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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Prevalence of sleep apnea among Japanese industrial workers determined by a portable sleep monitoring system.

We developed a new portable sleep monitoring system and studied the prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome among Japanese industrial workers. This device assessed three kinds of parameters: nasal airflow, tracheal sound and electrocardiogram (ECG), and digitally stored the clock time of the onset of apnea, apnea duration and R-R intervals by a built-in microcomputer. After monitoring, the portable sleep monitor was connected to a host computer, and apneic episodes, the so-called 'apnea index' as apneic episodes corrected by measuring time ('AI') and R-R intervals were analyzed. In 170 inpatients referred to our sleep clinic, sleep monitoring by this device was performed simultaneously with all-night polysomnography, and the sensitivity and specificity of this device was determined under different criteria of the apnea index (AI) (AI > 5, 10, 15 and 20 episodes/h) by polysomnography. In all AI criteria, the sensitivity was more than 90%, and the specificity was also reasonably high. Using this system, successive 2-night home sleep monitoring was performed on 168 healthy workers in one Japanese industrial company, and 159 people (140 males; 19 females) who had successful monitoring were analyzed. The percentage of persons who had 'AI' of more than 10 episodes/h was 7.5%. There were no significant correlations between 'AI' and age, body weight or scores estimated by sleep questionnaires. These results suggest that even in people who are seemingly healthy significant apneic episodes could be detected by the portable home sleep monitoring system. This system may therefore be useful in evaluating the occurrence of sleep apnea syndrome in general populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Heat shock protein 72 level decreases during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) suffer from stresses related to repetitive apneas during sleep. To examine whether the level of 72 kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) increases during sleep, 11 OSAS patients (apnea-hypopnea index: 63.5 +/- 36.1, mean +/- SD) underwent polysomnography and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated before, during, and after sleep. HSP72 level was determined by Western blotting and hsp72 mRNA level was quantified by Northern blotting. Nine normal subjects without OSAS were examined as normal controls. HSP72 level decreased progressively during sleep and its level at 8:00 A.M. was 78.0 +/- 17.5% of that at 8:00 P.M. (p < 0.01). No such decrease was seen in normal subjects. When OSAS patients received nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) therapy, HSP72 level did not decrease significantly. In untreated OSAS patients, hsp72 mRNA level decreased during sleep (p < 0.01). When OSAS patients were treated with NCPAP therapy, the decrease in hsp72 mRNA level was not observed. HSP72 level before sleep in OSAS patients was higher than that in normal subjects (p < 0.01). We concluded that repetitive apneas caused high HSP72 level before sleep in OSAS patients and that NCPAP therapy had significant effect on HSP72 levels during sleep.

Blotting, Northern↗
PubMed2001

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on sleep architecture in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

There is randomized controlled evidence that patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) have improved daytime function and quality of life. "Before-and-after" data indicate that CPAP improves sleep quality, but there is no randomized controlled evidence of this. We tested the hypothesis that CPAP improved sleep quality in patients with SAHS. We also sought correlations between polysomnographic (PSG) indices and benefit from use of CPAP. Twenty-two patients with SAHS (median, [interquartile range] apnea-hypopnea index, 40 [25-65] events/h) spent 1 mo receiving CPAP and 1 mo receiving placebo capsules, in random order, and home sleep studies were performed at the end of each month. CPAP resulted in a lower arousal index, less Stage 1, and more Stage 3+4 sleep, but there was no increase in Stage REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Improvement in Epworth score after 6-12 mo of treatment correlated significantly with PSG indices on CPAP: sleep efficiency index (r = 0.78, p < 0.001), Stage REM (r = 0.55, p = 0.001), Stage 3+4 (r = 0.5, p = 0.02), and arousal index (r = -0.43, p = 0.05). This study provides randomized controlled trial evidence that patients with SAHS sleep better when receiving CPAP. Patients with good sleep quality on CPAP at 1 mo are likely to gain later benefit in subjective daytime sleepiness.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Infant sleep position practices 2 years into the "back to sleep" campaign.

Since the 1992 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation to put babies to sleep in the nonprone position and the subsequent 1994 "Back to Sleep" campaign, the U.S. rate of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has decreased more than 40%. This study reports sleep position practices in the greater Philadelphia area during 1996 and 1997. Four hundred and ten parents of infants 6 months of age or less answered a questionnaire by interview in Philadelphia clinics and private pediatric offices from December 1995 through February 1997. Sleep position practices and other SIDS risk factors were measured among demographic groups and compared with reported rates in a similar population from 1993 and 1994. Data were analyzed by Chi square after analysis of correlation coefficients. Significance is reported at p < 0.05. Seventy-two percent of all infants surveyed slept nonprone (NP) compared to 31.8% in 1993 and 59.1% in 1994. The population was 61% African-American (AA), 62% clinic patients. The breast feeding rate was 31%, maternal smoking 17%, and cosleeping 46%. AA infants (67% vs. 82%), infants receiving care at a clinic (66% vs. 84%), and infants > 3 months old (65% vs. 76%) are less likely to be placed nonprone. Most parents who place infants on their back report it was recommended by a medical professional (56%). The majority of those placing infants prone do so because their infant is more comfortable or sleeps better (65%), although 73% said their physician/nurse discussed sleep position with them. Nonprone sleeping continues to increase since the initiation of the "Back to Sleep" campaign. Disparity between some demographic groups persists. An excessive number of African-American families and clinic families still choose a prone sleep position. Many who do so cite increased infant comfort, despite knowledge of the AAP recommendation.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Cognition, sleep and respiration in at-risk children treated for obstructive sleep apnoea.

Sleep-disordered breathing in children has been associated with cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) on sleep, respiration and cognitive function in children of pre-school age with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) from a low-income community population. Altogether, 19 children attending state-funded pre-school programmes underwent overnight polysomnography and cognitive assessment before and following surgical treatment for OSA; 19 matched controls were also assessed. Following T&A, OSA subjects' delta sleep increased, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, and respiratory and arousal indices improved. There were no significant differences in OSA subjects' post-operative sleep or respiratory measures compared to controls. Prior to T&A, cognitive scores were significantly lower in OSA subjects versus controls; following T&A, OSA subjects' scores improved compared to pre-operative scores and did not differ from those of matched controls. Following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, at-risk pre-schoolers recruited directly from the community showed normalised sleep and respiratory patterns and improved cognitive scores. These findings, in this uniquely vulnerable population, which is unlikely to seek evaluation and treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, underscore the potential value of outreach screening programmes for sleep-disordered breathing, particularly among low-income groups of pre-school age.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1996

Sleep and neuromuscular disease: frequency of sleep-disordered breathing in a neuromuscular disease clinic population.

We investigated 60 adult and pediatric patients (33 male, 27 female) with various neuromuscular disorders for sleep-disordered breathing in a clinic population at a local altitude of 1,500 m. Measurements included a questionnaire concerning symptoms of sleep and daytime function, a disability index, and pulmonary function tests. We used an EdenTrace monitor for 1 night to evaluate breathing during sleep and calculated mean and minimum oxygen saturation (SpO2), total apneas, hypopneas, and respiratory disturbance index (RDI). We had validated the EdenTrace II monitor prior to the study. The majority of the patients had symptoms of daytime dysfunction. The frequency of sleep-disordered breathing in this population was much higher (42% with RDI > 15) than frequencies indicated in recent population-based surveys. Spirometry revealed no positional effect in this population. Statistical analysis comparing RDI with disability index, pulmonary function tests, age, sex, body mass index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scales identified no strong correlates that could be used as predictors of sleep-disordered breathing in this population. Sleep studies using ambulatory equipment such as the EdenTrace II are an easy and effective means of identifying sleep-disordered breathing in patients with neuromuscular disorders and, given the high frequency of sleep-disordered breathing in our sample, should be performed on most patients with neuromuscular disorders if sleep-disordered breathing is to be identified early.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of Sleep Expert--a computer-aided decision support system for sleep disorders.

Sleep Expert--a medical decision support system--is a prototype program, with knowledge based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (1990). The goal of this project was to evaluate Sleep Expert. In the evaluation project the knowledge of the program was first validated. Three physicians, experts in sleep disorders, were asked to choose 10 typical patient cases with sleep disorders, and to write a description. They also made a diagnosis for each case. Next, each expert made a diagnosis of the cases supplied by the other experts. They were not given the original diagnosis. The 'right diagnosis' (so-called majority agreement) was determined from the three diagnoses. Then the diagnosis of each expert was compared with the 'right diagnosis'. Two physicians, not experts in sleep disorders, were asked to make a diagnosis by using Sleep Expert. Compared to the 'right diagnosis' the diagnoses of each user (non-expert physician) were correct to 63 and 70% of cases, which is quite a good result, although it does not reach the level of the expert physicians (> or = 87%). The functionality of Sleep Expert was studied by using a limited inquiry. On the basis of the user inquiry Sleep Expert provided a useful clinical tool for non-experts.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2003

Norepinephrine-deficient mice exhibit normal sleep-wake states but have shorter sleep latency after mild stress and low doses of amphetamine.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Mice lacking the ability to make norepinephrine (NE) were used to investigate how NE may be involved in regulating sleep and sleep latency under normal conditions and as a response to mild stress or varying doses of amphetamine. DESIGN: Sleep latency was measured in NE-deficient and control mice after behavioral interventions and after 3 low doses of amphetamine. Sleep-wake states were measured using electroencephalography and electromyography for the first 6 hours after lights-on under baseline conditions and after an injection of saline. The first 6 hours after lights-off were also measured under baseline conditions. SETTING: N/A. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Mice lacking the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene (Dbh -/-), which is required for NE synthesis, and their littermate controls were used. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: As measured behaviorally and with electroencephalography, sleep latency was significantly shorter in the NE-deficient mice after cage changing, saline injection, and 3 different doses of amphetamine. There were no differences between the 2 groups in any sleep parameters under baseline conditions or after saline injection during the day or night. CONCLUSIONS: The NE-deficient mice showed a significantly shorter latency to sleep under many different conditions, measured both behaviorally and with electroencephalography. These data suggest that NE is wake promoting during the period of time between a mildly stressful event or a low dose of amphetamine and sleep onset. The NE-deficient mice did not show deficits in wake or increases in rapid eye movement sleep, as predicted from current models of the involvement of NE in the regulation of these 2 states.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1992

[Mechanism of attention in sleep--the changes of waveforms of event-related potentials in sleep].

Since attention has such a close correlation with arousal level, the influence of sleep on the waveforms of event related potential (= ERP) must be studied in advance for evaluating attentiveness of human mental activity. ERP, which odd-ball paradigm was used to elicit, was examined in 9 adult and healthy subjects from arousal to sleep. And ERP during a whole night was also examined in 5 of them to study the relation of the waveforms of ERP and sleep stages including a stage of rapid eye movement. As a result, there were some clear differences between the waveforms of the rare and frequent stimuli, and with change of sleep stages the differences also changed. Remarkable increase of amplitude and prolongation of latency of P200 and N200 were found in the waves of target stimuli in stage I. Activities of both components were connected with each other like a complexed component and preceded by the change of P300 activities. The waveforms of target stimuli in stage II had same kind of components with those of arousal stage. There were increased P200, N200, P300 activities and subsequent large negative activity which we called N3. These components were not clear in the waveforms of non-target stimuli. But P300 and N3 components were disappeared gradually during stage III. The averaged waveforms in stage III accompanied with 14-16 Hz fast wave suggested that they were identical with K-complex of sleep EEG. Add to this result, the habituation usually observed on P200 and N200 of nontarget stimuli in arousal let us to think that they are also identical with orienting reflex by rare and novel stimuli of external events (Sokolov). According to the result of examination changing the probability of target stimuli (20%----50%----80%), the waves of target stimuli in stage II were dependent on the probability of rare stimuli as well as in arousal stage. The dependence on probability was thought to reflect an automatic processing of selecting stimuli by orienting reflex in sleep. Another 3 subjects were examined of auditory evoked response in sleep with the same stimuli and without a task of counting numbers of rare stimuli. In stage II, however, they showed the waveforms by rare stimuli just like those by rare and target stimuli of 9 subjects. Then, it was supposed that attentiveness for external stimuli might be existent in sleep and changeable with sleep stages.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Molecular genetic advances in sleep research and their relevance to sleep medicine.

Neurobiology has been profoundly impacted by the availability of molecular genetic techniques within the past decade, and the sleep research field is no exception to this trend. Genetic influences on normal and pathologic sleep have long been recognized, but only recently have the contributions of discrete genetic loci to the regulation of sleep timing and sleep-related physiologic phenomena begun to be demonstrated, particularly through the use of genetically engineered strains of rodents. The ability to monitor the expression of a large number of genes has also accelerated in recent years, leading to a better understanding of the molecular and neurochemical correlates of sleep and of sleep loss. This article reviews the contributions of molecular genetic studies to our understanding of the processes that underlie sleep and its pathologies, discusses their relevance to the treatment of sleep disorders, and offers some speculation on how the sleep field might further be advanced through molecular genetic analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Co-circulating sleep substances interactingly modulate sleep and wakefulness in rats.

Putative sleep substances were infused either singly or in combination into the third ventricle of freely behaving male rats for 10 h nocturnal period. The nocturnal amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS), and the number and duration of their episodes were compared to those of the previous night under saline infusion. The single administration revealed that each substance elicited partially differential and partially common sleep-modulatory activity. SWS was enhanced by the d-type of di-1-methylheptyl-2,5-dioxocyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate (d-DOC, 2.3 nmol), delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP 2.5 nmol), deoxyuridine (0.1 nmol), muramyl dipeptide (MDP, 2.0 nmol), and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2, 0.36 nmol). Cytidine (10 pmol) increased the number of SWS episodes and reduced their duration, whereas deoxyguanosine (10 pmol) prolonged the duration. Deoxycytidine (10 pmol) and the 1-type of DOC (0.25 nmol) enhanced PS. Uridine (10 pmol) enhanced both SWS and PS. The simultaneous or sequential administration of DSIP, MDP and uridine resulted in a combination-dependent or sequence-dependent change in sleep-waking dynamics, which was quite different from the time-course sleep-modulation induced by the single administration of each substance. The results suggest that co-circulating sleep substances might interact at least in part, either synergistically or antagonistically, on the sleep-regulatory mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Changes in epileptiform activities during sleep and sleep structures in temporal lobe epilepsy].

We investigated the distribution of epileptiform activities (EA) and ictal discharges, and sleep characteristics in 23 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) using polysomnography (PSG) for two consecutive nights. The cassette EEG system devised by our group was employed throughout the study to minimize th untoward effects of overnight recording. The patients consisted of nine men and fourteen women, aged from 17 to 60. Fourteen of them had been taking antiepileptic drugs for long periods of time. The remaining 9 were the untreated patients and examined before and after the commencement of drug therapy. Sleep characteristics of patients were compared to those of age and sex matched healty subjects. The following findings were obtained: 1) EA were found more often during NREM sleep than REM sleep in both treated and untreated patients. The frequency of EA increased in stage 3 + 4 compared to stage 1 or 2. 2) Changes of EA numbers during the consecutive sleep cycles were investigated. Twelve of 14 patients in the treated group showed curves which had decreasing tendency throughout the night. 3) Ictal discharges were observed exclusively in the stage REM or within 10 minutes before and after the REM stage. These phenomena were recognized in both treated and untreated groups. 4) Sleep characteristics of both treated and untreated patients indicated significantly decreased sleep efficiency and increase of % awakening. Moreover, % stage 4 significantly increased in untreated patients compared to healthy subjects. These findings were discussed in terms of the clinical characteristics with TLE and antiepileptic drugs on epileptic activities during sleep as well as sleep structures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Sleep analysis computer in diagnosis of sleep-related respiratory disorders].

Sleep related breathing disorders influence the structure of sleep by considerably modifying the ratios of the individual sleep stages. The sleep analyses carried out by polysomnography in the diagnosis of sleep related breathing disorders have so far been evaluated manually according to the criteria of Rechtschaffen and Kales, since automatic systems do not permit standardised evaluation as yet. Automatic sleep analyses via SAC, however, has been developed further in recent years and has widened its scope and efficiency. It is now possible to perform a comprehensive sleep analysis via SAC by means of modified criteria after Rechtschaffen and Kales. The SAC determines individual curves in the EEG and EOG and includes in addition to the EEG parameters an automatic apnoea detection as well as detailed breathing and oxygen saturation analyses. The Sleep Analysis Computer (SAC) records 15 parameters (2 EEG, 2 EOG, 2 EMG, ECG, NAF, thoracic and abdominal breathing curves, oxygen saturation, body posture, optionally blood pressure = RR, CPAP etc.). This means that all the parameters required for diagnosing sleep related breathing disorders as well as their differential diagnosis can be determined. Within the framework of a blood pressure study, 16 patients (average 45.5 SD 4.6 years) were subjected to SAC measurement in addition to conventional PSG. The computer recordings were evaluated according to apnoea index, the form of the apnoea and the oxygen saturation desaturations. The evaluation yielded the following pattern: 4 patients with AI < 10, 8 patients with AI between 10 and 20, 4 patients with AI > 20. Obstructive apnoeas were seen in 6 patients, mixed apnoeas in 8 patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1992

The role of a sleep disorder center in evaluating sleep violence.

To review the state-dependent nature of violence and present a clinically useful classification of sleep violence, this article reviews our experience with sleep-related violence, establishing a differential diagnosis, methods of evaluation, and treatment options. The study occurs in a full-service clinical sleep disorders center evaluating approximately 1000 patients annually with an active participation of 16 physicians representing seven specialties. The patients were self-, physician-, or court/social service-referred for evaluation of violent or injurious behaviors associated with the sleep period. Interventions were dependent on the final diagnosis following clinical and (usually) sleep laboratory evaluation. The main outcome measures were self-reported. During routine clinical evaluations at a multidisciplinary sleep disorder center, it has become apparent that violence is often state-dependent, occurring only during the sleep period, resulting from a number of both neurologic and psychiatric conditions (including malingering and Munchausen syndrome by proxy). In such cases, careful clinical and laboratory evaluation usually results in a specific diagnosis, with effective therapeutic recommendations. Violence may be state-dependent. It is clear that violent behaviors may arise from the sleep period, often without conscious awareness on the part of the subject. This has social, forensic, and clinical implications, and may help contribute to the understanding of violence in general.

Health Facilities↗
PubMed1991

Effects of circadian phase and duration of sleep deprivation on sleep and EEG power spectra in the cat.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) of cats was recorded under baseline conditions (LD 12:12) and after 4 and 8 h of sleep deprivation (SD). The EEG was analyzed by visual scoring and by spectral analysis. Under baseline conditions the 24-h distribution of sleep was bimodal: the smallest amounts of sleep occurred at the light-dark and dark-light transitions. EEG slow-wave activity (power density in the delta frequency range: 0.5-4.0 Hz) in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) showed a small variation over the 24-h period. When recovery sleep, following 4 h and 8 h of SD, started at the beginning of the dark period, no significant rebound of NREMS and REMS occurred during the 24-h recovery period. When recovery sleep, after 4 h of SD, started at the fifth hour of the light period, the amount of NREMS was increased. In all experiments the EEG power density in NREMS was enhanced after SD in the entire frequency range studied (0.5-31.5 Hz), but more prominently in the delta and theta (4.5-7.0 Hz) frequency bands. The effects dissipated in the course of the recovery period. The magnitude and duration of the enhancements of EEG power densities were dependent on the duration of SD and on the circadian phase at which SD was scheduled. It is concluded that in the cat sleep is a function of both circadian and homeostatic processes and that especially the EEG power density in NREMS is highly responsive to sleep loss.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sleep apnea in normal and REM sleep-deprived normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats.

The effects of hypertension and REM sleep deprivation on spontaneous and postsigh apneas have been studied in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats by simultaneously monitoring their respiration and sleep by the EEG. The amount of REM and non-REM sleep in SHR rats was identical to WKY rats under control as well as REM sleep-deprived recording conditions. Hypertension was associated with an increase in postsigh apneas, as was evident by the increased postsigh apnea index in non-REM and total sleep in SHR rats when compared to normotensive WKY rats. In contrast, REM sleep deprivation suppressed the postsigh apnea expression both in non-REM and total sleep in SHR rats. The incidence of spontaneous apneas was increased by a combination of hypertension and REM sleep deprivation, as was shown in REM-deprived SHR rats, while each of these conditions alone had no effect on spontaneous apneas. These results suggest a role for hypertension in the postsigh apnea genesis and the existence of partially distinct mechanisms for the two types of apneas.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Effects of a programmed reflexology therapy on sleep quality, insomnia, and fatigue among individuals with poor sleep quality: evidence for autonomic nervous system modulation.

Poor sleep quality is closely associated with autonomic dysregulation and increased risks of cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental disorders. Foot reflexology is a widely used complementary therapy; however, its physiological mechanisms and comparative efficacy remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to compare the effects of manual reflexology treatment (MRT) and foot massage equipment (FEM) on autonomic nervous system function, sleep quality, insomnia severity, and fatigue in adults with poor sleep quality. Using a randomized crossover design, 32 participants with poor sleep quality received MRT and FEM interventions for 6 weeks each (once weekly, 30-40&#x202f;min/session). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and heart rate variability (HRV; time- and frequency-domain indices) were assessed at weeks 1 and 6 before and after each intervention. Subjective outcomes included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). Following MRT, participants demonstrated significantly greater reductions in global PSQI scores and all PSQI components compared with FEM. MRT also resulted in larger improvements in insomnia severity and both mental and physical fatigue. In contrast, FEM primarily improved physical fatigue. Physiologically, MRT induced an immediate decrease in HR and significant increases in HRV time-domain indices (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50), which were sustained after 6 weeks. Frequency-domain analysis further revealed reduced LF, increased HF, and a lower LF/HF ratio, indicating enhanced parasympathetic activity and cumulative autonomic modulation. In conclusion, programmed manual reflexology, delivered according to the TIDieR framework, is more effective than mechanical foot massage in improving autonomic balance, sleep quality, insomnia severity, and fatigue in individuals with poor sleep quality. These findings support MRT as a feasible and evidence-based non-pharmacological complementary intervention for sleep health promotion. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov; NCT Number: NCT07402460; Registered 3 February 2026.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sleep and sleep disorders in children and adolescents.

Pediatric sleep disorders are common, affecting approximately 25% to 40% of children and adolescents. Although there are several different types of sleep disorders that affect youth, each disorder can have a significant impact on daytime functioning and development, including learning, growth, behavior, and emotion regulation. Researchers are only beginning to uncover the interaction between sleep and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, including depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism. This article reviews normal sleep and sleep disorders in children and adolescents, the assessment of sleep in pediatric populations, common pediatric sleep disorders, and sleep in children who have common psychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗