[Prophylactic use of p-hydroxybenzoic acid propylester to prevent dry sockets].
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Adolescent↗
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Quantitative evaluation of newly formed bone in the alveolar wall surrounding the root during the initial stage of experimental tooth movement in the rat.
By using a chronological lead-labelling technique and computer image analysis the volume of this newly formed bone was evaluated. Rat maxillary first molars were moved mesially by a fixed, closed coil-spring appliance for 6 days using three different magnitudes of initial tensile force (27, 60 and 136 g). Sham-treated rats wearing an inactivated appliance were used for the control study. All animals were injected twice intraperitoneally with lead-disodium EDTA, 3 hr before the beginning and 3 hr before the end of treatment. The unit volumes of newly formed bone (mm3/mm2) were assessed with reference to lead-labelling lines in the alveolar walls of the root socket by computer image analysis. In the control group, two distinct lead-labelling lines indicated continuous bone formation on the mesial side of the root sockets, but only a jagged line was found on the distal side. After experimental mesial tooth movement, only a single lead line could be found on the mesial/pressure side of the root sockets; on the distal/tension side, a wide layer could be detected between the two lead lines. The volume of newly formed bone on the distal/tension side in the experimental groups was significantly greater than that in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the volumes of newly formed bone among the three experimental groups. The study demonstrates that the volume of newly formed bone in the alveolar walls during the initial stage of tooth movement can be quantified and that the magnitude of the tensile force of tooth movement may not influence directly the volume of newly formed bone in the alveolar wall on the tension side.
Alveolar Process↗
Ovariectomy reduces the gelatinolytic activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinases and collagen in rat molar extraction wounds.
Osteoporosis is commonly associated with estrogen deficiency. However, the mechanisms by which the lack of this hormone causes bone loss are poorly understood. The bone structure of the oral cavity seems to be affected by estrogen deficiency, since a delayed healing process after tooth extraction has been observed after ovariectomy in rats. The aim of this study was to describe the effect of the absence of estrogen on the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMC)-2 and -9 and expression of types I and III collagens in the alveolar granulation tissue of young female rats after tooth extraction. Sixty-six, four-week-old female rats underwent bilateral ovariectomies (OVX) or sham operations. Three weeks later, both first and second mandibular molars were extracted and the animals were killed by cervical dislocation 3, 5, or 7 days after tooth extraction. The granulation tissues were collected from the extracted alveolar sockets and used for zymographic, Western blot, or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. There was a gradual increase on the expression of all studied proteins as well as MMP-2 and -9 activities in the periods after surgery. In contrast, OVX animals showed a significant decrease in the gelatinolytic activities and expression of MMP-2 and -9 and types I and III collagens. The results presented here in suggest that the absence of estrogen may possibly contribute to the delayed alveolar wound healing by interfering with the extracellular matrix turnover.
Animals↗
[Effect of female sex hormones on the incidence of disordered wound healing following tooth extraction].
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Adolescent↗
Autotransplantation of an impacted third molar: an orthodontic case report.
This case report describes the use of autotransplantation as part of an orthodontic treatment plan where there was early loss of an upper molar tooth secondary to irreversible pulpitis. An impacted lower third molar, which had symptoms of pericoronitis, was transplanted into the upper left second molar socket. Fixed orthodontic treatment, to correct the patient's initial complaint of crowding, was completed in 22 months. The transplanted tooth remained vital and functional throughout.
Adult↗
Topical implantation of oxytetracycline cones in extraction sockets.
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Humans↗
[Study on two-dimensional tooth mobility].
Tooth mobility was measured with the use of a two-dimensional displacement measuring system. This small-sized system can measure the displacement both in the direction of the tooth axis and the buccolingual direction simultaneously with no contact. As test teeth, lower right first premolars with no clinical mobility were examined. The load was applied from the lingual to the buccal direction, to the vertical direction as well as from the buccal to the lingual direction. The results obtained were as follows: 1. This system possesses sufficient accuracy and reproducibility for tooth mobility measurement (measurement range 500 microns, resolving power 1 microns). 2. Most of the load-displacement curves showed diphasic displacement. 3. As to the amount of displacement in the buccolingual direction, 3 of 8 cases showed greater values by the load in the buccal direction and the remaining 5 by the load in the lingual direction. 4. As to the displacement direction of loaded teeth, the lingual and buccal load displaced teeth to the lingual-coronal and buccal-radicular directions respectively. Teeth under the vertical load were displaced almost to the radicular and slightly to the buccal direction. 5. As to the direction of tooth displacement in relation to load directions, it appeared that the teeth not only rotated within the dental sockets but also indented or extruded into the dental sockets.
Dental Stress Analysis↗
Immediate implantation of glass-ionomer cement granules increases osteogenesis during rat alveolar wound healing.
A study was conducted to determine whether granules of type III glass-ionomer cement (currently used as a fast-setting lining material and fissure sealant) implanted immediately after tooth extraction interfere with the time course of alveolar wound healing. Histologic examination of the entire socket showed normal progression of the healing process. Progressive bone neoformation in parallel with a decrease in the volume fraction of connective tissue was quantified by a histometric method up to 6 weeks after tooth extraction. The presence of glass-ionomer granules in the cervical third led to a small delay in bone formation by the first week but not thereafter, as also observed in the remaining regions of the alveolus (middle and apical thirds) which tended, in contrast, to show a larger amount of trabecular bone from the third week onwards. These results show that the material does not hinder the wound healing process, and in fact favors bone neoformation.
Alveolar Process↗
The use of bucrylate to achieve hemostasis in tooth extraction sites.
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Adolescent↗
Current perspectives in residual ridge remodeling and its clinical implications: a review.
PURPOSE: This article reviews the current understanding of the biology of tooth extraction wound healing and residual ridge remodeling. METHODS: The review of the biology of tooth extraction wound healing involves a discussion of the different cells populating the tooth extraction wound, the matrix formation, and the control of the repair process in the short-term. Defects in socket matrix formation or cellular activity will lead to stalled healing. The review of residual ridge remodeling describes the long-term result of tooth extraction and formation of residual ridges, in which the quantity of bone tissue continuously decreases. This may suggest that any potential regulatory factors of residual ridge resorption should have an adverse effect either on the increased catabolic activity by osteoclasts or on the decreased anabolic activity by osteoblasts. Both short-term tooth extraction healing and long-term residual ridge remodeling processes are interdependent. Furthermore, any potential genetic and environmental regulatory factors can affect the quality and quantity of bone by altering the gene expression events taking place in bone cells. RESULTS: The intent of this article was to review the current progresses of biologic research on residual ridge remodeling and to relate the changes at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. The understanding of residual ridge remodeling may provide a sound scientific basis for improved restorative and therapeutic treatments of the edentulous population.
Alveolar Process↗
Immunolocalization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the peri-implant epithelium.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the proliferating activity of peri-implant epithelium immunohistochemically using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Eight ITI (Internationale Team für Implantologie) implants were placed into simulated sockets in the mandibles of two beagle dogs two months following tooth extraction. As a control, junctional epithelium of the molar teeth in the same animals were used. The nature of staining and the distribution of PCNA immunoreactivity were determined by scoring a minimum of 100 cells on two sections from each of the implants. In the junctional epithelium, the immunoreactivity to PCNA was detected mainly in the basal cells, in some of the prickle cells, and in a few cells attached to the enamel. In peri-implant epithelium, only some of the basal cells were positive for PCNA. The PCNA score of the peri-implant epithelium was significantly lower than that of junctional epithelium. These results suggest that the peri-implant epithelium maintains a lower capacity to act as a proliferative defence mechanism than does the junctional epithelium.
Animals↗
Evaluation of success rates of immediate and delayed implants after tooth extraction.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success rates of immediate and delayed placement of implants with respect to the causes of tooth extraction and implant positions. METHODS: A total of 310 dental implants (immediate implants:delayed implants = 76:234) were inserted into 80 patients. The types, sizes and positions of the implants and the causes of tooth extraction were recorded. We then investigated the relationship of implant loss with the causes of tooth extraction and placement methods. RESULTS: A higher failure rate was found for the implants in the posterior region of the maxilla, and when periodontitis was cited as a reason for tooth extraction. The overall success rates were 93.4% and 95.7% in the immediate and delayed implant placement groups, respectively, after a 2-year follow-up. No obvious relationship of success rate was observed with the implant placement method, cause of tooth extraction, and implants' position. CONCLUSION: The immediate placement of implants into fresh extraction sockets could offer advantages over the delayed implant placement. It seems to be a safe and predictable method for patients.
Adolescent↗
Alteration of nerve growth factor-receptor expression in the periodontal ligament of the rat during experimental tooth movement.
This pilot study deals with the initial responses of neural elements showing nerve growth factor-receptor (NGFR) immunoreactivity in the periodontal ligament of rats to orthodontic forces. The animals were killed at intervals of 1, 2, 6, 12 h and 1, 3, 5, 7 days after the insertion of elastic bands between the maxillary first and second molars. Serial frozen sections, prepared from each animal, were processed immunohistochemically to demonstrate NGFR, after which the periodontal ligament of the mesial root of the maxillary second molar was examined microscopically. In control sections, NGFR-positive neural elements were predominantly distributed at the apex of the bony socket on the distal side of the periodontal ligament. After 1 h of tooth movement, NGFR positively-stained nerve fibres tended to disappear slightly in both the intermediate and coronal regions of the distal periodontal ligament. By the third day of tooth movement, the periodontal ligament nerve fibres showed more intense NGFR-immunoreactivity; thick, positively stained nerve fibres were recognized on the distal side in which active bone remodelling was occurring, and a few of these fibres were densely distributed around blood vessels or near Howship's lacunae. The distribution of NGFR-positive neural elements on the mesial side increased at 5 days of tooth movement. Finally, at 7 days of tooth movement, staining intensity for NGFR appeared to decrease. These findings demonstrate that an alteration in the distribution and the intensity of immunoreactive staining for NGFR in the periodontal ligament is associated with the bone remodelling induced by orthodontic tooth movement.
Animals↗
[Tooth replantation after traumatic exarticulation. Present therapeutic orientations and future perspectives].
Replantation is a method in which an avulsed dental element is replaced into its alveolar socket. The dental traumatic exarticulation occurs in any age, but most frequently in the juvenile population. The aim of this paper is to rewiew the risks and benefits of tooth replantation and to discuss the present therapeutic orientations and future perspectives for avulsion management.
Adolescent↗
Changes in lysyl oxidase activity and calcium content during the healing of tooth extraction wounds.
The typical wound healing process after tooth extraction includes several important biological reactions. The collagen fiber, which is the main organic component of connective tissue, plays an important role in the formation of granulation tissue and also bone tissue. Maturation of collagen is controlled by the intermolecular crosslinks in the collagen fibers. Lysyl oxidase, which catalyzes the corresponding aldehyde formation from certain lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues in collagen and elastin in the first step of the linking reaction, is the only known enzyme required in the crosslinking process. This study was designed to analyze changes in the lysyl oxidase activity and calcium content during the healing of rabbit tooth extraction wounds and to survey the relationship between them. Healing tissue in the extraction sockets was removed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days postoperatively. After decalcification, lysyl oxidase was extracted from wound tissue, and activity of this enzyme was examined by tritium-release assay. Radiographs and histologic sections were also obtained in each group. The results show that lysyl oxidase activity can be detected on the first day postoperatively and that it increases sharply from days five to seven, reaching the peak value on the seventh day. After that, enzyme activity decreases gradually and returns to normal range on day 14. Histologically, the healing sockets were filled mainly with young fibrous connective tissue at day seven; osteoid tissue could be found on the lateral wall and fundus of the extraction sockets at the same time. Accompanying the formation of new bone, calcium content increased conspicuously from day 7 to day 14. These results indicate that lysyl oxidase predominantly acts to promote cross-linking of the abundantly synthesized collagen in the early stage of healing of rabbit tooth extraction wounds. When minerals were precipitated at a great rate in the newly-formed bone, lysyl oxidase activity was concurrently decreased.
Animals↗
Structural changes in the dental and periodontal tissues of the rat incisor following application of orthodontic loads.
The present study deals with the morphometric changes in the loaded rat incisor and its supporting structures 3 months after load removal. The material examined was limited to that part of the tooth that is located between 8 and 20 mm from the tooth apex. Of the ten albino rats in whom laterointrusive loads (19 +/- 0.6 g) were applied to the lower left incisor for a period of 2 weeks, the rate of tooth eruption returned to normal in four animals (group A); in six rats, eruption remained grossly impaired (group B). These two groups were compared with a control group of four rats in whom the incisors were allowed to erupt normally during the 3 months of the experiment. The left mandibles were dissected and fixed; the incisors were demineralized, embedded in paraplast, and cut into transverse serial sections of 6 micron, which were used to produce a three-dimensional reconstruction of all tissue components by means of computerized histomorphometry. The parameters of pulp and dentin, and the total tooth size and shape in group A were similar to those of the control group. In group B, pulp and dentin were changed significantly, tooth size increased, and the oval shape was altered into a more rounded contour, together with a significant enlargement of the socket. Although the total PDL volumes remained similar in all three groups, the tooth/socket relation, as expressed by PDL width and PDL area at the different tooth sides and at varying distances from tooth apex, diverged from normal significantly in all teeth that had been subjected to loading.
Alveolar Process↗
The effect of partial-pancreatectomy-induced diabetes on would healing subsequent to tooth extraction. Histologic study in rats.
A histologic study of the effects of diabetes on wound healing of dental sockets was undertaken in rats. The diabetic sate was achieved by performing partial pancreatectomies. The subjects were perfused with 25 percent glutaraldehyde (fixation) and the healing sockets were studied at 3-day intervals during a period of 22 days. The delayed healing observed in this study, when the diabetic condition was due to partial pancreatectomy, was not influenced by the technique used, but was the result of the metabolic modifications of the induced disease.
Alveolar Process↗
Placement of hydroxyapatite-coated implants into fresh or recent extraction sites.
Factors important in the placement of HA-coated dental implants in fresh or recent extraction sites are case selection, treatment planning, and surgical modifications. The importance of good periodontal health and effective oral hygiene cannot be over-emphasized. Technique variations include careful extraction of the tooth or teeth, use of a surgical guide stent to overcome the "guidance" of the sockets, placement of the implants at least 1 mm apical to the socket edges, use of grafting materials to fill residual voids adjacent to the cylindrical implants, and special soft tissue closure techniques. Guided tissue regeneration methods are often used to enhance wound closure and improve bone regeneration around the implants. Clinical results suggest that HA-coated implants clinically integrate equally well in both fresh sockets and healed edentulous areas. Clinicians can comfortably consider placement of HA-coated dental implants in fresh extraction sockets for their patients and can anticipate favorable results with the application provided that the proper principles are followed.
Alveolar Process↗