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PubMed1999

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1997). III Secular changes in susceptibility].

Susceptibilities to various antimicrobial agents were examined for Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Echerichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 9 hospitals during June 1997 to May 1998, and the results were compared with those obtained during the same period in earlier years. 1. E. faecalis The MIC90s of quinolones for E. faecalis isolated from uncomplicated UTIs have changed better state during the latest period. Among E. faecalis strains, those with high susceptibilities to ampicillin (ABPC) and minocycline (MINO) appeared to had decreased during period of 1995-1997, which recovered during the latest period. 2. S. aureus The sensitive strains of S. aureus to imipenem (IPM) and clindamycin (CLDM) had increased during the period of 1996-1997, but those have decreased again during the latest period. 3. E. coli The susceptibilities of E. coli to MINO have been better in the latest period with the MIC90 was ranged from 2 to 4 micrograms/ml. The susceptibilities to quinolones of E. coli isolated from complicated UTIs had decreased during the period of 1995-1997, but those have recovered during the latest period. 4. Klebsiella spp. Among Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from uncomplicated UTIs, those with low susceptibilities to almost cephems have increased in the latest period. To other antimicrobial agents, the susceptibilities of Klebsiella spp. did not show any changes during the latest period. 5. P. aeruginosa The susceptibilities to most agents of P. aeruginosa did not show any changes, the decreased susceptibilities to cefozopran (CZOP), carbapenems and monobactams of P. aeruginosa observed in 1996 appeared to have been retrieved in 1997. These susceptibility changes should be utilized in determining clinical treatments.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Secular trends in the prevalence of HIV infection among a population of males with hemophilia, 1988-1997: the Oklahoma Hemophilia Surveillance System.

Tracking the natural history of HIV/AIDS in the hemophilia community is useful for planning future health care needs and for adjusting estimates of the prevalence of hemophilia as the impact of HIV/AIDS wanes over time. The present study was designed to determine the annual prevalence of HIV infection from 1988 through 1997 in a population of males with hemophilia A or B. Data were obtained from the Oklahoma Hemophilia Surveillance System and were limited to individuals who were seen at the Oklahoma Hemophilia Treatment Center. In 1988, the prevalence rate of HIV infection was 34 percent. Rates have declined in each subsequent year through 1997. The highest rates of HIV infection were observed in persons with severe hemophilia and hemophilia A. The overall prevalence rates of HIV infection in this treatment center population are lower than those reported in other populations. No new cases of HIV infection were observed in persons with hemophilia born after 1985.

HIV Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Secular sperm trends in stallions between 1981 and 1996.

Several reports have suggested that human semen quality has declined throughout the world over the last few decades. Chemicals in the environment acting as endocrine disrupters have been implicated as a possible cause. If this is indeed the case, then similar effects may be observed in animals. We analyzed 1489 ejaculates collected from 390 Breton draught stallions between 1981 and 1996. Semen was collected from all the stallions at a single center, according to standardized semen collection protocols and laboratory methods. Semen volume decreased slightly but significantly and there was an increase in sperm concentration over the study period. However, total sperm production was unchanged. Seminal fluid volume is controlled by accessory sex glands, which are regulated by androgens. Chemicals with antiandrogenic properties have been detected in the environment. By affecting the development or function of accessory sex glands, these chemicals may be at least partly responsible for the observed decrease in semen volume.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Nosocomial infections: secular trends of a control program in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To know the trend of nosocomial infections rates at a third level hospital since the beginning of the infection control program until the present and to evaluate the impact in mortality and length of hospital stay. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study descriptive, retrospective and retrolective was done in a reference hospital providing tertiary care in Mexico City. Recorded data included rates, type of nosocomial infections and distribution of nosocomial infections from the database of Hospital Epidemiology Division between 1991 to 1996. In every patient the degree of severity disease was evaluated according to the McCabe-Jackson's scale, we also collected age and the length of stay. Statistical analysis was done with chi 2 test for tendencies of different evaluated parameters. This study was divided in three periods: before remodel (1991-1993), to remodel (1994-1995) and after remodel (1996). Compared the before remodel period against after remodel period. RESULTS: In the study period, mean nosocomial infections ratio was of 8.6 by 100 discharges, showing a decrease of 20% (p < 0.01). Hospital area with the highest infections rate was ICU (26.9 by 100 discharge), followed by general ward of hospitalization with shared rooms (9.47) and private rooms (7.5). Urinary tract infections was the most frequent (26.6%), followed by surgical wound infection (24.4%), pneumonia (12.1%) and primary bacteremia (9.5%). Rates of urinary tract infections and primary bacteremias had decreased significantly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.00001 respectively), while surgical wound infections and pneumonias increased (p < 0.005 and p < 0.00001 respectively). Associated mortality diminished in 36% (p < 0.00001). The length of stay diminished 42.8%. There was not differences in the severity of disease along this period. CONCLUSIONS: Since the establishment of the nosocomial infections surveillance and control program at the INNSZ on 1985, nosocomial infections rate (56%) and the associated mortality (36%) have diminished. These changes are consequence of the establishment of a nosocomial infections control program and the decrease of length of stay and does not seems to be related to the age or to the severity of the disease of the hospitalized patients.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Secular trends in cardiovascular mortality in Iran, with special reference to Isfahan.

OBJECTIVE: There has been a general decline in mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in most of the developed countries since the beginning of the 1970s. Still, in recent years developing countries have seen an increasing frequency in CVD mortality. However, mortality rate studies in these populations are scarce. Here we report all-cause and CVD mortality rates for men and women aged 25-74 years over a 16-year period in 24 cities in Iran with special reference to the city of Isfahan. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was based on national death records using the ninth international classification of diseases and age standardization was performed using the total population of Iran in 1985 as a standard. Due to limitations in available data, mortality rates for the specific categories of CVD for the whole country could not be provided. The in-hospital death rates following myocardial infarction in coronary care units (CCUs) and cardiology departments in Isfahan hospitals were also assessed. The completed medical records from hospitals or the relatives of decedents were reviewed by physicians certified in internal medicine, cardiology and neurology to assess the reliability of death certificate data regarding CVD by determining the sensitivity and specificity of the death certificates against the standard of the reviewers. The official circulatory diseases proportional mortality ratio continues to rise since 1981 with a steep increase since 1987, constituting 26.6% and 47.3% of all deaths in 1981 and 1995, respectively. Age-adjusted all-cause and CVD mortality data were decreasing since 1981 and increasing since 1990. During those years age-adjusted CVD, stroke and other CVD mortality rates were decreasing in Isfahan with a slight increase in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) death rates in both sexes. Mortality rates based on sex showed a 38% and 24.8% decline in all-cause and CVD mortality in men between 1981 to 1995, and a 35% and 34.9% decline for female mortality rates for the same period, respectively. The in-hospital death rate following myocardial infarction in Isfahan was increasing between 1993 and 1995 with a slight decrease thereafter. The results of death certification assessment showed a specificity of 0.89 and a sensitivity of 0.43 with the positive and negative predictive values of 0.82 and 0.57, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that circulatory diseases remain a serious public health threat in Iran. It suggests the ongoing need for more regular, systematic and innovative surveillance data to improve the capability of measuring, explaining and predicting the disease trend on which the national public health policy depends.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1998). III. Secular changes in susceptibility].

Susceptibilities to various antimicrobial agents were examined for Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Echerichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 9 hospitals during June 1998 to May 1999, and the results were compared with those obtained during the same period from 1990 to 1997 in uncomplicated UTIs and complicated UTIs. Among E. faecalis strains, those with low susceptibilities to almost drugs have increased in the latest period. All 5 S. aureus strains isolated from uncomplicated UTIs were the most susceptible to gentamicin (GM). Over 50% of S. aureus strains isolated from complicated UTIs were susceptible to GM, and on the contrary the resistant strains have increased with the MIC90 of 256 micrograms/ml or above. Among S. aureus strains isolated from complicated UTIs, those with low susceptibilities to arbekacin (ABK) have increased in the latest period compared to those during period of 1996-1997, and the MIC90s of them have changed into the lower state from 1 microgram/ml in 1996-1997 to 4 micrograms/ml in 1998. S. aureus strains have continued high susceptibilities to vancomycin (VCM). The susceptibilities to minocycline (MINO) of E. coli showed MIC90: 4 micrograms/ml in 1997, but those have returned in the latest period in uncomplicated UTIs. The MIC90s of ofloxacin (OFLX) to E. coli isolated from uncomplicated and complicated UTIs have been lower 2-3 classes in the latest period than those in 1997. Among Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from uncomplicated UTIs, those with low susceptibilities to almost cephems had increased in 1997, but few of them were detected in the latest study. The sensitive strains of P. aeruginosa to almost drugs have increased during the latest period. The MIC50s of cefozopran (CZOP) and OFLX against P. aeruginosa were the best in our history. The sensitive strains of P. aeruginosa to ceftazidime (CAZ) have increased and its percentage was 30%. Piperacilline (PIPC), cefoperazone (CPZ), GM and OFLX resistant P. aeruginosa strains have increased in the latest period.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

[Secular trends of body adipose tissue in prepubertal children].

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a significant difference between anthropometric measurements of prepubertal children and the measurements of another sample with similar characteristics, studied fifteen years ago. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 859 children, 453 males and 406 females, from the age of 5.0 to 10.0 years. Weight, height, arm circumference and skinfold thicknesses in the biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac were determined. Body mass index, body density, total fat and percentage fat were calculated and their values compared with those obtained 15 years ago in 1,617 children with similar characteristics. Difference between means were calculated with Student's single-sample t-test. RESULTS: Weight increased in all the ages, with significant differences in males at 7, 8 and 9 years (p<0.001) and in females after the age of 6 years (p< 0.05). Height significantly increased at all ages and in both sexes, except in females at the age of 5 years. Body mass index increased only at the ages of 8 and 9 years in males (p<0.01). Skinfold thicknesses significantly increased in both sexes and at all ages (p<0.05). Body density decreased (p<0.01) and body fat increased, both in kilograms and in percentage (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: During the 15 years studied, height and weight increased significantly. Body mass index did not increase significantly, whereas body fat (skinfold thicknesses and fat compartment) significantly increased.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Secular trends in the epidemiology of major infectious diseases among Israeli soldiers.

BACKGROUND: Army personnel, albeit in general young and healthy, are at greater risk for infectious morbidity owing to higher crowding, compromised hygienic conditions, and exposure to new geographic and climatic factors. We describe the changing trends in the incidence of major infectious diseases of public health importance in the Israeli military: hepatitis A, measles, meningococcal disease, and diarrheal diseases. METHODS: Departments of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics of the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps monitor the incidence of infectious diseases within the military. Notifiable diseases are predefined and their reporting is mandatory. RESULTS: The incidence of hepatitis has declined significantly since the introduction of prophylaxis with immune serum globulin in the 1970s, and complete control of outbreaks has been achieved. Outbreaks of diarrheal diseases have decreased, probably as a result of intensive control measures begun in the last decade. However, sporadic diarrheal morbidity continues to rise. The vaccination of recruits against Neisseria meningitidis was begun in 1994, following an increase in cases caused by serogroup C bacteria. So far, the program has proved efficacious in reducing morbidity. Measles morbidity in the military was much higher than in the civilian sector over the years. It has become negligible since 1995, when the first cohorts with 2 vaccination doses began their service. CONCLUSION: Despite improvements in personal and environmental health measures, immunization remains the most efficient means for preventing infectious diseases in the military.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1999). III. Secular changes in susceptibility].

The bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) isolated from patients diagnosed as having urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 9 institutions in Japan were supplied between the period of August 1999 to July 2000. Then, the susceptibilities of these bacteria to various antimicrobial agents were examined and the results were compared with those obtained between 1991 and 1998. Comparison was made by classifying strains isolated from patients into those with uncomplicated UTIs and those with complicated UTIs (including with or without indwelling catheter). About E. faecalis, increase of low sensitive strains noted in the former year showed a decreasing tendency, however, one strain each with MIC of 4 micrograms/ml to vancomycin (VCM) was detected in patients with both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs. As for S. aureus, many sensitive strains to cephems, imipenem (IPM) and VCM were noted, and each MIC50 was better than that in the former years. S. aureus strains showing low susceptibility to arbekacin (ABK) were detected in patients with complicated UTIs in this year as well as in the former year, and one strain each with MIC of 16 micrograms/ml and 32 micrograms/ml was detected. Susceptibilities of E. coli were effective to all drugs except for penicillins and minocycline (MINO). Decrease of low sensitive strains was also noted in all drugs except for quinolones. Each MIC90 of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and sparfloxacin (SPFX) in patients with complicated UTIs against E. coli was 3 degrees classes lower than that in patients with uncomplicated UTIs. As for Klebsiella pneumoniae, decrease of low sensitive strains to cephems was noted in patients with uncomplicated UTIs in 1998. In 1999, low sensitive strains decreased also in patients with complicated UTIs, and few were detected. Susceptibilities of K. pneumoniae to quinolones were effective as compared with those in the former years with the MIC80s of 0.125 microgram/ml or below without detection of low sensitive strains. One low sensitive strain of K. pneumoniae with MIC of 8 micrograms/ml was detected for gentamicin (GM). Susceptibilities of P. aeruginosa to carbapenems were notable. The MIC90 of meropenem (MEPM) and IPM was 4 micrograms/ml each which was 2 degrees better than that in 1998. Resistant P. aeruginosa strains to other drugs except for monobactams decreased in 1999.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

Secular change in chert distribution: a reflection of evolving biological participation in the silica cycle.

In the modern oceans, the removal of dissolved silica from sea water is principally a biological process carried out by diatoms, with lesser contributions from radiolaria, silicoflagellates, and sponges. Because such silica in sediments is often redistributed locally during diagenesis to from nodular or bedded chert, stratigraphic changes in the facies distribution of early diagenetic chert provide important insights into the development of biological participation in the silica cycle. The abundance of chert in upper Proterozoic peritidal carbonates suggests that at this time silica was removed from seawater principally by abiological processes operating in part of the margins of the oceans. With the evolution of demosponges near the beginning of the Cambrian Period, subtidal biogenetic cherts became increasingly common, and with the Ordovician rise of radiolaria to ecological and biogeochemical prominence, sedimented skeletons became a principal sink for oceanic silica. Cherts of Silurian to Cretaceous age share many features of facies distribution and petrography but they differ from Cenozoic siliceous deposits. These differences are interpreted to reflect the mid-Cretaceous radiation of diatoms and their subsequent rise to domination of the silica cycle. Biogeochemical cycles provide an important framework for the paleobiological interpretation of the organisms that participate in them.

Animals↗