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PubMed1987

Intestinal adaptations of rainbow trout to changes in dietary carbohydrate.

Although omnivores are able to alter the structure and functions of their digestive system in response to changes in dietary carbohydrate content, it is unclear whether carnivores are capable of such adaptive flexibility. Hence we recorded growth rates, intestinal morphometrics and histology, and nutrient uptake rates and concentrations of disaccharidases in the intestines of a carnivorous fish, the rainbow trout, fed different levels and types of carbohydrate. The trout is unable to adaptively regulate digestive system structure and function to increase glucose availability in response to increasing levels of dietary carbohydrates, even to easily digestible forms such as glucose. Paradoxically, a reduction in the concentrations of enzymes associated with carbohydrate digestion in response to elevated levels of easily digested carbohydrates suggests that carnivores may actually try to repress carbohydrate digestion when glucose is available in high quantities. Thus the lower levels of carbohydrate in the diet of trout throughout their evolution has resulted in a reduced ability to phenotypically regulate the digestion of carbohydrates.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1985

Detection of renal tubular lesions after abdominal aortography and selective renal arteriography by quantitative measurements of brush-border enzymes in the urine.

Quantitative determination of brush-border enzyme excretion in the 24-hour urine is a much more sensitive index of renal tubular damage after aortography and selective renal arteriography than the conventional renal function tests such as serum creatinine and clearance determinations. Among the five brush-border enzymes which we investigated, alkaline phosphatase (AP) was the most sensitive diagnostic pointer. In 90% of hypertensive patients without detectable pre-existing renal parenchymal damage, abnormal levels of AP excretion in the urine were found on the same day as or on the day after the intra-arterial injection of contrast medium. Measurement of other brush-border enzymes does not provide any further diagnostic information. Provided there is no pre-existing renal parenchymal damage, the lesion caused by the contrast medium is transient and is usually reversed within 48 h. For the early detection of tubular lesions caused by tri-iodinated benzoic acid derivatives, AP excretion in the 24-hour urine should be measured at least twice--on the day of the contrast medium injection and on the following day.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Significance of duodenal disaccharidases. A comparative study of duodenal and jejunal values.

Endoscopic biopsies at the inferior duodenal flexure from 36 patients were assayed for disaccharidases. Comparative studies in 8 patients were carried out from this location and from the duodenojejunal flexure. 16 patients with lactase values under 20 U/g protein and normal histology also underwent a lactose tolerance test. Evidence is presented that the easily performed duodenal biopsies give the same information as those from the angle of Treitz, at a level about 40% under the latter. Tolerance to lactose was in close relation with the lactase level in 16 patients, the limit being at about 5 U/g protein.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1974

Dermatitis herpetiformis. Immunologic concomitants of small intestinal disease and relationship to histocompatibility antigen HL-A8.

In the present study the relation between the gluten-sensitive intestinal lesion observed in dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and in gluten-sensitive enteropathy (coeliac sprue) (GSE) was analyzed. Jejunal IgA synthesis in DH was estimated from the extent of incorporation of [(14)C]leucine into IgA in jejunal biopsy specimens during short-term in vitro culture. Patients with DH have significantly elevated incorporation values as compared to normal control individuals (18,880+/-13,614 vs. 5,830+/-3,190 cpm/mg tissue protein/ 90 min) (P < 0.02) and the degree of elevation correlates well with the degree of morphologic abnormality. Thus patients with DH are similar to patients with GSE where elevated local mucosal IgA synthesis has also been observed. By using both morphologic and immunologic criteria for evaluating intestinal status, patients with DH and intestinal disease were distinguished from patients with DH free of intestinal disease. Of the eight patients in the former group, seven carried HL-A8 (87.5%), an incidence which is strikingly similar to that observed in patients with GSE alone (88.5%). In contrast, of the seven patients in the latter group (without gastro-intestinal disease) two had HL-A8, an incidence (27%) not significantly different from that in the normal population (20%) (P > 0.1).Thus, both in respect to local mucosal increase in IgA synthetic rates and in respect to the association with HL-A8, the intestinal lesion of DH is similar to that of GSE.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Differentiation within the genus Leptocarabus (excl. L. kurilensis) in the Japanese Islands as deduced from mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences (Coleoptera, Carabidae).

The phylogenetic trees have been constructed for the mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences from the Japanese Leptocarabus ground beetles, which contain 101 specimens collected from nearly the complete distribution ranges of them consisting of five morphological species, i.e., Leptocarabus procerulus, L. kumagaii, L. hiurai, L. kyushuensis and L. arboreus. On the trees, there are recognized two major lineages, each of which is further divided into two or more sublineages. The phylogenetic lines are geographically linked. Two or more species occur in a single lineage, and the same species appear in different lines. We suggest that transformation from one type of morphology to another took place in parallel in various periods of evolution of the Japanese Leptocarabus. From the phylogenetic tree and the dating from the nucleotide substitution rate and the geohistorical data it is inferred that the ancestry of all the Japanese Leptocarabus species was derived from a protoform of L. kyushuensis inhabited the ancient Japan area, followed by separation into two lineages after split of the Japanese Islands from the Eurasian Continent. They then propagated distribution to occupy their own habitat ranges, during which the morphological transformation took place in some lineages.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Modifications in the brush border enzymes of the small intestine after irradiation at different times of the day.

The behaviour of the brush border enzyme activity of the intestinal epithelium after the same sublethal radiation dose to the abdomen at different times of the day was investigated. Three previously observed post-irradiation phases (initial increase of activity, reduction and the return to control values) were confirmed, although with some differences. A later return to normal of lactase was also confirmed. The same dose produced different behaviour of the enzyme activities both during the initial and the recovery phase, depending on the time of the day when irradiation was performed, i.e. on the functional condition of the epithelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Preparation of 3-amino-3-deoxy derivatives of trehalose and sucrose and their activities.

The 3-keto derivatives of trehalose and sucrose respectively were prepared by a one-step enzymatic route using D-glucoside 3-dehydrogenase from Flavobacterium saccharophilum. Reductive amination of 3-ketotrehalose with ammonium acetate and sodium cyanoborohydride gave three compounds, 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-allopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (3-trehalosamine) and 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside. From the reductive amination of 3-ketosucrose, 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-allopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside and 3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl beta-D-fructofuranoside were obtained. The antibiotic and glycohydrolase inhibitory activities of these 3-amino-3-deoxy derivatives were determined.

Amination↗
PubMed1994

Synthesis of 5-epi-trehazolin (trehalostatin).

Synthesis of 5-epi-trehazolin (trehalostatin) (2) was accomplished via the crucial intermediate, epoxide (6 alpha), from D-glucose. The stereochemistry of epoxide (6 alpha) and its isomer (6 beta) which were obtained from Sharpless epoxidation, was determined by comparison between the NMR relaxation times of relevant protons.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Fetal intestinal disaccharidases in human amniotic fluid.

Based on data from two human fetuses, a correlation exists between amniotic fluid and intestinal disaccharidase activities suggesting that the fetal intestine is the source of these amniotic fluid enzymes. Intestinal disaccharides are apparently released into the amniotic cavity by fetal defecation. As indicated by the drop of disaccharidase activities in amniotic fluid at 22 weeks gestation, defecation stops at this period of gestation.

Amniotic Fluid↗