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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Development of a rapid method for determining the infectious dose (ID)50 of Orientia tsutsugamushi in a scrub typhus mouse model for the evaluation of vaccine candidates.

The infectious dose (ID) of an inoculum for which 50% of susceptible mice will become infected (ID(50)) with Orientia tsutsugamushi is usually determined by rechallenging mice that have already been challenged with O. tsutsugamushi to determine the lethal dose (LD)(50) titer of the inoculum. Those mice not killed by the initial challenge and which survived a rechallenge with 1000 LD(50) were considered immune and to have been initially infected with O. tsutsugamushi. Mice that succumbed to the rechallenge were considered not to have been initially infected. We have developed a more rapid method of determining the ID(50) of inocula for use in our vaccine studies based upon the observation that mice surviving initial challenge and that go on to survive rechallenge produced detectable IgG to O. tsutsugamushi antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mice that did not survive rechallenge, and therefore did not receive an initial infectious inoculum did not produce detectable IgG to O. tsutsugamushi antigens. Both original LD(50) and ID(50) titers determinations require observation of mice for 21 days post-challenge. Our new ID(50) determination does not require mice or the additional 21-day observation period for rechallenge and therefore is more rapid and cost-effective than the previous standard method of determining ID(50) titer necessary for the evaluation of vaccine candidates.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria.

Early in the history of medicine, physician had a difficult time differentiating acute febrile illnesses without localizing signs. Typhoid fever and malaria share common features, which caused diagnostic problems during the 1800s. Physician even introduced a new term, typho-malaria, a testimony to their diagnostic confusion. Osler, consummate clinician and careful observer, had vast experience with typhoid fever and malaria. He was able to easily discern between the key features of both of these infections. He also relied on fever patterns to clearly differentiate typhoid fever from malaria. Osler is credited for debunking the term typho-malaria. His clinical description of typhoid fever remains unsurpassed. Clinicians still can benefit greatly from reading Osler's clinical description of typhoid fever.

Diagnosis, Differential↗