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PubMed1990

Mental and physical health of caregiving spouses: development of a causal model.

This study modeled the causal relationship between physical health and depression among a sample of 315 people providing home care for a spouse who had been diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease. In addition to significant stability paths and correlations among variables at any one point in time, significant lagged paths were found in which depression (1) predicted physical health (2), depression (2) predicted physical health (3), and depression (1) predicted burden (2). Contrasting the overall model for husband and wife caregivers over a 6-month period indicated that the model was significant for wives but not for husbands.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Patterns of economic change surrounding the death of a spouse.

The timing of economic changes near the death of a spouse is not well understood. Using multiple regression analysis and longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the economic situations of middle-aged and older widows and widowers were compared to those of otherwise similar intact couples over an 11-year period. The analysis shows that all four widowed groups had fewer economic resources 5 years after the death than did their married counterparts. Yet, each group took very different economic paths to get to this point. For example, older widows and widowers begin the analysis with significantly lower income-to-needs ratios 5 years prior to the death, while middle-aged widows experience more economic change near the time of the death. These findings suggest that both middle-aged and older cohorts of widowed individuals may have made consumption choices over the life cycle that differ from those made by their intact counterparts.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Time spent caregiving and help received by spouses and adult children of brain-impaired adults.

Caregivers for brain-impaired adults differ in living arrangements, amount of time spent giving care, and assistance received from family and friends and from paid help depending on their kin relationship and employment status. Spousal caregivers devote large amounts of time to caregiving, and husbands spend no less time than wives. Most caregivers receive little assistance from other family members and friends, but husbands receive more than others. Employed spouses receive more paid help than those without jobs, but employment does not affect the amount of paid help received by adult daughters.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

An evaluation of a group program for spouses of frail elderly veterans.

We examined the effectiveness of a multicomponent group program for spouses of frail aging veterans that included support, education, problem solving, and stress reduction. Compared with caregivers who received no intervention, those in the group program showed significant increases in use of active behavioral coping strategies, knowledge of community resources, perceived independence in the marital relationship, and personal changes in the caregiving relationship. They also experienced significant decreases in subjective burden and the stress and severity of caregiving problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

An intervention that delays institutionalization of Alzheimer's disease patients: treatment of spouse-caregivers.

Spouse-caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients were randomly assigned to either a treatment group (individual and family counseling, support group participation, and ad hoc consultation) or a control group (only routine support). In the first year after intake, the treatment group had less than half as many nursing home placements as the control group. This suggests that a comprehensive counseling program can reduce the socioeconomic impact of Alzheimer's disease. Nursing home placement also was affected by the patient's need for assistance with activities of daily living, patient income, and the age of the patients and caregivers.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Diet and heart disease risk factors in adult American men and women: the Framingham Offspring-Spouse nutrition studies.

The 1984-1988 dietary and cardiovascular disease risk factor profiles of the Framingham Offspring-Spouse population (n = 3787 Framingham males and females, 22-79 years) were compared to earlier estimates from the 1976-1980 NHANES II and 1977-1978 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption surveys. The goals were to assess whether differences exist among population estimates, to determine whether national population-based nutrition recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk reduction are appropriately targeted, and to identify focus areas for future preventive nutrition interventions. Overall, population mean levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors were high but mean total cholesterol and blood pressure levels and rates of dyslipidaemia were lower in Framingham men and women and hypertension appeared higher in Framingham compared with NHANES II. Severe overweight appeared more prevalent in Framingham men but similar in Framingham women in comparison with NHANES. Population estimates of total fat (36-41% of calories) and saturated fat (12.5-13.7% of calories) intakes were higher and carbohydrate intakes were lower (40-46% of calories) than current recommended levels. Dietary cholesterol and sodium intakes in Framingham women appeared to have reached recommended levels but were high in men. While the goals of current nutrition recommendations remain appropriate, future population-based preventive nutrition interventions to lower cardiovascular disease risk need to emphasize weight reduction, lowering intakes of foods rich in animal and plant fats, increases in dietary sources of complex carbohydrates, fibre and micronutrients, and lower sodium intakes, particularly in adult men.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus: the important role of infections between spouses.

To investigate the intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related risk factors, anti-HCV antibodies in 186 family members of 48 index patients were studied. The index patients were anti-HCV-positive and had chronic liver disease. Overall, 10 family members (5.4%) were positive for anti-HCV, indicating a higher prevalence of anti-HCV among family members than among the Taiwanese general population. Spouses had the highest prevalence (21%) of anti-HCV, with older age and longer duration of marriage of index patients the most evident risk factors. HCV RNA, recovered from the infected couples by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction and subsequently sequenced directly, was identical at the nucleotide level in 3 of the 4 couples studied, and the remaining couple had a homology of greater than 96%. These results strongly support that interspousal transmission may be the most important route of intrafamilial spreading of HCV, and thus sexual transmission, although with low efficiency, should be considered important in HCV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Spouse behavior and coronary heart disease in men: prospective results from the Framingham heart study. I. Concordance of risk factors and the relationship of psychosocial status to coronary incidence.

The relationship of social status and behavior type to the incidence of coronary heart disease was examined among husbands and wives in the Framingham Heart Study. Between 1965 and 1967, 269 spouse pairs, in which the husbands were 45-64 years of age, were administered an extensive psychosocial questionnaire. These pairs were followed over a 10-year period for the development of heart disease. Men married to women with 13 or more years of education were 2.6 times more likely to develop coronary disease than men married to women with a grammar school education (95% CI = 1.0-6.9). Incidence rates among husbands married to women employed outside the home were similar to rates among men married to housewives (15.1 vs. 16.1%, respectively). However, men married to women employed in white-collar jobs were over three times more likely to develop heart disease than those married to clerical workers, blue-collar workers, or to housewives (RR = 4.0, 5.4, and 2.9, respectively; p less than or equal to 0.004). The increased risk in husbands married to women educated beyond the high school level was observed only among men married to women employed outside the home. These effects were apparent regardless of the husband's social status or standard coronary risk factors. Further exploration of these associations revealed that higher-educated working wives whose husbands developed coronary heart disease were significantly more likely to have had a nonsupportive boss and fewer job promotions than wives of noncases.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1988

A comparison of autoantibodies and common DNA antibody idiotypes in SLE patients and their spouses.

In order to determine whether environmental influence per se might influence autoantibody production, sera from the spouses of 20 SLE patients were examined. No antibodies to cardiolipin, poly (ADP-ribose), or ENA were detected and none had detectable rheumatoid factor. One weakly positive ANA reaction was noted, one had anti-DNA antibodies (by RIA and ELISA) and in two sera the common DNA antibody idiotype 16/6 was found. The idiotype was not, however, present on either anti-DNA or anti-K30 antibodies. Although long-term analyses are required, it is evident that sharing the same environment with patients who commonly express a wide range of autoantibodies and common idiotypes rarely leads to their expression in non-autoimmune subjects.

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
PubMed1976

Behavior of alcoholics and spouses in a simulation game situation.

The interaction of alcoholics and their spouses in a simulation game was systematically observed and compared to the behavior of nonalcoholic couples. Overall, 28 couples played a mixed-motive bargaining game, the "tax game," which is a modification of Kelly's "game of nines." Alcohol couples as a group did not manifest a distinct game "style." They were less uniform in this respect than "normal" couples and a mixed group of "psychiatrically disturbed" couples. Subgroup trends without the alcoholic sample were suggested and discussed. Extreme behavior, rigidity, and lack of communication were common features in the game behavior of alcoholic couples that did not appear to relate to a particular game style, but did distinguish the game play of alcoholic couples from that of nonalcoholic couples.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Fantasy and self-esteem of renal dialysis patients and their spouses.

The fantasy life and self-esteem of 22 male and 13 female renal dialysis patients and their spouses were examined using a Self-Esteem Evaluation Scale, Empathic Fantasy Scale, and eight portions of the Imaginal Process Inventory reflecting eight types of fantasy use. For the patient group as a whole, a high degree of fantasy behavior was associated with low self-esteem, but the sex of the patient made a difference. Frequency of fantasy was shown to be indicative of poor adjustment for female dialysis patients, but not for male dialysis patients. Results also indicated that patients, without regard to sex, were more prone toward guilt fantasies in which they were punished for some wrongdoing such as feelings of anger toward people involved in their treatment or envy of others who do not suffer their same disability.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

HTLV-III antibody and T-cell subset ratios in haemophiliacs and their spouses.

44% of 63 British patients with either haemophilia A or B were HTLV-III antibody positive (HTLV-VIII+). HTLV-III+ was more frequent in high factor VIII concentrate users and 75% of severely affected haemophilia A patients were HTLV-III+. All eight patients who were exposed to factor IX concentrate were HTLV-III-. 17 haemophilia A patients who received only British made factor VIII concentrate (average 12,000 units/year) were HTLV-III-. Two of 63 patients had evidence of a pre-AIDS type symptom complex and both were HTLV-III+. Information from a cohort of 21 Liverpool haemophiliacs suggests that HTLV-III was first introduced into this country in 1981. OKT4/T8 ratios were abnormal in 52% of 21 patients studied but this finding was not confined to either HTLV-III+ or HTLV-III- individuals. The spouses of 14 HTLV-III+ haemophiliacs were all HTLV-III-.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A prospective study of respiratory infection in adult asthmatics and their normal spouses.

A prospective study of respiratory infections was performed in nineteen married asthmatics and their normal spouses who were examined at monthly intervals during a 1-year period. The colds described were associated with nasal symptoms, sore throat and usually malaise, fever, cough and hoarseness. The asthamtics reported a larger number of these symptomatic episodes than the non-asthmatics but significantly fewer of the episodes in the asthmatics were objectively confirmed by viral isolation or rise in serum titre of viral antibody. The frequency of respiratory infections was not influenced by the long term use of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and oral corticosteroid drugs. Less than 10% of the exacerbations of asthma were associated with respiratory infection. The disability resulting from respiratory infections in the asthmatics did not significantly exceed that in the non-asthmatics.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Recent life events and their role in suicide as seen by the spouses.

The occurrence of recent life events during the last 3 months and their significance in the suicide process as subjectively perceived by the surviving partners were studied among a subpopulation of suicide victims (n = 400) who had a spouse or a cohabitant as the informant. This subpopulation was drawn from a total suicide population (n = 1397) of 1 year in Finland. According to the partners' reports, life events during the last 3 months were reported in 85% of the suicides. Job problems (33%), family discord (32%) and somatic illness (29%) were most commonly reported. More male than female victims had experienced recent life events, and the mean number of events was higher among men than among women. There were differences between single life events in terms of how often the partners perceived them as precipitants of suicide. Separation was seen as the most critical event: in 68% of suicides with reported separation during the last 3 months the partner also rated it as a precipitant, followed by somatic illness in 57%, family discord in 44%, financial trouble in 44%, unemployment in 34%, death in 29%, job problems in 19% and illness in family in 14%.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

Changing perceptions of self and spouse from sober to intoxicated state: implications for research into family factors that maintain alcohol abuse.

This paper has concentrated on reporting changes along eight dimensions of the Leary ICL in perception of self and of spouse between sober, as if intoxicated, and intoxicated conditions for couples with an alcoholic member. Major findings were that of a pilot sample of four couples, three couples showed significant changes in the responsible-hypernormal dimension, though not always in the same direction, that, otherwise, there were highly individualized patterns of change along the eight dimensions both for each couple and for each separate member of a couple, and that the ability of an individual to predict his or her experience of the intoxicated condition is highly variable, not only from couple to couple but also between husband and wife and even between one dimension and another for a given individual. Changes in congruence of these perceptions between husband and wife and their potential utility were also discussed. Advantages of conceptualizing alcoholism in interactional terms and the importance of developing research techniques that address the interactional variables were also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Resemblance between tonometer readings on relatives and spouses.

The resemblance between tonometer readings on relatives and spouses was studied in a material derived from a population survey and consisting of 1042 unique individuals forming 365 nuclear families and 1333 pairs divided into groups with different sex-composition and type of connection. Persons in whom glaucoma was suspected were excluded. The general level of resemblance in the present study was similar to that in previous studies. Differences between groups with different sex-composition conformed to a pattern expected from environmental effects. The resemblance between husbands and their wives was highly significant and of the same order of magnitude as that in relatives sharing a common genetic background. We concluded that a common environment contributes materially to the resemblance between tometer readings on relatives. The possibility of a cumulative environmental effect was suggested by an increase in resemblance with age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The continuing coparental relationship between divorced spouses.

Findings are reported from an empirical investigation of the relationship between divorced spouses one year following the divorce. Interviews covering a wide range of topics were conducted with 54 pairs of divorced parents. It was found that the majority continued to interact with one another; those who interacted the most frequently were the supportive and cooperative coparents.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Friends, lovers and spouses: intimacy in young adults.

Intimacy in young heterosexual adults was studied as a function of their familial roles. The 168 males and females employed represented four familial role groups: late adolescents, single adults, married people and parents. Participants were administered two forms of an Intimacy Scale (Sharabany, 1994) in which they described their desired and their obtained intimacy with a same-sex and an opposite-sex best friend. Results indicated that (a) intimacy of adults with opposite-sex partner was higher than intimacy with same-sex friend. (b) Although no direct effect of familial role on intimacy was found, the married and parent groups displayed greater intimacy towards their spouses than late adolescents and single adults towards their opposite-sex partners. (c) Women who were late adolescents and women who were married scored significantly higher than men in intimacy. However, single women expressed significantly lower intimacy than single men. (d) Higher intimacy with opposite-sex partner was associated with a concurrent lower same-sex intimacy. (e) Satisfaction with other-sex partner was higher in the married group than in the other groups.

Adolescent↗