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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Post-operative effects of tramadol administered at wound closure.

The aim of this prospective, randomized and double-blind study was to assess the effects of a high dose of the analgesic tramadol administered at the conclusion of surgery on extubation time, sedation, and post-anaesthetic shivering. Forty adult patients, ASA physical status I or II, underwent laparoscopic surgery of about 1 h duration and received a standardized anaesthesia that was maintained with isoflurane in O2/N2O. Tramadol 3 mg kg-1 (n = 20) was administered intravenously at the beginning of wound closure, and was compared with saline (n = 20). Post-anaesthetic shivering did not occur in any patient who received tramadol, whereas it occurred in 60% of the control group (P < 0.001). There were no adverse effects on time to extubation and sedation, and discharge-ready time was shorter in the tramadol group (P < 0.05 compared with control). Pain scores in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) were statistically not different between the two groups, but significantly more supplemental medication was administered in the control group to treat shivering and/or pain. In conclusion, administration of a high dose of tramadol at the end of surgery prevents post-anaesthetic shivering without prolongation of extubation time, and shortens the PACU/discharge-ready time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Prostaglandins for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Prostaglandins have mainly been used for postpartum haemorrhage when other measures fail. Misoprostol, a newer and cheaper prostaglandin E1 analogue, has sometimes been used for management of the third stage of labour. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of prophylactic prostaglandin use in the third stage of labour. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched. Researchers in the field were also contacted. Date of the latest search: December 1999. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized trials comparing a prostaglandin agent with another uterotonic or no prophylactic uterotonic (nothing or placebo) as part of management of the third stage of labour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Eligibility and trial quality was assessed by one reviewer. MAIN RESULTS: Seven trials were included. There were six trials of injectable prostaglandins and one of rectal misoprostol. The main limitations of these studies are their small sample sizes and lack of blind assessment of the outcomes. Injectable prostaglandins were associated with decreased blood loss (weighted mean difference -72 millilitres, 95% confidence interval -70 to -75) and shortened duration of third stage when compared to other uterotonics. Severe postpartum haemorrhage (1000 millilitres or more blood loss) occurred in two of four studies and was seen in fewer women receiving prostaglandins, though the difference was not statistically significant. Adverse effects (vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain) were more common with prostaglandins when compared to other uterotonic agents. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Although injectable prostaglandins appear to be effective in preventing postpartum haemorrhage, concerns about safety and costs limit their suitability for routine prophylactic management of third stage of labour. However, injectable prostaglandins should continue to be used for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage when other measures fail. Misoprostol is cheap, stable and seems to be safe. Trials addressing the effectiveness of misoprostol are continuing.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Myelin basic protein mediates extracellular signals that regulate microtubule stability in oligodendrocyte membrane sheets.

Treatment of cultured oligodendrocytes with a monoclonal antibody to galactocerebroside (GalC) triggers a cascade of events including the redistribution of membrane surface GalC over internal domains of MBP and loss of microtubular structures within the sheets (Dyer and Benjamins: J Neurosci 8:4307-4318, 1988; Dyer and Benjamins: J Neurosci Res 24:212-221, 1989). In this report, wild type and myelin basic protein (MBP)-deficient shiverer oligodendrocytes were used to study the possible relationships between these events, and specifically to determine if MBP mediates signals which destabilize microtubular assemblies in cultured oligodendrocytes. We now show that MBP and GalC, which are both initially Triton X-100 soluble, become Triton X-100 insoluble following anti-GalC binding and anti-GalC:GalC complex redistribution, suggesting that the surface anti-GalC: GalC complexes become associated with cytoplasmic MBP. Mediation of the signaling event by MBP is further demonstrated by 1) a decreased phosphorylation of MBP in wild type oligodendrocytes after antibody binding, and 2) the absence of responses, such as GalC redistribution and microtubule loss, in MBP-deficient shiverer oligodendrocytes treated with anti-GalC. Continuous activation of the GalC/MBP pathway for 7 days in wild type oligodendrocytes results in enlarged cell bodies and production of numerous microprocesses, a morphology that is similar to MBP-deficient shiverer oligodendrocytes. A second signaling pathway which produces an opposite effect, i.e., the stabilization and apparent up-regulation of microtubular structures in cultured oligodendrocyte membrane sheets, remains functional in shiverer oligodendrocytes. Thus, MBP appears to be important for mediating extracellular signals that cause a loss of microtubular structures in oligodendrocyte membrane sheets and abnormal morphology.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of pontine tegmental lesions that induce paradoxical sleep without atonia on thermoregulation in cats during wakefulness.

The characteristics of thermoregulation during wakefulness of cats with pontine tegmental lesions that induced paradoxical sleep (PS) without atonia have been studied. Thresholds for shivering and for panting, brain temperature and body posture at different ambient temperatures were noted and compared with those in intact animals. Intact cats began to shiver, piloerect and curl their bodies at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 8-10 degrees C, whereas after the lesions these responses began at Ta of 15-17 degrees C. Body temperature (Tb) did not change. Cats with lesions panted and extended their bodies much earlier at high Ta than did normal cats, and Tb began rising at a lower Ta and reached a higher value. Therefore, the cats with lesions were more susceptible to thermal loads; the thresholds for shivering (heat-gain) and panting (heat-loss) were both lowered. These results obtained in wakefulness suggest that the absence of shivering previously shown in cats during PS without atonia cannot simply be the result of an overall increased threshold for heat-gain responses but, rather, are in keeping with the observation that thermoregulation is suppressed in PS.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of hypothalamic lesions on temperature regulation in pigeons.

The effect of hypothalamic lesions on temperature regulation was studied in pigeons by recording deep and skin temperatures, shivering, panting and oxygen consumption. Thresholds of shivering and panting were assessed before and after lesions. Survival was 100% when lesions were done in awake animals in a cool environment. Lesions anterior to the anterior commissure which included the preoptic area resulted in an increased threshold of panting or a lack of panting response at body temperatures up to 44.5 degrees C. Shivering response was unchanged in these animals. Lesions posterior to the anterior commissure were followed by a lack of shivering response with no change in panting threshold. This points to a segregation of the hypothalamic structures controlling heat loss and heat gain in the pigeon.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Motor function analysis of myelin mutant mice using a rotarod.

We have examined motor control in normal and shiverer mutant mice using the rotarod assay, a forced motor activity which tests for balance and co-ordination. Shiverer mice carry a deletion of the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene, resulting in CNS dysmyelination and characteristic motor dysfunction. Homozygous mutant mice had a significant increase in cumulative falls from the rotarod relative to heterozygous mice. Non-acclimated animals of both genotypes showed progressive improvement in performance when tested on successive days. The rotarod test also discriminated shiverer mutants from animals that received gene therapy intervention. Shiverer animals carrying an MBP transgene showed gene-dosage-dependent improvements in motor function, and mutants which received thalamic transplants of wild type oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed improvement relative to sham operated and non-transplanted controls. Thus the rotarod is a sensitive measure of motor function in hypomyelinated mice, and may be useful for assessing the results of experimental manipulations including transgenic gene therapy and cell transplantation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Thermoresponsiveness of posterior hypothalamic (PH) neurons of rats to scrotal and abdominal thermal stimulation.

The thermoresponsiveness of posterior hypothalamic (PH) neurons to localized, incremental thermal heating and cooling between 10-40 degrees C of the abdomen or scrotum was determined in urethane anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats whose core temperature was maintained at 37 degrees C during testing. PH extracellular neuronal activity was recorded along with changes in gastrocnemius muscle EMG activity and temperature (Tms, indicative of shivering thermogenesis) and intrascapular brown adipose tissue temperature (TIBATs, indicative of non-shivering thermogenesis). Seventy-five PH neurons were recorded following both scrotal and abdominal trials of thermal stimulation. Nine percent of PH neurons were classified as warm responsive neurons (WRNs), 20% as cold responsive (CRNs), and 71% as temperature nonresponsive neurons (TNRNs), based on their thermal coefficients (TCs). Mean TC for warm PH neurons was significantly increased with scrotal warming between 30-40 degrees C from the mean TC of the same PH WRNs following abdominal warming. Similarly, the thermal coefficient was increased (i.e., was more negative) for cold responsive PH neurons to scrotal cooling (20-10 degrees C) as opposed to the TC of the same PH CRNs for abdominal cooling. No shivering thermogenesis (no change in temperature or EMG activity from gastrocnemius muscle) or non-shivering thermogenesis (no significant increase in IBAT temperatures) occurred with scrotal or abdominal cooling in these 21 degrees C acclimatized rats. The results indicate that a small population of PH neurons are thermoresponsive to localized physiological changes in temperature of the scrotum and abdomen with greater thermoresponsiveness shown of both warm and cold PH neurons to scrotal vs. abdominal thermal stimulation.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2001

Exertion-induced fatigue and thermoregulation in the cold.

Cold exposure facilitates body heat loss which can reduce body temperature, unless mitigated by enhanced heat conservation or increased heat production. When behavioral strategies inadequately defend body temperature, vasomotor and thermogenic responses are elicited, both of which are modulated if not mediated by sympathetic nervous activation. Both exercise and shivering increase metabolic heat production which helps offset body heat losses in the cold. However, exercise also increases peripheral blood flow, in turn facilitating heat loss, an effect that can persist for some time after exercise ceases. Whether exercise alleviates or exacerbates heat debt during cold exposure depends on the heat transfer coefficient of the environment, mode of activity and exercise intensity. Prolonged exhaustive exercise leading to energy substrate depletion could compromise maintenance of thermal balance in the cold simply by precluding continuation of further exercise and the associated thermogenesis. Hypoglycemia impairs shivering, but this appears to be centrally mediated, rather than a limitation to peripheral energy metabolism. Research is equivocal regarding the importance of muscle glycogen depletion in explaining shivering impairments. Recent research suggests that when acute exercise leads to fatigue without depleting energy stores, vasoconstrictor responses to cold are impaired, thus body heat conservation becomes degraded. Fatigue that was induced by chronic overexertion sustained over many weeks, appeared to delay the onset of shivering until body temperature fell lower than when subjects were rested, as well as impair vasoconstrictor responses. When heavy physical activity is coupled with underfeeding for prolonged periods, the resulting negative energy balance leads to loss of body mass, and the corresponding reduction in tissue insulation, in turn, compromises thermal balance by facilitating conductive transfer of body heat from core to shell. The possibility that impairments in thermoregulatory responses to cold associated with exertional fatigue are mediated by blunted sympathetic nervous responsiveness to cold is suggested by some experimental observations and merits further study.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed2001

Thermogenesis in birds.

The article discusses the importance of avian skeletal muscle as a source for heat generation by means of both shivering and non-shivering. Non-shivering thermogenesis in birds is still a polemic issue. Recent evidence at the molecular/cellular level indicates, however, that this type of heat generation may also exist among birds. The involvement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase in non-shivering thermogenesis is discussed in-depth.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Influence of the sympathetic nervous system on renal function during hypothermia.

Hypothermia increases preglomerular vasoconstriction leading to decreases in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Since plasma catecholamine concentrations are increased during hypothermia, the present study was performed to determine the role of the renal sympathetic nervous system in the cold-induced renal vasoconstriction. In Inactin anaesthetized rats, hypothermia at 28 degrees C decreased GFR by 50% but failed to alter efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity (ERSNA). Since hypothermia causes shivering which could have influenced the ERSNA recording, Inactin anaesthetized rats were treated with pethidine or rats were anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium or Saffan to eliminate cold-induced shivering. In these non-shivering rats, hypothermia produced a reversible decrease in ERSNA in association with a fall in GFR that was of a similar magnitude as in shivering rats. Further studies in Inactin anaesthetized rats showed that the fall in GFR was unaltered by renal denervation, bilateral adrenalectomy or intrarenal administration of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. We conclude that cold-induced renal vasoconstriction is not due to an increase in ERSNA or adrenaline/noradrenaline-mediated activation of renal alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1998

Postoperative nitrogen excretion after amino acid-induced thermogenesis under anesthesia.

UNLABELLED: Amino acid infusions during general anesthesia induce thermogenesis and prevent postoperative hypothermia. The effects of increased heat production during anesthesia on postoperative nitrogen balance have not been examined. Therefore, we studied the effect of perioperative amino acid infusions on postoperative nitrogen excretion in 24 patients scheduled for hysterectomy. Seven volunteers not subjected to anesthesia or surgery were used as awake controls. During isoflurane anesthesia, 8 patients received acetated Ringer's solution, and 16 patients received an IV amino acid mixture, 240 kJ/h, before and during anesthesia. Rectal temperature and energy expenditure were measured. The urinary nitrogen content was calculated from urea, creatinine, and urate the day before surgery and for 4 days postoperatively. Diets were recorded. In anesthetized control patients, postoperative nitrogen excretion was less than preoperative levels. Those patients also experienced the largest decrease in core body temperature during anesthesia (1.7+/-0.1 degrees C). All had postoperative shivering. In the amino acid-treated patients, the temperature decrease during anesthesia was less pronounced (1.0+/-0.1 degrees C; P < 0.001) and postoperative shivering disappeared. In addition, the nitrogen excretion was unchanged postoperatively, perhaps indicating an increase in protein turnover known to generate heat. In conclusion, the increase in heat production induced by amino acids reduced hypothermia, abolished shivering, and attenuated/normalized the postoperative nitrogen saving that occurred in patients who did not receive amino acids. IMPLICATIONS: We compared nitrogen excretion before and after surgery in patients who received a saline or amino acid infusion during isoflurane anesthesia. The increase in heat production induced by amino acids reduced hypothermia, abolished shivering, and attenuated/normalized the postoperative nitrogen saving that occurred in patients who did not receive amino acids.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1999

Amino acid-induced thermogenesis reduces hypothermia during anesthesia and shortens hospital stay.

UNLABELLED: Amino acid infusion during general anesthesia induces thermogenesis and prevents postoperative hypothermia and shivering. We propose that amino acid prevention of hypothermia during anesthesia shortens the hospital stay. Core temperatures and pulmonary oxygen uptake were measured in 45 patients, receiving an IV amino acid mixture, 126 mL/h, before and/or during isoflurane anesthesia and 30 control patients receiving acetated Ringer's solution. At awakening, mean core temperature was 36.5 degrees+/-0.1 degrees C in the amino acid group and 35.7 degrees+/-0.1 degrees C (P < 0.001) in the controls. Energy expenditure increased by 54%+/-9% from baseline in amino acid patients in whom shivering was uncommon, but only by 5%+/-4% (P < 0.001) in control patients, of whom the majority developed postoperative shivering. The estimated difference in hospital stay between the two groups was 2.7 days (CI 95%: 1.3-4.0). Multiple regression analysis showed that the variables best predicting hospitalization were duration of surgery, amino acid treatment, and awakening temperatures. Duration of surgery was similar in the two groups and core temperatures at awakening were a result of amino acid infusion, which indicates that amino acid infusion during anesthesia and surgery was the most important factor for the shorter hospitalization. IMPLICATIONS: Amino acid infusion during general anesthesia induces thermogenesis and prevents postoperative hypothermia and shivering. Multiple regression analysis indicated that this resulted in a shorter hospital stay.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2005

Thermal management of the patient: where does the patient lose and/or gain temperature?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Anesthesia inhibits normal thermoregulatory control, leading to perioperative hypothermia or allowing therapeutic hypothermia. During the last decade many studies have shown the effects of anesthesia on thermoregulation. As a consequence many active warming and cooling devices are available to manipulate patients' core temperature. This review focuses on new findings in the field of temperature management. RECENT FINDINGS: Thermal management of patients has improved tremendously in recent years. Many outcome studies have shown adverse effects of perioperative hypothermia, as well as beneficial effects of therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and brain trauma. However, inducing hypothermia is limited by physiologic thermoregulatory responses. Small reductions in core temperature lead to vasoconstriction and shivering, effectively hindering hypothermia. Thus prevention of vasoconstriction and shivering have become major goals during induction of therapeutic hypothermia. All anesthetics, opioids and sedatives lower the vasoconstriction and shivering threshold, thus allowing hypothermia. However, these drugs have side effects, such as respiratory depression, sedation and nausea. Several drugs, alone or in combination, lower the shivering threshold while causing minimal or no side effects. SUMMARY: Anesthesia affects thermoregulatory control and leads to perioperative hypothermia. The prevention of perioperative hypothermia improves patient's outcome. Therapeutic hypothermia can be induced and also improves outcome in certain conditions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Developmental expression of myelin protein genes in dysmyelinating mutant mice: analysis by nuclear run-off transcription assay, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry.

Gene expression for myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in the dysmyelinating mutant mice shiverer and jimpy was analyzed by nuclear run-off transcription assay, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. The level of PLP transcription in shiverer brains was lower than that in controls at postnatal day 18 but relatively higher at later stages. In spite of the considerable amount of hybridization with PLP cDNA, immunoreaction for PLP was greatly reduced in shiverer mice throughout their lives, probably owing to a defect in the assembly of PLP into myelin. Abnormal deposition of PLP in oligodendroglial cell bodies suggested that transport of PLP to myelin is delayed in shiverer brains. The number of oligodendrocytes expressing PLP mRNA was drastically reduced in jimpy mice. MBP mRNA in jimpy mice is localized preferentially in oligodendroglial cell bodies, a result suggesting that oligodendrocytes in jimpy are mostly the immature type. Although transcriptional activity of the MBP gene in jimpy was greatly reduced, a finding reflecting the decrease in the number of mature oligodendrocytes, that of the PLP gene remained high at early stages. The discrepancy of the two gene expressions is discussed relative to the role of PLP transcripts at early stages of myelination.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of maternal cold exposure on brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis in the neonatal lamb.

1. This study examines the effect of chronic cold exposure during pregnancy, induced by winter shearing twin-bearing ewes 4 weeks before predicted lambing date, on O2 consumption and CO2 production during non-rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in lambs maintained for at least 1 h at warm (28-18 degrees C) and cold (14-5 degrees C) ambient temperatures at 1, 4, 14 and 30 days of age. This was combined with measurement of the thermogenic activity (GDP binding to uncoupling protein in mitochondrial preparations) of perirenal adipose tissue from lambs immediately after birth and at 33 days of age. 2. Lambs born from shorn (cold-exposed) ewes were 15% heavier (P < 0.01) and possessed 21% (P < 0.01) more perirenal adipose tissue that contained 40% more protein and mitochondrial protein than unshorn (P < 0.05) controls. Total GDP binding in perirenal adipose tissue was 40% greater (P < 0.05) in lambs born from shorn ewes but there was no difference in lipid content of this tissue between the two groups. 3. At 1 day of age, lambs born from shorn ewes exhibited a 16% higher (P < 0.05) rate of O2 consumption (per kilogram bodyweight) at the warm temperature and a 40% greater metabolic response to the cold ambient temperature. All lambs born from shorn ewes responded to cold exposure without shivering (i.e. via non-shivering thermogenesis) whilst shivering was measured in four out of seven lambs in the unshorn group. These differences had disappeared by 4 days of age as a result of a 25% increased (P < 0.01) rate of O2 consumption in the warm in lambs born from unshorn ewes and a 20% decrease (P < 0.05) in the response to the cold in lambs from shorn ewes. Shivering during cold exposure was measured in six out of nine lambs born from shorn ewes indicating a rapid alteration in thermoregulatory responses to cold during the first few days of life. 4. The levels of GDP binding and mitochondrial protein in perirenal adipose tissue fell by one-third in both groups of lambs during the first 33 days of life whereas lipid content either increased or was unchanged. This indicated that brown adipose tissue (BAT) was developing the characteristics of white adipose tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Adaptive thermogenesis in hummingbirds.

The occurrence of non-shivering thermogenesis in birds has long been a controversial issue. Although birds are endothermic vertebrates, sharing with mammals (placental mammals and marsupials) a common ancestor, they do not possess brown adipose tissue or a similar type of tissue, unlike their mammalian counterparts. Some bird species are, however, able to withstand very low ambient temperatures (-70 degrees C) or undergo periods of heterothermia, and there is now good experimental evidence showing that non-shivering thermogenesis may indeed occur in birds under such conditions. The skeletal muscles of birds, particularly the flight muscles, occupy a significant fraction (approximately 30 %) of the total body mass, and recent results have shown that they are likely to be the main sites for non-shivering thermogenesis. The precise mechanisms involved in adaptive thermogenesis in birds are still not fully understood. The translocation of Ca(2+) between intracellular compartments and the cystosol mediated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase, uncoupled from ATP synthesis, is one mechanism whereby chemi-osmotic energy can be converted into heat, and it has been proposed as one of the possible mechanisms underlying non-shivering thermogenesis in birds on the basis of data obtained mainly from ducklings acclimatized to cold conditions. The recent characterization of an uncoupling protein homolog in avian skeletal muscle and the expression of its mRNA at different stages of the torpor/rewarming cycle of hummingbirds indicate that it has the potential to function as an uncoupling protein and could play a thermogenic role during rewarming in these birds.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

Formation of compact myelin is required for maturation of the axonal cytoskeleton.

Although traditional roles ascribed to myelinating glial cells are structural and supportive, the importance of compact myelin for proper functioning of the nervous system can be inferred from mutations in myelin proteins and neuropathologies associated with loss of myelin. Myelinating Schwann cells are known to affect local properties of peripheral axons (de Waegh et al., 1992), but little is known about effects of oligodendrocytes on CNS axons. The shiverer mutant mouse has a deletion in the myelin basic protein gene that eliminates compact myelin in the CNS. In shiverer mice, both local axonal features like phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins and neuronal perikaryon functions like cytoskeletal gene expression are altered. This leads to changes in the organization and composition of the axonal cytoskeleton in shiverer unmyelinated axons relative to age-matched wild-type myelinated fibers, although connectivity and patterns of neuronal activity are comparable. Remarkably, transgenic shiverer mice with thin myelin sheaths display an intermediate phenotype indicating that CNS neurons are sensitive to myelin sheath thickness. These results indicate that formation of a normal compact myelin sheath is required for normal maturation of the neuronal cytoskeleton in large CNS neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol lowers the vasoconstriction threshold in humans without affecting core cooling rate during mild cold exposure.

Elevated blood alcohol levels are often seen in hypothermia and hyperthermia related deaths, leading to the belief that alcohol renders humans poikilothermic. We examined the core temperature (Tco) thresholds for sweating, vasoconstriction and shivering as well as core cooling rates of seven subjects immersed in 28 degrees C water. On two separate days, subjects exercised on an underwater cycle ergometer to elevate Tco above the sweating threshold. They then rested and cooled until they shivered vigorously. Subjects drank orange juice (7 ml.kg-1) prior to immersion during the control trial and 1 ml.kg-1 absolute ethanol, added to orange juice in a 1:6 ratio, during the alcohol trial. Mean blood alcohol concentration (breath analysis) was 0.097 +/- 0.010 g% at the start of cooling and 0.077 +/- 0.008 g% at the end of the cooling period. Alcohol lowered the vasoconstriction threshold by 0.32 +/- 0.2 degrees C and elevated finger tip blood flow, but had no effect on thresholds for sweating and shivering or core cooling rate. Considering these minor effects it is unlikely that moderate alcohol consumption predisposes individuals to hypothermia or hyperthermia via impaired thermoregulation, but rather likely due to behavioral factors.

Adult↗