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PubMed1993

Technique integration. Therapeutic touch and theory-based mental health nursing.

Acceptance of therapeutic touch (TT) by the nursing community has become widespread. Nurses are advancing the pioneering work of Krieger (1973) through practice, research, education, and, most recently, through the development of theory-based nursing practice. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the development of theory-based nursing practice by introducing integration of TT with mental health nursing approaches. The Science of Unitary Human Beings (Rogers, 1986) is used to explain the relationship between TT and mental health nursing practice. The use of TT in practice is demonstrated through case examples from experiences with students and clients.

Female↗
PubMed1987

The effects of deep pressure touch on anxiety.

Occupational therapists who work with hyperactive children and adults who are in an aroused state sometimes employ deep pressure touch (DPT) as a therapeutic method to achieve calmer behavior. This pilot study attempts to measure effects of DPT on objective and subjective anxiety. Twenty-three healthy college students, serving as their own controls, self-administered DPT via a specially designed apparatus. Heart rate and self-reported anxiety were compared under conditions of DPT (experimental) and confinement without DPT (control). Data on subjects' trait anxiety also were analyzed. Although the group as a whole did not relax significantly more under experimental conditions than under control conditions, the degree of subjective relaxation was greater in the experimental group. These results, coupled with a significant intragroup difference in the response of subjects with high trait anxiety, were encouraging. This study provides direction and focus to investigators interested in further research on the validation of an empirically useful treatment technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Touch Inventory for Elementary-School-Aged Children.

The syndrome of tactile defensiveness, first described by Ayres in 1964, has undergone continued study as well as related theory development. No standardized assessment for tactile defensiveness, however, currently exists. This paper presents a 26-item screening scale, the Touch Inventory for Elementary-School-Aged Children (TIE), as well as its psychometric characteristics. Normative data and precautions for proper use of the TIE are also given.

Child↗
PubMed1995

The touch inventory for elementary-school-aged children: test-retest reliability and mother-child correlations.

OBJECTIVE: The Touch Inventory for Elementary-School-Aged Children (TIE) is a self-report screening assessment for tactile defensiveness. The purpose of this study was to examine test-retest reliability of the TIE and to evaluate agreement between children's TIE scores and scores that mothers gave their children on a modified version of the TIE. METHOD: Twenty-nine children, 6 to 12 years of age, were available for the test-retest portion of the study and were assessed with the TIE with a 1-week interval between sessions. Their mothers completed a modified version of the TIE. RESULTS: Results indicated significant test-retest reliability (r = .91, p < .001), although a more conservative Kappa indicated only moderate agreement. The correlation between mothers' ratings and children's ratings was less significant (r = .56, p = .001), and Kappas were slight or fair, indicating considerable disagreement between mothers and children. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that using information from both mothers and children might provide a more complete picture of tactile defensiveness, but further research is needed before using a mother's assessment when the TIE is implemented as a standard procedure.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Reference values for touch sensibility thresholds in healthy Nepalese volunteers.

A hundred and thirty-six apparently healthy volunteers between the ages of 16 and 67 were used to determine normative thresholds of tactile sensibility in the Nepali adult population. Tactile sensibility thresholds on standardized sites on hands and feet were assessed for two sensory tests: Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWM) and moving-point discrimination (M2PD). Results are reported as the proportion of subjects able to feel a given threshold. The effect of age, sex, side, occupation, smoking habit and alcohol consumption on the results was examined with quantile regression. On the hand 200 mg seemed an appropriate threshold for 'normal' touch sensibility measured with monofilaments. About 99% (95% confidence interval 97-100) of individuals could detect this filament at all sites. A similar proportion could discriminate two points 4 mm apart which were moved from proximal to distal on the volar pad of the distal phalanx of the index and little finger. For the sole of the foot the thresholds were 2 g and 8 mm. Variability of results was greatest at the heel. Normal thresholds for tactile sensibility were higher than those published for the North American population. Monofilament thresholds suitable for screening were 200 mg (log number 3 center dot 61) and 2 g (log number 4 center dot 31) for hand and foot, respectively. For moving 2-point discrimination on the hand this threshold was 4 mm.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Narratives of therapeutic touch.

This article aims to increase the understanding of therapeutic touch (TT) and its role in supporting patients with cancer through the different stages of illness. The article includes a number of narratives, collected during an audit and written by patients, to illustrate the use of TT in helping them to cope with the emotional experiences associated with diagnosis and subsequent treatment.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed2000

Genetically similar transduction mechanisms for touch and hearing in Drosophila.

To test the effects of mechanosensory mutations on hearing in Drosophila, we have recorded sound-evoked potentials originating from ciliated sensory neurons in Johnston's organ, the chordotonal organ that is the sensory element of the fly's antennal ear. Electrodes inserted close to the antennal nerve were used to record extracellular compound potentials evoked by near-field sound stimuli. Sound-evoked potentials are absent in atonal mutant flies, which lack Johnston's organ. Mutations in many genes involved in mechanotransduction by tactile bristles also eliminate or reduce the Johnston's organ response, indicating that related transduction mechanisms operate in each type of mechanosensory organ. In addition, the sound-evoked response is affected by two mutations that do not affect bristle mechanotransduction, beethoven (btv) and touch-insensitive-larvaB (tilB). btv shows defects in the ciliary dilation, an elaboration of the axoneme that is characteristic of chordotonal cilia. tilB, which also causes male sterility, shows structural defects in sperm flagellar axonemes. This suggests that in addition to the shared transduction mechanism, axonemal integrity and possibly ciliary motility are required for signal amplification or transduction by chordotonal sensory neurons.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Healing touch.

This article explores how nurses can use energetic principles and Healing Touch to enhance the healing of their patients, for their own personal healing and growth, for improving job satisfaction, and for identifying educational resources available for more intense study.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed2002

Strategies for innovative energy-based nursing practice: the Healing Touch program.

The purpose of this article is to share professional knowledge, practice, and educational opportunities related to energy-based nursing in order to broaden and improve the delivery of health care services. The holistic, theory-based approach places a patient's perceived needs first, and cares for the human body as well as the spirit. Energy medicine is an intricate part of the patient's expectation for health care. Watson's transpersonal-caring-healing model is explored (Watson, 1999). This model expands the view of the person to one that embodies energy that is comprised of spirit, a universal mind, and consciousness. The North American Nurses Diagnosis Association (NANDA) recognizes energy therapy as an intervention representing a specific theory: human energy field theory (HEFT). This therapy is related to the approved nursing diagnosis of energy field disturbance 1.8 (NANDA, 1995/1996). Healing touch (HT) is an energy-based therapeutic approach to healing that emphasizes caring for the whole person based on the HEFT. It is used in the nursing profession to influence changes in the human energy system; HT affects physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health. The nursing process is evident throughout the curriculum. Nurse researchers report positive patients outcomes. The holistic nursing concept of energetic healing returns nurse professionals to the essence of nursing. Spinal cord injury (SCI) nurses will benefit by increasing their knowledge and awareness of energy therapy to increase patient satisfaction and improve outcomes for persons with SCI.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A nurse-statistician reanalyzes data from the Rosa therapeutic touch study.

This article presents a reanalysis of data used to support the work of Emily Rosa's Therapeutic Touch (TT) science fair project published as an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1998. The purpose of this article is to take a closer look at the assumptions, data, statistical procedures, and conclusions of the JAMA article. This is accomplished by focusing on (1) the conclusion that there was no overall effect of TT, (2) the conclusion that TT practitioners did not perform better depending on which hand was used, and (3) the assumptions about the capability of Rosa's experiment to validate an existing skill. Reanalysis of the Rosa data suggests contradictions to the authors' conclusions. Based on this reanalysis, the authors' recommendations against the use of TT can and should be challenged because of inappropriate design and analysis as well as incorrect statistical assumptions and conclusions.

Confidence Intervals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A pilot feasibility study of the effects of touch therapy on nurses.

The White House Commission on Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) has recommended that safe and effective CAM practices be evaluated to determine their role in maintaining wellness and promoting health. There is little research on individual bodywork/energy therapies and their effects on wellness. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the effect of AMMA treatments on relaxation and anxiety in staff nurses, and to examine themes describing the nurses' experiences. It was hypothesized that nurses receiving AMMA treatments would demonstrate reduced anxiety, as measured by a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and increased relaxation, measured by physiologic parameters. The study was designed as a prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial, with convenience sampling of 24 nurses working 12-hour shifts. While both groups demonstrated decreased anxiety after intervention, the experimental group consistently showed greater differences between pre- and post-treatment anxiety scores. The mean change in physiologic parameters between groups was not significant. Themes derived from a final interview included: importance of touch in nursing care, stress reduction, increased self-awareness, the need for self-care and a new understanding of the mind-body connection. Outcomes suggest the need for further research with a larger population to assess this intervention's impact on anxiety, stress, self-care and caring relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A surgical and fine-motor skills trainer for everyone? Touch and force-feedback in a virtual reality environment for surgical training.

Access to the laboratory component of a class is limited by resources, while lab training is not currently possible for distance learning. To overcome the problem a solution is proposed to enable hands-on, interactive, objectively scored and appropriately mentored learning in a widely accessible environment. The proposed solution is the Virtual-Reality Motor-Skills trainer to teach basic fine-motor skills using Haptics for touch and feel interaction as well as a 3D virtual reality environment for visualization.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implementation of a touch-screen new patient registration system: a case study.

Medical practices are constantly seeking methods to increase their efficiency by using computer technology. The objective of this project was to assess to implementation of a touch-screen patient-entered data system for completion of intake paperwork required for new patients in a community-based behavioral healthcare clinic. The authors found that patients and staff across levels of computer experience, at the intervention clinic found the system easy to use and were highly satisfied with the experience.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed2006

Cortical commands in active touch.

The neocortex is an enormous network of extensively interconnected neurons. It has become clear that the computations performed by individual cortical neurons will critically depend on the quantitative composition of cortical activity. Here we discuss quantitative aspects of cortical activity and modes of cortical processing in the context of rodent active touch. Through in vivo whole-cell recordings one observes widespread subthreshold and very sparse evoked action potential (AP) activity in the somatosensory cortex both for passive whisker deflection in anaesthetized animals and during active whisker movements in awake animals. Neurons of the somatosensory cortex become either suppressed during whisking or activated by an efference copy of whisker movement signal that depolarize cells at certain phases of the whisking cycle. To probe the read out of cortical motor commands we applied intracellular stimulation in rat whisker motor cortex. We find that APs in individual cortical neurons can evoke long sequences of small whisker movements. The capacity of an individual neuron to evoke movements is most astonishing given the large number of neurons in whisker motor cortex. Thus, few cortical APs may suffice to control motor behaviour and such APs can be translated into action with the utmost precision. We conclude that there is very widespread subthreshold cortical activity and very sparse, highly specific cortical AP activity.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1989

[Skin contact as a first experience. From touching to caressing].

This article consists of a review and a report on work carried out in the Laboratory of Developmental Neuropsychology of the Collège de France. Are considered: 1) Ethological and psychoanalytical concepts. 2) The role of the skin in the evolution of the infant-mother relationship during the foetal, neonate and first years of life. 3) Examples of types of manifestations where the skin is involved in interactions--cuddling, snuggling, hugging and its relationship to clinging, kissing, tickling. Finally, the theme of culture and touching is discussed. It is shown how mutual affective functioning is born out of shared pleasureful skin-yo-skin experiences in primordial situations of security and body-to-body dialogue.

Child Development↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relieving pain through touch.

This article explains the gate control theory and its application for nursing in the relief of pain, physiologically and psychologically. It also explains the use of various forms of touch.

Humans↗