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PubMed1981

Reliability of IgM-IFA and IgM-IHA tests on pure IgM fractions obtained by a simple gel filtration method in acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis.

We have devised a rapid and inexpensive gel filtration method to separate IgM fractions from small amounts of serum. These fractions have been titrated with IgM-IFAT and IgM-IHAT, and their titers have been compared with those obtained on whole serum. The results show that the separation of IgM from IgG allows detection of IgM antibodies in many cases of acquired toxoplasmosis, especially in cases of congenital toxoplasmosis. False positive results due to the presence of rheumatoid factors are also avoided. The IHA test performed on IgM fractions is constantly negative.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in Atlanta, Georgia.

Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissue of 5 of 7 cats and of 4 of 4 field mice trapped in a riding stable in Atlanta where an outbreak of toxoplasmosis had occurred in persons. Dye-test antibodies were not found in serum of 4 cats and 4 field mice shown to be infected with T gondii by mouse inoculation. The pathogenicity and infectivity of the 9 isolates of T gondii from cats and mice were compared in mice with the same characteristics of an isolate from a person who acquired toxoplasmosis in association with the stable. Oocysts of all 10 isolates were more pathogenic than cysts of the same isolates. Epidemiologic implications of isolates from cats and mice are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in man].

We want to repeat the interest of toxoplasmosis serodiagnostic in human pathology. First, to help the diagnostic of this affection, with adult and children; then, to prevent this parasitose with pregnant women. Results in our laboratory, since two years, point out that a large number of women are seronegative. We are proposing a protocol of supervision for women before and during their pregnancy. This protocol avoids the risk of foetal contamination and prevents congenital toxoplasmosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Current diagnostic aspects of toxoplasmosis].

Biological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is now based more widely on combined use of serology and techniques for detection of the parasite or its constituents. Serologic methods endeavour to describe more reliably the antibodies involved in the humoral response and define their specific antigenic properties. Use of purified parasite proteins and characterization of isotypes having short-lived kinetics now make it possible to be more precise about the date of contamination in the case of first infections; however, serology remains of limited interest for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in immunodepressed patients. Techniques for detection of the parasite by cell culture, or of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction, now represent the alternatives of choice to direct search or animal inoculation. These techniques are more specifically indicated where the immune response is abnormal or absent, particularly in immunodepressed patients and in the fetus. The results, obtained in a few days, provide a reliable diagnosis and enable specific treatment to be instituted.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxoplasmosis after heart transplantation: diagnosis by endomyocardial biopsy.

Protozoal infections such as toxoplasmosis are known complications in heart transplant recipients. Diagnosis of the disease is often difficult. This article describes the course of a patient who had a febrile illness with leukocytosis and neurologic disorders after heart transplantation; all microbiologic and serologic tests of the peripheral blood and the cerebrospinal fluid failed to identify the responsible pathogen. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii was finally diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. We conclude that in heart transplant recipients with infections of unclear origin and neurologic disorders, endomyocardial biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis, especially in cases of toxoplasmosis.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1994

[Congenital toxoplasmosis, evaluation of the prevention policy].

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to assess the effect of a prevention programme against congenital toxoplasmosis conducted as part of the French health policy developed in the Rhône department. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological survey was conducted in 1991 including 806 post-partum women who were hospitalized in 22 maternities in the Rhône department. RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of the women had negative serology tests. French legislation requiring detecting non-immunized women at diagnosis of pregnancy was applied satisfactorily by the attending physicians. Inversely, women at risk were insufficiently informed: only 17% of the women at risk were aware of the three main routes of contamination; 63% believed vaccination is possible and 11% though they had been vaccinated. Deficient information was probably the cause of poor compliance to preventive measures as observed in this sample: only 17% of the serologically negative women stated they had applied anti-toxoplasmosis prophylaxy measures. CONCLUSION: Women at risk must be informed to convince them to modify their behaviour during pregnancy. The role of the attending physician and biologist is of major importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A feline model of ocular toxoplasmosis.

UNLABELLED: PURPOSE. This study was performed to characterize the clinical, serologic, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features of an experimental model of ocular toxoplasmosis in cats. METHODS: Seven specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated in the right carotid artery with 5 x 10(3) tachyzoites of the ME49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Control cats received heat-killed tachyzoites. RESULTS: Progressive, bilateral, multifocal retinal, and choroidal inflammatory foci developed in the principal cats, beginning 5 to 8 days postinoculation (PI). Lesion development peaked 3 weeks PI, and the lesions varied in size from pinpoint to 5 mm, had a predilection for the central tapetal fundus, and were more numerous ipsilateral to the side of inoculation. Resolution of the lesions 21 to 70 days PI was characterized by foci of tapetal destruction and retinal degeneration. Fluorescein angiography showed disruption of the blood-retinal barrier at the level of the retinal pigmented epithelium, and occasional retinal vasculitis and perivasculitis. Mild anterior uveitis developed in four cats 10 to 13 days PI. Aside from a slight febrile response 2 to 3 days PI, no physical abnormalities were observed. T. gondii antigens were detected intermittently in the serum of four of seven cats as early as 8 days PI. T. gondii-specific immunoglobulin M titers were present on day 7 PI and continued to increase until 28 days PI. Immunoglobulin G production was documented on day 13 PI, and titers continued to increase throughout the study. Evidence of anterior uveal antibody production (mean Goldmann-Witmer coefficient [C value], 80.7; range, 13.4 to 236.6) was present in 11 of 14 eyes on day 70 PI. On histopathologic evaluation 70 days PI, multifocal granulomatous chorioretinitis, with retinal degeneration, retinal vasculitis, and lymphocytic-plasmacytic anterior uveitis, was documented. Tissue cysts in the retina and choroid were found with mouse inoculation of tissue suspensions, immunohistochemical studies, and histopathologic examination. CONCLUSIONS: This nonfatal, noninvasive method of inducing ocular toxoplasmosis may prove to be a useful model for investigation of toxoplasmi retinochoroiditis, particularly with the recent characterization of a naturally occurring, immunosuppressive feline lentivirus with properties similar to human immunodeficiency virus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ocular toxoplasmosis.

1. Women with no immunity to Toxoplasma organisms acquire toxoplasmosis during pregnancy; the infection spreads to the fetus by transplacental transmission. 2. Blurred vision, floaters, photopsia, pain, and redness are common complaints of the active retinochoroiditis. 3. The diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis can be confirmed by blood tests, the most common being the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Female↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in humans and domestic animals in Ahwaz, capital of Khoozestan Province, south-west Iran.

From 1984 to 1988 sera from 1806 apparently healthy persons and 1096 patients suspected of toxoplasmosis in and around Ahwaz city, capital of Khoozestan province, Iran were examined by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA). Prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies at a titre of < or = 1:20 was found in 49.6% of healthy persons compared to 72.3% in suspected patients. The seropositivity rate was lowest in the new-born and children under 6 months of age and highest in persons 14-19 years old. Blood samples from 142 cattle, 138 sheep and 130 goats, collected from Ahwaz abattoir, were tested by the latex-agglutination test (LAT). The infection rates were 14.8, 13.8 and 13.1% respectively. The consumption of uncooked meat seems to be the most probable cause of the high infection rate of toxoplasmosis in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

On porcine toxoplasmosis in Sweden.

An outbreak of fatal toxoplasmosis in piglets, probably of congenital origin is described. Although this is the first known manifest case of porcine toxoplasmosis in Sweden it is concluded that it is based on a well established latent infection of the pig population in the area concerned. Of a random sample of clinically healthy slaughtered pigs from the area 40.3 per cent were positive in Sabin-Feldman dye-test.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1998

[Risk factors for toxoplasmosis in children].

BACKGROUND: The risk factors for human toxoplasmosis infection are numerous. The purpose of this work is to recognize these risk factors in childhood. METHODS: A total of 727 children was prospective studied ranged in age from 2 to 14 years. In all children Toxoplasma-specific antibodies was investigated and we make an epidemiological questionnaire about risk factors of toxoplasmosis: house, school, contact with cats and food. The prevalence of antibodies is analyzed and an univariate, and multivariate analysis is performed. RESULTS: The overall prevalence is 42.8%, 27.9% in 2-years-old children and 58.1% in 14-years-old children. The univariate analysis is statistically significant in females, ground-floor house without backyard, no urbanized house, domestic cat, cat in another home which is frequently visited, children under 4-years-old playing with cat, cat close to ground-floor house without backyard. In our study, ground-floor house without backyard equals to no urbanized house (OR: 49.5). This house showed a strong association with cat close to the house (OR: 6.9). The best model of logistical regression that adjusts with our data was domestic cat (OR: 1.6), cat in another home (OR: 1.5), female (OR: 1.7), no urbanized house (OR: 2.2) and children over 7-years-old (OR: 1.7). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the prevalence of Toxoplasma-specific antibodies is high. The risk factors that we found are associated with contact with cat, female and children over 7-years-old. The only house that showed significance was no urbanized house, associated with cat close to the house.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Serological investigation of toxoplasmosis in patients of the M.I.P. center of Franceville (Gabon)].

The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was assessed between 1995 and 1997 on 767 pregnant women on the occasion of their medical check-ups for pregnancy in the preventive health centre of Franceville, province of the Haut-Ogooué, Gabon. Among the women under investigation, 71.2% were found to be IgG seropositive, including 2.6% IgM seropositive. When compared to similar studies conducted for the last 20 years in the same region, these results give evidence of an increase of the seroprevalence to toxoplasmosis among pregnant women, contributing to a decreased risk of contracting the disease during pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Toxoplasmosis appearing to be dermatomyositis.

A case of toxoplasmosis occurred simultaneously with dermatomyositis in a 12-year-old boy. The patient was treated with sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine; within two weeks after initiating therapy, dramatic clinical improvement was noted. Several previous cases of toxoplasmosis occurring in association with polymyositis have been described in the literature. A serologic investigation for Toxoplasma infection might prove to be of value in establishing the cause of dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Moreover, in selected cases of dermatomyositis or polymyositis, treatment with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid may be a valuable alternative to the use of steroids and immunosuppressive agents.

Child↗
PubMed1984

Acute Toxoplasma infection among family members of patients with acute lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis.

Studies were performed to determine how frequently acute infections with Toxoplasma gondii occur among family members of patients with acute acquired lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis. In five of the nine families studied, more than one family member had serologic evidence of recent acute infection with T gondii. In three of the families, the immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibody titers to T gondii among infected family members were similar irrespective of whether lymphadenopathy was present. Lymphadenopathy developed in one family member in each of two families (families VIII and IX) three and eight months after lymphadenopathy had developed in the index case (proband). These results suggest that common-source outbreaks occur with surprising frequency among family members of patients with lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis and that the humoral response is similar with different manifestations of the infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Ocular toxoplasmosis: a 50th anniversary tribute to the contributions of Helenor Campbell Wilder Foerster.

In 1952, Helenor Campbell Wilder (later Helenor Campbell Wilder Foerster) confirmed the growing suspicion that Toxoplasma gondii was a cause of uveitis in otherwise healthy adults by identifying the presence of parasites in eyes enucleated because of severe intraocular inflammation. Ocular toxoplasmosis was previously known to occur only in newborns with congenital T gondii infection. Her report ushered in a new era in the field of uveitis in which toxoplasmosis, rather than tuberculosis, was confirmed to be the most common cause of retinochoroiditis. Fifty years later, issues raised in her landmark publication are still being investigated.

Anniversaries and Special Events↗
PubMed1980

Pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous opacity secondary to presumed toxoplasmosis.

Four patients with vitreous opacity characterized by veil-like membranes with precipitates of presumed inflammatory cells had visual acuities in the affected eye of hand movements only, 20/200, 20/400, and 20/400 over a period of six months or longer. A history compatible with episodes of inflammation secondary to toxoplasmosis and a chorioretinal scar compatible with toxoplasmosis in the involved or opposite eye was present in each patient. Pars plana vitrectomy (with lensectomy in three of the four cases) has afforded information in regard to preoperative and postoperative management of such patients, as well as postoperative results.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Experimental ocular toxoplasmosis in primates.

The rabbit serves as the only existing experimental model for ocular toxoplasmosis. This model has many deficiencies. Our technique for the production of acute toxoplasmic retinitis in monkeys is described herein. This primate model should be more representative than the rabbit model of human ocular toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Presumed acquired ocular toxoplasmosis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of eight patients with focal chorioretinitis presumably caused by acquired toxoplasmosis. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Referral hospitals in the Netherlands. PATIENTS: Eight patients, aged 42 to 75 years, with unilateral focal chorioretinitis and laboratory evidence of a recently acquired infection with Toxoplasma gondii. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Findings from ocular examination and analysis of both serum and aqueous humor samples for Toxoplasma and viral antibodies. RESULTS: All patients had unilateral focal chorioretinitis without associated old scars in the posterior pole. Patients treated with systemic or periocular corticosteroids not accompanied by antiparasitic medication showed a rapid increase of inflammation. All eight patients had Toxoplasma IgM antibodies in their serum samples, seven of whom had high Toxoplasma IgG titers. Five of eight patients had increased intraocular production of IgG antibodies against T gondii. CONCLUSION: Unilateral focal chorioretinitis in patients of any age should alert the clinician to consider acquired ocular toxoplasmosis in the differential diagnosis.

Adult↗