sea lead to a reduction of bird species by starvation, traumata, intoxication and degenerative or proliferative and inflammatory or non inflammatory processes. Many parasitological, bacteriological, mycotic and viral diseases are wide spread among free living birds and make difficulties in keeping and breeding endangered birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Emerging vector-borne infections.

The principles that regulate the transmission of vector-borne infectious agents are briefly described. In particular, the circumstances that may lead to human exposure to various North American zoonoses are analyzed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The veterinarian active in the field of veterinary public health, towards the year 2000].

Introductory classes taught to seventeen successive generations of postgraduate veterinary students, intensive consultations, during about 40 years, with scientists in executive positions in the food industry, catering and military-medical organisations, and the response of participants after public lectures support the impression that, in the Netherlands, the public is not aware of the professional profile of the Public Health Veterinarian. This contrasts sharply to that of the small animal practitioner and of the herd management veterinarian. In the years immediately before the Second World War the professional standing of the Veterinary Public Health Officer was demonstrably better observable. The reason for this altered public image of the Public Health Veterinarian is sought in changes in the aetiology and transmission of zoonoses and other diseases spread by food, water and the environment. Whereas the majority of the latter was previously transmitted off intra vitam foci of infection, food-borne infections and intoxications presently mainly originate from the environment. Consequently adequate protection of the consumer has to rely on the elaboration and application of measures of intervention sensu Wilson. These include: well designed techniques of hygiene supported by disinfection at the farm and during transportation and holding animals for slaughter, use of probiotics in decontaminated animal feeds, meticulous adherence to expertly designed measures of hygiene and chilling at slaughter houses and, to the extent required, terminal decontamination of carcasses and/or consumer size cuts. Many of these facets do not traditionally belong to the veterinarian's vistas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in 2 geographical zones of Tuscany].

Q Fever, caused by Coxiella burneti, was first identified as a separate syndrome in 1937 in Australia. Usually it takes the form of an acute atypic lung pneumonia disease, but subclinic or non-typical forms are also known. Q Fever is a zoonoses. The most important source of infection is represented by sheep; the transmission to man occurs by vectors (ticks), or more often by carriers as aerosol, non-pasteurized milk and dairy products. In Italy the first outbreaks of Q Fever date back to the end of World War II and lated until the beginning of the sixties. Since the seventies only a few sporadic cases have been notified, suggesting a low endemic situation. In Tuscany Q Fever presented the same epidemiological characteristics as in Italy. The causes of this particular epidemiological evolution are not clear. We suspect that it might be partly an illusion, caused by an inaccurate evaluation of the real number of cases, due to both the high frequency of atipic clinic forms and the lack of attention of doctors. On the other hand, a reduction in the circulation of C. burneti in the environment could be explained by a limitation of infection to man caused by changed sheep-breeding systems and a consequence of socio-economic evolution. To evaluate the actual reduction in the incidence of Q Fever in general, it is necessary: 1 - to make a careful research of Q Fever cases in man 2 - to evaluate the frequency of C. burneti antibodies in man and sheep. In this light, the Authors carried out a seroepidemiological study in individuals living in two different geographic areas of Tuscany. A total of 130 serum samples were tested. Half of them were collected from people professionally in contact with ovines, the other half from urban people presumably not in contact with animals. The antibody response to C. burneti was tested by indirect immunofluorescence test (IIT), a method known to be sensitive, specific, practical and economic. Antibodies titers indicating previous infection (greater than 1:20) were more frequently found in subjects belonging to the rural group (49.1%) than in those belonging to the urban group (6.1%). The seropositive subjects presented a negative clinic anamnesis. These results suggest a persistent circulation of C. burneti in man, linked to contacts with sheep. Also there appear, however, to be a good number of unnotified or subclinic Q Fever forms. Young people appear to be slightly less frequently infected, which suggest that the infection may be in fact becoming rarer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

International spread of disease by air travel.

Rapid air travel has increased the potential for international transmission of infectious diseases. Important aspects of this problem include the transmission of foodborne and waterborne illnesses, the translocation of insect vectors, the rapid transport of individuals with incubating illnesses, the direct transmission of diseases inside aircraft and the transmission of zoonoses through animal transport. Infectious outbreaks on aircraft and in the vicinity of airports have included influenza, staphylococcal gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, cholera and malaria.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1978

The need for closer collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions.

It is increasingly apparent that physicians and veterinarians share the same pool of scientific knowledge and that diseases of animals have many direct and indirect connexions with human health. Nowadays it is realized that, given the opportunity, the veterinarian can make substantial contributions to the medical services by (a) controlling zoonoses, (b) supervising the hygiene of food, especially food of animal origin, (c) assisting in the detection and prevention of environmental pollution, (d) facilitating exchange of research information on analagous problems in man and animals, and (e) ensuring a supply of healthy, standardized laboratory animals. Appropriate administrative machinery at government level is necessary to enable the veterinarian to develop and exercise his potential in this field and to ensure full and effective collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions. Conventional veterinary education provides an excellent background for public health work, but special training is also necessary, at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, for veterinarians who are to assume responsibilities in public health. A fuller partnership between these two health professions, which have so much in common, should be encouraged in various ways, for example by sharing some courses during university education, and by joint meetings to discuss problems of mutual concern.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Serological examinations of dogs (Canis familiaris) in Colombo/Sri Lanka.

In Colombo/Sri Lanka wild dogs were investigated for various zoonoses. Based on the poor general conditions the contamination rate was relatively high. 27 of the 30 dog sera reacted positive against Listeriosis. 17 of the 29 samples reacted against Q-fever in low titers, however, because of the highly purified antigen used these are evaluated as positive. The contamination rate was 100%. 18 sera reacted positive against the RMSF-group antigen. 14 samples reacted positive against Chlamydiasis. 17 samples reacted positive against Echinococcosis and in the Brucellosis samples 3 were positive. 7 positive reactions were found against Adenovirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

An overview of biohazards associated with nonhuman primates.

Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, human and nonhuman primates share susceptibility to many pathogens which do not affect lower animals. This similarity, which makes them invaluable models for studying human infectious diseases, also makes primate animals potentially dangerous to work with. The biohazards inherent in the use of nonhuman primates in biomedical research are zoonoses, injuries, and infectious agents introduced by study protocols. This review addresses the various kinds of parasites, fungi, rickettsiae, spirochetes, and viral agents found naturally occurring, or experimentally induced, in nonhuman primates with reference to measures for preventing spread among the animals or to personnel.

Animal Diseases↗