Acceleration of flowering in partially vernalized grain of Petkus winter rye by subsequent treatment at high temperature.
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Edible Grain↗
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The Ph1 locus is needed to ensure specific somatic and meiotic centromere association.
The correct pairing and segregation of chromosomes during meiosis is essential for genetic stability and subsequent fertility. This is more difficult to achieve in polyploid species, such as wheat, because they possess more than one diploid set of similar chromosomes. In wheat, the Ph1 locus ensures correct homologue pairing and recombination. Although clustering of telomeres into a bouquet early in meiosis has been suggested to facilitate homologue pairing, centromeres associate in pairs in polyploid cereals early during floral development. We can now extend this observation to root development. Here we show that the Ph1 locus acts both meiotically and somatically by reducing non-homologous centromere associations. This has the effect of promoting true homologous association when centromeres are induced to associate. In fact, non-homologously associated centromeres separate at the beginning of meiosis in the presence, but not the absence, of Ph1. This permits the correction of homologue association during the telomere-bouquet stage in meiosis. We conclude that the Ph1 locus is not responsible for the induction of centromere association, but rather for its specificity.
Binding Sites↗
B chromosome polymorphism in Korean rye populations.
Four Korean rye populations with B chromosomes at frequencies ranging from 15 to 55 per cent have been analyzed in two successive generations in a field experiment. B chromosome frequencies were maintained in spite of the environmental change from Korea to Madrid. Values of variables with effect on viability and fertility have been estimated in plants with and without Bs, in both generations. B chromosomes did not affect viability, while fertility decreased when the number of Bs increased. Our data are against an adaptive nature of B chromosomes. First pollen mitosis was observed in 2B plants. The frequency of metaphases with 1B and the rate of nondisjunction at anaphase were high and similar in all populations. Since the decrease of fertility due to Bs and the cytological behaviour of Bs at gametogenesis were similar in all populations, the balance between these two factors cannot account for the establishment of equilibria at different frequencies.
Chromosomes↗
Production of tremorgenic toxins by Penicillium janthinellum Biourge: a possible aetiological factor in ryegrass staggers.
Topsoil, herbage and faeces collected during an outbreak of ryegrass staggers in sheep were examined for tremorgenic penicillia. No such fungi were recovered from the plant material, but they were found among the predominant fungi in the soil and faecal samples. The commonest species of Penicillium, and almost the only tremorgenic species encountered, was Penicillium janthinellum Biourge. When fed to sheep, the mycelium of this fungus evoked a number of the clinical signs seen in field cases of ryegrass staggers. Two tremorgenic toxins were isolated from the mycelial felts and available evidence indicates that they are verruculogen and fumitremorgin A. P. janthinellum also produced these tremorgens when cultured in moist, autoclaved soil, but not in unheated soil. The results obtained from this study are in accord with the hypothesis that ryegrass staggers is caused by tremorgenic mycotoxins.
Animals↗
Isolation of a group of glycolipid toxins from seedheads of annual ryegrass Lolium rigidum Gaud.) infected by Corynebacterium rathayi.
A group of highly toxic compounds was isolated from galled seedheads of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) containing Corynebacterium rathayi. Purified extracts were resolved by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography into eight main fractions which have been partially characterised and shown to be toxic to nursling rats. A mixture of the toxins also produced clinical signs and brain lesions in lambs consistent with annual ryegrass toxicity. The name 'corynetoxin' is tentatively proposed for the series, individual members being designated according to their order of elution from the high performance liquid chromatography column as corynetoxins 1 to 8. The two main fractions are corynetoxins 3 and 4 of which the former has been crystallised. They appear to be of glycolipid character, 3-hydroxyheptadecanoic acid and a C6 amino sugar being identified among the hydrolysis products of corynetoxin 3, and heptadec-2-enoic acid and a C6 amino sugar from corynetoxin 4.
Animals↗
Wheat, rye, and barley on the cob?
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Biotechnology↗
Whole grain consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort of 60,000 women.
We examined prospectively the association between whole grain consumption and colorectal cancer risk in the population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. A total of 61,433 women completed a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987-1990) and, through linkage with the Swedish Cancer Registry, 805 incident cases of colorectal cancer were identified during a mean follow-up of 14.8 years. High consumption of whole grains was associated with a lower risk of colon cancer, but not of rectal cancer. The multivariate rate ratio (RR) of colon cancer for the top category of whole grain consumption (> or = 4.5 servings day(-1)) compared with the bottom category (<1.5 servings day(-1)) was 0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47-0.96; P-value for trend=0.06). The corresponding RR after excluding cases occurring within the first 2 years of follow-up was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.45-0.94; P-value for trend=0.04). Our findings suggest that high consumption of whole grains may decrease the risk of colon cancer in women.
Adult↗
Rye bread decreases postprandial insulin response but does not alter glucose response in healthy Finnish subjects.
OBJECTIVE: To compare if postprandial glucose and insulin responses to wholekernel rye bread are lower than to wheat bread, and to see if these responses to two types of rye breads are different. To explore starch digestion in more detail, rate of starch hydrolysis of same breads was measured in vitro. DESIGN: Subjects were given test breads (43-61 g available carbohydrates by analysis) with standardized breakfast in a random order after a fast. Eight postprandial blood samples were collected during the following three hours. Rate of starch hydrolysis was determined by an in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis method. SUBJECTS: 10 men and 10 women, aged 32+/-3 and 27+/-5 y, BMI 24.5+/-2.2 and 20.3+/-1.1 kg/m2, respectively, all had normal glucose tolerance. RESULTS: Plasma insulin response to wholekernel rye bread was lower than to wheat bread (45 min P = 0.025, 60 min P = 0.002, 90 min P = 0.0004, 120 min P = 0.050, 150 min P = 0.033), but there was no difference in glucose responses. In comparison of two types of rye breads, glucose response to wholemeal rye bread at 150 and 180 min was higher (P = 0.018 and P = 0.041, respectively) and insulin response at 60 min was lower (P = 0.025) than those to wholemeal rye crispbread. Total sugar profiles in vitro were similar for all breads. When free reducing sugars were subtracted, starch in wholekernel and wholemeal rye breads appeared to be hydrolysed slower than starch in wholemeal rye crispbread and wheat bread. CONCLUSIONS: Wholekernel rye bread produces lower postprandial insulin response than wheat bread, but there is no difference in glucose response. The latter is in accordance with in vitro results. Postprandial glucose and insulin may also be affected by type of rye bread. Characteristics of different types of rye breads must be further investigated to develop health properties of rye breads.
Adult↗
Similar responses in hemostatic factors after consumption of wholemeal rye bread and low-fiber wheat bread.
OBJECTIVE: Both epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests a protective effect of dietary fiber against disease, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The effects of fiber on lipoproteins are modest, indicating that other mechanisms may be involved. As the hemostatic effects of different types of fiber are poorly known, we compared the effects of wholemeal rye bread and low-fiber wheat bread on factors related to coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function. DESIGN: Subjects consumed rye and wheat bread as part of their habitual diet in a cross-over manner for 4 weeks, with a 4 week washout period between the diet periods. SUBJECTS: Forty healthy subjects (18 men, 22 women), aged 43+/-2 y. RESULTS: Mean daily intake of fiber during the rye bread period was 31 g for men and 26 g for women, while the respective figures for the wheat bread period were 15 g and 12 g. However, no significant differences between the two periods were seen in factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc), fibrinogen, prothrombin fragments 1+2 (F1+2), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) or 2,3,-dinor-thromboxane B2. Fibrin degradation products, D-dimers, were slightly lower after the wheat period (P=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that wheat and rye bread do not differ in their effects on coagulation, fibrinolysis or platelet function. SPONSORSHIP: Fazer Bakeries Ltd, Lahti Finland; Vaasan & Vaasan Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.
Adult↗
Phloem fortification in rye bread elevates serum enterolactone level.
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the lignan content of phloem powder enriched rye bread and to study the dose-response relationship of the effect of dietary plant lignans derived from phloem on intestinal production of enterolactone by measuring enterolactone concentration in serum. DESIGN: A randomized double-blind supplementation trial. SUBJECTS: Seventy-five non-smoking men recruited by newspaper advertisements. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to three study groups receiving either rye bread high in phloem (HP, 14% of rye flour substituted with phloem powder), rye bread low in phloem (LP, 7% of rye flour substituted with phloem powder) or placebo rye bread. Participants consumed 70 g of study bread daily for 4 weeks and provided serum samples for enterolactone analysis at baseline and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in serum enterolactone concentration in the LP and HP groups compared with the placebo group (P=0.009 and P=0.003, respectively). Considerable interindividual differences were observed in the response to dietary lignans within the study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that plant lignans attached to insoluble fibre layer in phloem can be further metabolized and converted to enterolactone presumably by the bacteria present in the colon. Phloem powder is useful source of lignans for functional foods aimed to elevate serum enterolactone levels. SPONSORSHIP: Phloem powder and the study breads were provided by Finnpettu Oy and Linkosuo Oy, respectively. The clinical study work was sponsored in part by Oy Jurilab Ltd.
4-Butyrolactone↗
Effects of meal frequency and high-fibre rye-bread diet on glucose and lipid metabolism and ileal excretion of energy and sterols in ileostomy subjects.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a rye, high-fibre diet (HFD) vs a wheat, low-fibre diet (LFD), meal frequency, nibbling (Nib, seven times a day) or ordinary (Ord, three times a day), and their combined effects on blood glucose, insulin, lipids, urinary C-peptide and ileal excretion of energy, cholesterol and bile acids in humans. DESIGN: LFD period with Nib or Ord meal frequency followed by an HFD diet with Nib or Ord meal frequency in randomized, crossover design. SETTING: Outpatients of ileostomy volunteers were called for an investigation in research word. SUBJECTS: A total of 10 subjects (two female subjects, age 34 and 51 y; eight males, mean age 54.4 y, range 43-65 y) participated in the experiment. All subjects were proctocolectomized for ulcerative colitis (mean 16.0 y, range 8-29 y before the study). INTERVENTION: In total, 10 ileostomy subjects started with LFD for 2 weeks, the first week on either Nib (five subjects) or Ord (five subjects) and the second week on the other meal frequencies, in a crossover design, followed by a wash-out week, and continued with HFD period for 2 weeks in the same meal frequency manner. All foods consumed in both Nib or Ord regimens were identical and a high-fibre rye bread was used in the HFD period and a low-fibre wheat bread in the LFD period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Day-profiles of blood glucose, insulin and lipids, blood lipids before and after dietary intervention, and excretion of steroids in the effluents and C-peptide in the urine. RESULTS: During the Nib regimen, plasma glucose and insulin peaks were lower at the end of the day with HFD compared with LFD. Urinary C-peptide excretion was significantly higher in the day-time on LFD compared with HFD (LFD-Ord vs HFD-Ord, P < 0.01; LFD-Nib vs HFD-Nib, P < 0.01). Plasma free-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were significantly higher (P < 0.05) after LFD than after HFD with the Nib regimen. A higher excretion of energy (P < 0.05) and chenodeoxycholic acid (P < 0.05) were observed with HFD compared with LFD regardless of meal frequency. A higher daily excretion of cholic acid, total bile acids, cholesterol, net cholesterol and net sterols (P < 0.05) was observed on HFD compared with LFD with the Nib regimen. CONCLUSIONS: An HFD decreased insulin secretion measured as a decreased excretion of C-peptide in urine and as decreased plasma insulin peaks at the end of the day during a Nib regimen. The smoother glycaemic responses at the end of the day during a Nib regimen may be a consequence of a second meal phenomenon, possibly related to the nature of dietary fibre complex.
Adult↗
A combination of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG improves bowel function in women with self-reported constipation.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of fibre-rich rye bread and yoghurt containing Lactobacillus GG (LGG) on intestinal transit time and bowel function, and to test whether they have an interaction in cases of self-reported constipation. DESIGN: The study was carried out as a two-by-two factorial design. SETTING: Free-living subjects. SUBJECTS: A total of 59 healthy women with self-reported constipation, recruited by advertisement. INTERVENTIONS: After a baseline period, the subjects were randomized into four diet groups: (1) rye bread+LGG yoghurt, (2) rye bread, (3) LGG yoghurt, and (4) control. The 3-week dietary intervention was followed by a 3-week follow-up period. During each period, total intestinal transit time was measured and the subjects recorded faecal frequency and consistency, difficulty in defecation and gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS: The rye bread shortened total intestinal transit time (mean difference, -0.7; CI(95), -1.1 to -0.2; P=0.007), increased faecal frequency (0.3; CI(95), 0.1 to 0.5; P=0.001), softened faeces (-0.3; CI(95), -0.4 to -0.2; P<0.001) and made defecation easier (-0.4; CI(95), -0.5 to -0.2; P<0.001), but also increased gastrointestinal symptoms (1.6; CI(95), 0.7 to 2.4; P<0.001) compared to the low-fibre toast consumed in the LGG and control groups. There were fewer symptoms in the rye bread+LGG group compared to the rye bread group (-1.3; CI(95), -2.4 to -0.2; P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Fibre-rich rye bread can be recommended in the treatment of constipation, and the simultaneous consumption of LGG yoghurt relieves the adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with increased intake of fibre. SPONSORSHIP: Valio Ltd, R&D, and Fazer Bakeries Ltd.
Abdominal Pain↗
Characterisation of mildew resistant wheat-rye substitution lines and identification of an inverted chromosome by fluorescent in situ hybridisation.
Seven different mildew resistant wheat lines derived from crosses between triticale and bread wheat were examined by molecular cytogenetics and chromosome C-banding in order to determine their chromosomal composition. Genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) showed the presence of rye germplasm in all the lines and identified three substitution lines, three double substitution lines and one addition-substitution line. C-banding identified rye chromosomes 1R and 4R in the addition-substitution line, rye chromosomes 1R and 6R in two substitution lines and 1R and 2R in the third line, and rye chromosome 1R in the three substitution lines. Two of the latter lines (7-102 and 7-169) contained a modified form of the chromosome; fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using five different repetitive DNA-probes showed a pericentric inversion of 1R in both lines. The breakpoints of the 1R inversion were between (1) the 5S rDNA site and the NOR-region on the satellite of the short arm, and (2) between two AAC(5) sites close to the centromere on the long arm. The role of the rye chromosomes in the mildew resistance, the utilisation of the inverted 1R and the significance of the lines in wheat breeding are discussed.
Chromosome Banding↗
Simultaneous identification of A, B, D and R genomes by genomic in situ hybridization in wheat-rye derivatives.
Multicolour genomic in situ hybridization was carried out in wheat-rye hybrids and in a wheat-rye translocation line. Different hybridization conditions and mixture compositions were used, and A, B and D genomes of hexaploid wheat as well as the R genome of rye were distinguished simultaneously in somatic cells. Combination of genomic and rDNA probes in multicolour in situ hybridization was also performed to identify chromosomes within a specific genome.
DNA, Plant↗
Methods for isolating omega-amino-acids; gamma-aminobutyric acid from rye grass.
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Amino Acids↗
Structural invesiigations on the lignin-carbohydrate complexes of Lolium perenne.
1. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes isolated from leaf blade, leaf sheath and stem tissue of ryegrass by extraction with dimethyl sulphoxide were examined by fractionation procedures. Although the complexes are heterogeneous, heterogeneity is shown only in the ratio of the individual monosaccharide residues and not in the ratio of lignin to carbohydrate. 2. The molecular weight of the complexes is high (>/=150000), but chemical modification by alkaline hydrolysis, borohydride reduction or lead tetra-acetate oxidation does not drastically decrease it. Low-molecular-weight fragments released by alkaline treatment were shown to contain acetic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid. 3. On the basis of the chemical stability of the complexes, it is postulated that at least three types of bonding may be present between lignin and carbohydrate, namely one cleaved on borohydride reduction, another cleaved by alkali and a linkage resistant to alkali. 4. The carbohydrate portion of the complexes is composed of beta-(1-->4)-linked d-glucose residues (cellulose) and beta-(1-->4)-linked chains of xylose residues. Side chains involving arabinose and galactose residues are linked to C-3 of some of the xylose residues. 5. How the components of the complexes are held together is not certain, but it is suggested that the phenolic acids may act as cross-linking agents.
Binding Sites↗
Analysis of nucleosomal deoxyribonucleic acid in a higher plant.
Comparisons of nuclease digestions of chromatin in nuclei from rye embryos and rat liver show that their nucleosomal DNA is similar, i.e. DNA subunits consist of 200 base-pair repeats with 140 base-pair cores of identical substructure. The identical nucleosome structure is present in nuclei from cells of rye embryos that have been non-viable (i.e. dead) for more than 7 years. These findings indicate a high degree of stability of the DNA-histone complex and are consistent with conservation of the nucleosomal structure of chromatin during evolution.
Base Sequence↗
4.5S ribonucleic acid, a novel ribosome component in the chloroplasts of flowering plants.
A species of low-molecular-weight ribosomal RNA, referred to as '4.5S rRNA', was found in addition to 5S rRNA in the large subunit of chloroplast ribosomes of a wide range of flowering plants. It was shown by sequence analysis that several variants of this RNA may occur in a plant. Furthermore, although in most flowering plants the predominant variant contains about 100 nucleotides, in the broad bean it has less than 80. It seems, therefore, to be much more diverse in size and sequence than the other ribosomal RNA species. Like 5S rRNA , it does not contain modified nucleotides and it is also unusual in having an unphosphorylated 5'-end. It is apparently neither a homologue of cytosol 5.8S rRNA nor a fragment of 23S rRNA.
Autoradiography↗