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PubMed1984

[HDL and LDL cholesterol changes in psychological stress in relation to stress experience].

During examinations and after a three-month examination period the changes of the parameters of fat metabolism were investigated depending upon stress experience before examinations. Students with a distinct stress experience showed a higher total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol as well as a higher LDL/HDL-cholesterol quotient within a concrete examination. After the examination period in this group a higher LDL/HDL-cholesterol quotient and a lower HDL-cholesterol level was established in comparison to the group with an insignificant stress experience. A positive dependence on the initial value of the parameters of fat metabolism consists only in the group with distinct stress experience. According to these results also stress has an influence on the reactions of the fractions of cholesterol.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Stress and stress management in home relocation of the elderly].

This report includes the theoretical approach and some empirical findings of a study in which the relocation of elderly persons to old-age institutions is interpreted from the perspective of environmental psychology and life-event research. It is hypothesized that the psychological effects of relocation are a result of the confrontation with stressful environmental features of the institution, the subjective appraisal of the situation, and the coping strategies of the individual. 13 different coping strategies of the elderly residents were differentiated by content analysis of interviews. Bivariate relations were analyzed between coping strategies and the following variables: stressful institutional environment, perceived stress, beliefs about personal control, and depression. From the psychological point of view, especially those findings seem to be important that show coping strategies implying a renunciation of personal control correlates with greater perceived stress. In institutions with greater autonomy, residents show more problem-focused coping behavior in stress situations, whereas in institutions with reduced autonomy residents seem to prefer cognitive coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

The development of a computational stress analysis of the femoral head. Mapping tensile, compressive, and shear stress for the varus and valgus positions.

Using a computer-based, two-dimensional finite-element analysis which has wide application to problems involving the hip joint, alterations in the distribution of stress in the femoral head consequent to varus and valgus osteotomy were studied. The mathematical model used in this analysis incorporated experimentally measured spatial variations in the stiffness of the bone of the femoral head and neck. These variations led to patterns of load transmission that were strikingly different from those in a homogeneous material. Because of their lower stiffness, the central region of the head and the medullary region of the neck make very little contribution to weight-bearing, regardless of the orientation of the femoral head. In the neutral configuration (normal neck-shaft angle), the lateral cortex of the neck is in slight tension, while the medial cortex is under strong compression and provides the support for the over-all load on the joint. With increasing valgus angulation, the bending component of the joint load disappears progressively, and when the valgus angulation is 30 degrees in excess of normal essentially equal compressive stresses prevail in both cortices. Varus osteotomy exaggerates the bending component relative to the compressive component of the load. The computed stress patterns in the femoral head and neck for the normal neck-shaft angle show elevations of shear stress where the lateral epiphyseal artery enters and branches within the femoral head. This finding may be significant since this region is the area at risk of infarction in both Legg-Perthes disease in children and idiopathic aseptic necrosis in adults. Since a 30-degree varus angulation induces tensile stresses in the lateral cortex of the neck that are increased fourfold above those for the neutral configuration, it is postulated that force transmitted through the femur when the hip is in abduction could produce shear fractures of the bone in the region of the central branch of the lateral epiphyseal artery and thus occlude this vessel and initiate aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The ultrastructural aspects of the stress-limiting action of a pulsed electrical current on the hypothalamic neuronal subpopulations that initiate the body's stress reactions].

Electron-microscopic investigations of neuron subpopulations in paraventricular nuclei of rat hypothalamus demonstrated ultrastructural positive changes due to exposure of the stressed animals to impulse electric current (IEC). The latter is able to control synthesis and secretion of stress-releasing-hormones produced by neurons of hypothalamic medial small-cell and posterior large-cell subnuclei. There were indications of deposition of stress-initiating hormones in neuron bodies evidencing stress-limiting effect of IEC. There were also signs of elevated resistance of ultrastructures, endoplasmic reticulum, in particular, to stress-related damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[The ultrastructure of the neuronal subpopulations of the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei in stress and the stress-limiting action of a pulsed electrical current].

Neurons of medial microcellular and posterior macrocellular subnuclei of hypothalamus, producing stress-releasing hormones (CRF and V), acting together in initiation and regulation of the organism stress reactions were studied. Ultrastructural analysis and automatized data could reveal decrease of secretory vesicles number and enlightenment of neurosecretory granules content in immobilization, which indicates active hormone elimination from neuron bodies. Characters of the disturbing stressor effect on different organelles, mainly on endoplasmic reticulum were found. Transcerebral electric current revealed protective stress-limiting action, determined by activation of nuclear and protein-producing cell mechanisms, which reflects on stress-releasing hormones synthesis and modulation. This expresses in the increase of secretory granules number, their significant enlargement, on hormone deponetion in neuron bodies with neuronal tolerance to disturbing stress effect growing higher.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Prenatal stress induces high anxiety and postnatal handling induces low anxiety in adult offspring: correlation with stress-induced corticosterone secretion.

It is well known that the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is altered by early environmental experiences, particularly in the perinatal period. This may be one mechanism by which the environment changes the physiology of the animal such that individual differences in adult adaptative capabilities, such as behavioral reactivity and memory performance, are observable. To determine the origin of these behavioral individual differences, we have investigated whether the long-term influence of prenatal and postnatal experiences on emotional and cognitive behaviors in adult rats are correlated with changes in HPA activity. To this end, prenatal stress of rat dams during the last week of gestation and postnatal daily handling of rat pups during the first 3 weeks of life were used as two environmental manipulations. The behavioral reactivity of the adult offspring in response to novelty was evaluated using four different parameters: the number of visits to different arms in a Y-maze, the distance covered in an open field, the time spent in the corners of the open field, and the time spent in the open arms of an elevated plus-maze. Cognitive performance was assessed using a water maze and a two-trial memory test. Adult prenatally stressed rats showed high anxiety-like behavior, expressed as an escape behavior to novelty correlated with high secretion of corticosterone in response to stress, whereas adult handled rats exhibited low anxiety-like behavior, expressed as high exploratory behavior correlated with low secretion of corticosterone in response to stress. On the other hand, neither prenatal stress nor handling changed spatial learning or memory performance. Taken together, these results suggest that individual differences in adult emotional status may be governed by early environmental factors; however, perinatal experiences are not effective in influencing adult memory capacity.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Immunological evidence for accumulation of two high-molecular-weight (104 and 90 kDa) HSPs in response to different stresses in rice and in response to high temperature stress in diverse plant genera.

Rice seedlings accumulate stainable amounts of the 104 and 90 kDa polypeptides in response to high temperature stress. We have purified and raised highly specific polyclonal antisera against both of these polypeptides. In western blotting experiments, we find that these proteins are accumulated to different extents in rice seedlings subjected to salinity (NaCl), water stress, low-temperature stress and exogenous abscisic acid application. These proteins also accumulated when rice seedlings grown in pots under natural conditions were subjected to water stress by withholding watering. Seedlings of Triticum aestivum, Sorghum bicolor, Pisum sativum, Zea mays, Brassica juncea and mycelium of Neurospora crassa showed accumulation of the immunological homologues of both the 104 and the 90 kDa polypeptides, in response to high-temperature stress. We have earlier shown that shoots of rice seedlings exposed to heat shock accumulate a 110 kDa polypeptide which is an immunological homologue of the yeast HSP 104 (Singla and Grover, Plant Mol Biol 22: 1177-1180, 1993). Employing anti-rice HSP 104 antibodies and anti-yeast HSP 104 antibodies together, we provide evidence that rice HSP 104 is different from the earlier characterized rice HSP 110.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2007

Hyperosmotic stress response: comparison with other cellular stresses.

Cellular responses induced by stress are essential for the survival of cells under adverse conditions. These responses, resulting in cell adaptation to the stress, are accomplished by a variety of processes at the molecular level. After an alteration in homeostatic conditions, intracellular signalling processes link the sensing mechanism to adaptive or compensatory changes in gene expression. The ability of cells to adapt to hyperosmotic stress involves early responses in which ions move across cell membranes and late responses characterized by increased synthesis of either membrane transporters essential for uptake of organic osmolytes or of enzymes involved in their synthesis. The goal of these responses is to return the cell to its normal size and maintain cellular homeostasis. The enhanced synthesis of molecular chaperones, such as heat shock proteins, is another important component of the adaptive process that contributes to cell survival. Some responses are common to different stresses, whereas others are specific. In the first part of the review, we illustrate the characteristic and specific features of adaptive response to hypertonicity; we then describe similarities to and differences from other cellular stresses, such as genotoxic agents, nutrient starvation and heat shock.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of salt stress-enhanced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase activity in leaves of Sorghum vulgare: independence from osmotic stress, involvement of ion toxicity and significance of dark phosphorylation.

C(4) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase: EC 4.1.1.31) is subjected to in vivo regulatory phosphorylation by a light up-regulated, calcium-independent protein kinase. Salt stress greatly enhanced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-kinase (PEPCase-k) activity in leaves of Sorghum. The increase in PEPCase-k anticipated the time course of proline accumulation thereby suggesting that water stress was not involved in the kinase response to salt. Moreover, osmotic stress seemed not to be the main factor implicated, as demonstrated by the lack of effect when water availability was restricted by mannitol. In contrast, LiCl (at a concentration of 10 mM in short-term treatment of both excised leaves and whole plants) mimicked the effects of 172 mM NaCl salt-acclimation, indicating that the rise in PEPCase-k activity resulted primarily from the ionic stress. Both NaCl and LiCl treatments increased the activity of a Ca(2+)-independent, 35 kDa kinase, as demonstrated by an in-gel phosphorylation experiment. Short-term treatment of excised leaves with NaCl or LiCl partially reproduces the effects of whole plant treatments. Finally, salinization also increased PEPCase-k activity and the phosphorylation state of PEPCase in darkened Sorghum leaves. This fact, together with increased malate production during the dark period, suggests a shift towards mixed C(4) and crassulacean acid metabolism types of photosynthesis in response to salt stress.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Physical factors involved in stress-wave-induced cell injury: the effect of stress gradient.

We have studied the biological effects of ablation-induced stress waves in vitro. Mouse breast sarcoma cells (EMT-6) were exposed to stress waves that differed only in rise time. Two assays were used to determine cell injury: incorporation of tritiated thymidine (viability assay), and transmission electron microscopy (morphology assay). We present evidence that the rise time of stress waves can significantly modify cell viability and that cell injury correlates better with the stress gradient than peak stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks.

Plants have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. To date, the molecular mechanisms that are involved in each stress has been revealed comparatively independently, and so our understanding of convergence points between biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways remain rudimentary. However, recent studies have revealed several molecules, including transcription factors and kinases, as promising candidates for common players that are involved in crosstalk between stress signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that hormone signaling pathways regulated by abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, as well as ROS signaling pathways, play key roles in the crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress signaling.

Plant Diseases↗
PubMed1998

Usefulness of isometric hand grip exercise in detecting coronary artery disease during dobutamine atropine stress echocardiography in patients with either stable angina pectoris or another type of positive stress test.

Dobutamine atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) detects coronary artery disease (CAD) by increasing myocardial oxygen demand causing ischemia. The sensitivity of the test for detection of CAD is reduced in patients with submaximal stress. We hypothesized that increasing cardiac work load by adding isometric exercise would improve the detection of ischemia during DASE. We studied 31 patients, mean age 57+/-11 years, with angiographically documented CAD. Patients underwent DASE using incremental dobutamine doses from 5 to 40 microg/kg/min, followed by atropine if peak heart rate was <85% of predicted maximal. Hand grip was then performed for 2 minutes at 33% of maximal voluntary contraction, while dobutamine infusion was maintained at the peak dose. The addition of hand grip during dobutamine stress was associated with a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (143+/-21 vs 164+/-24 mm Hg, p = 0.001) and left ventricular end-systolic circumferential wall stress (72+/-30 x 10(3) dynes/cm2 vs 132+/-34 x 10(3) dynes/cm2, p = 0.004). Wall motion score index increased from 1.0 at rest to 1.15+/-0.18 with dobutamine (p = 0.0004 vs rest), and increased further to 1.29+/-0.22 with the addition of hand grip (p = 0.004 vs dobutamine). Ischemia was detected in 19 patients (62%) with dobutamine-atropine stress alone and in 25 (83%) after the addition of hand grip (p <0.05). The addition of hand grip during DASE is feasible, and improves the detection of myocardial ischemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Osgstu3 and osgtu4, encoding tau class glutathione S-transferases, are heavy metal- and hypoxic stress-induced and differentially salt stress-responsive in rice roots.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have poorly understood roles in plant responses to environmental stresses. A polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced tau class GST was identified in rice roots by protein microsequencing. PEG and the heavy metals Cd (20 microM), Zn (30 microM), Co and Ni rapidly and markedly induced osgstu4 and osgstu3 in rice seedling roots. Osgstu4 and osgstu3 were also induced in roots by hypoxic stress but not by cold nor heat shock. Salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) rapidly induced osgstu3 in rice roots, whereas osgstu4 exhibited a late salt stress and no ABA response. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and the auxin alpha-naphthalene acetic acid triggered osgstu4 and osgstu3 expression. Osgstu4 and osgstu3 were rapidly and markedly induced by the antioxidant dithiothreitol and the strong oxidant hydrogen peroxide, which suggested that redox perturbations and reactive oxygen species are involved in their stress response regulations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of dobutamine stress echocardiography and stress thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography for detecting coronary artery disease.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography and stress thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were compared for detecting coronary artery disease in 120 consecutive patients who underwent concomitant quantitative coronary angiography. The left ventricle was divided into anterior, inferior, and lateral regions. Wall motion or perfusion abnormalities observed within each region were classified as ischemia or fixed abnormality. Both tests showed 81% agreement in all 120 patients. Complete agreement was observed in 77% of the 360 regions analyzed. The overall sensitivity of dobutamine stress echocardiography and thallium-201 SPECT for the detection of coronary artery disease was 85% and 89%, and the specificity was 93% and 85%, respectively. A good correlation was found between the wall motion score index and perfusion defect size at peak stress and at rest (r = 0.70). Dobutamine stress echocardiography and thallium-201 SPECT exhibit a comparable accuracy for diagnosing coronary artery disease, localizing coronary artery stenosis, and detecting regional myocardial abnormalities. The wall motion score index may be useful for evaluating the myocardial area at risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Stress factors acting at the level of the plasma membrane induce transcription via the stress response element (STRE) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A variety of stress factors induces transcription via the stress response element (STRE) present in control regions of a number of genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Induction of transcription involves nuclear translocation of the STRE-binding transcription activators Msn2p and Msn4p. The primary cellular events triggering this translocation are presently not well understood. In this investigation, we have observed that a number of factors acting at the level of the yeast plasma membrane, including the antifungal agent nystatin, the steroidal alkaloid tomatine, benzyl alcohol, a number of detergents and the plasma membrane H+-ATPase inhibitor diethylstilbestrol or mutations in the PMA1 gene encoding the plasma membrane ATPase, induce Msn2p nuclear accumulation and STRE-dependent transcription. At least some of the stress factors acting via STREs cause an increase in plasma membrane permeability, leading to a decrease in membrane potential, which might be a primary cellular stress signal. A decrease in internal pH triggered by permeabilization of the plasma membrane or a change in cAMP levels are at least not obligatory factors in intracellular stress signal transduction. The signal transduction pathway transmitting the signal generated at the plasma membrane to Msn2p is still unknown.

Acids↗
PubMed2002

The histidine kinase Hik33 perceives osmotic stress and cold stress in Synechocystis sp PCC 6803.

The stress imposed on living organisms by hyperosmotic conditions and low temperature appears to be perceived via changes in the physical state of membrane lipids. We compared genome-wide patterns of transcription between wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and cells with a mutation in the histidine kinase Hik33 using a DNA microarray. Our results indicated that Hik33 regulated the expression of both osmostress-inducible and cold-inducible genes. The respective genes that were regulated by Hik33 under hyperosmotic and low-temperature conditions were, for the most part, different from one another. However, Hik33 also regulated the expression of a set of genes whose expression was induced both by osmotic stress and by cold stress. These results indicate that Hik33 is involved in responses to osmotic stress and low-temperature stress but that the mechanisms of the responses differ.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2002

Expression of human telomerase (hTERT) does not prevent stress-induced senescence in normal human fibroblasts but protects the cells from stress-induced apoptosis and necrosis.

Cells subjected to sub-lethal doses of stress such as irradiation or oxidative damage enter a state that closely resembles replicative senescence. What triggers stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) and how similar this mechanism is to replicative senescence are not well understood. It has been suggested that stress-induced senescence is caused by rapid telomere shortening resulting from DNA damage. In order to test this hypothesis directly, we examined whether overexpression of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase (hTERT) can protect cells from SIPS. We therefore analyzed the response of four different lines of normal human fibroblasts with and without hTERT to stress induced by UV, gamma-irradiation, and H(2)O(2). SIPS was induced with the same efficiency in normal and hTERT-immortalized cells. This suggests that SIPS is not triggered by telomere shortening and that nonspecific DNA damage serves as a signal for induction of SIPS. Although telomerase did not protect cells from SIPS, fibroblasts expressing hTERT were more resistant to stress-induced apoptosis and necrosis. We hypothesize that healing of DNA breaks by telomerase inhibits the induction of cell death, but because healing does not provide legitimate DNA repair, it does not protect cells from SIPS.

Apoptosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Locus of control and self-esteem as stress-moderators or stress-mediators in parentally bereaved children.

Parentally bereaved children's locus of control and self-esteem were examined as stress-moderators or stress-mediators of their internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. Seventy-six children ages 8 to 16 and their surviving parent were assessed 4 to 34 months after the death. Stress, locus of control, and self-esteem were measured by child report questionnaires. Internalizing and externalizing mental health problems were measured by child report on both questionnaires and a structured interview and by parent report questionnaires. The results revealed that self-esteem was a significant mediator of the relations between stress and both child and parent reports of internalizing problems but not externalizing problems. No significant mediation effects were found for locus of control. Neither locus of control nor self-esteem was a significant moderator of the relations between stress and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Implications for understanding parentally bereaved children's mental health problems and for developing preventive interventions are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗