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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Characterization of immunoreactive beta-endorphin secreted from cultured human corticotropin-secreting adenomas.

Seven human corticotropin-secreting adenomas causing Cushing's disease or Nelson's syndrome were maintained in long-term culture. Pooled media from the individual adenomas were analyzed for the composition of their secretory products. From a radioimmunoassay (RIA) with 100% cross-reactivity for human beta-endorphin (beta h-EP) and beta-lipotropin (beta h-LPH), immunoreactive beta h-EP (IR X beta h-EP) was found to be the predominant secretory product after Sephadex G-50 analysis in 4 cases (40-80% of total IR), immunoreactive beta h-LPH (IR X beta h-LPH) predominated in 1 case, and both were equipresent in 2-cases. IR X beta h-EP was further purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed in 4 cases with ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-25 and a RIA which completely cross-reacts with beta h-EP, [N alpha-Ac]-beta h-EP, beta h-EP-(1-27) and [N alpha-Ac]-beta h-EP-(1-27). In all cases, the IR X beta h-EP was the main component (40-70%); the remaining IR material was attributable partially to [N alpha-Ac]-beta h-EP or other, less defined immunoreactive material. In 3 cases, enough IR X beta h-EP material was available for HPLC and to perform a radioreceptor assay using tritiated beta h-EP as primary ligand. The displacing potency of these preparations relative to synthetic beta h-EP was related to the content of the immunoreactive component eluting in the position of synthetic beta h-EP.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2004

Aphrodisin, an aphrodisiac lipocalin secreted in hamster vaginal secretions.

Vertebrates communicate through pheromones, which favor biological regulations within each species. Aphrodisin, a protein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, found in hamster vaginal secretions, is detected by the male accessory olfactory system and induces or facilitates its copulatory behavior. Although much is known about aphrodisin structure, the question of whether aphrodisin bears itself the pheromonal function or is simply a carrier for hydrophobic small pheromones has not been definitely solved. Arguments based on use of recombinant aphrodisin deprived of any natural ligand and its capability to convey hamster pheromonal compounds will be discussed, together with progresses concerning putative natural ligand(s).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Effect of GnRH antagonists treatment on gonadotrophin secretion, follicular development and inhibin A secretion in goats.

The aim of this study was to determine, for goats, the effects of daily doses of GnRH antagonist on ovarian endocrine and follicular function. Ten does were given 45 mg FGA intravaginal sponges and then five were treated with daily injections of 0.5mg of the GnRH antagonist Teverelix for 11 days from 2 days after the day of sponge insertion, while five does acted as controls. Pituitary activity was monitored by measuring plasma FSH and LH daily from 2 days before the first GnRH injection to Day 12. Follicular activity was determined by ultrasonographic monitoring and by assessing plasma inhibin A levels during the same period. In treated does, the FSH levels decreased linearly (0.8 +/- 0.1 ng/ml to 0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/ml, P < 0.01) and remained lower than the mean concentration in control goats (0.8 +/- 0.1 ng/ml, P < 0.005). LH levels were also lower during the period of antagonist treatment (0.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml versus 0.4 +/- 0.1 ng/ml, P < 0.0005). During GnRH antagonist treatment, there was a significant decrease in the number of large follicles (> or = 6 mm) from Day 3 of treatment (1.2 +/- 0.6, P < 0.0001), with no large follicles from Day 9. The number of medium follicles (4-5 mm in size) also decrease during the period of treatment (4.2 +/- 0.7 to 1.0 +/- 0.6, P < 0.0001), leading to a significant decrease in inhibin A levels when compared to the control (143.7 +/- 31.3 pg/ml versus 65.2 +/- 19.1 pg/ml, P < 0.00005). In contrast, the number of small follicles (2-3 mm) increased in treated goats from Day 4 of treatment (9.6 +/- 2.9 to 20.2 +/- 6.3, P < 0.005). Such data indicate that GnRH antagonist reduced plasma levels of FSH and LH with suppression of the growth of large dominant ovarian follicles and a two-fold increase in number of smaller follicles. The results confirm that GnRH antagonist treatment can be used in goats to control gonadotrophin secretion and ovarian follicle growth in superovulatory regimes.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed2004

Identification of novel keratinocyte-secreted peptides dermokine-alpha/-beta and a new stratified epithelium-secreted protein gene complex on human chromosome 19q13.1.

We performed high-throughput in situ hybridization screening of sections of mouse epidermis using an equalized skin cDNA library as probes and identified a novel gene giving rise to two splicing variants, both of which are expressed in the spinous layer. This gene was mapped between two genes encoding keratinocyte-related peptides, suprabasin and keratinocyte differentiation-associated protein (Kdap), on human chromosome 19q13.1. These gene products appeared to carry functional signal sequences. We then designated these two splicing variants as dermokine-alpha and -beta. Northern blotting and quantitative RT-PCR revealed that dermokine-alpha/-beta, suprabasin, and Kdap were highly expressed in stratified epithelia. In mouse embryonic development, dermokine-alpha/-beta began to be expressed during the period of stratification. Also, in differentiating primary cultured human keratinocytes, transcription of dermokine-alpha/-beta, suprabasin, and Kdap was induced. These findings indicated that dermokine-alpha/-beta, suprabasin, and Kdap are secreted from the spinous layer of the stratified epithelia and that these genes form a novel gene complex on the chromosome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Inhibition of secreted phospholipases A2 by annexin V. Competition for anionic phospholipid interfaces allows an assessment of the relative interfacial affinities of secreted phospholipases A2.

The ability of annexins, particularly annexin 1 (lipocortin 1), to inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is well known and a substrate depletion mechanism is now widely accepted as the explanation for most inhibitory studies. In this investigation we have examined the substrate depletion mechanism of annexin V using a variety of phospholipid substrates and secreted PLA2's (sPLA2). The results suggest that the term interfacial competition best describes the inhibitory effect of annexin V although the overall inhibitory process remains one of substrate sequestration by the annexin. We have utilised the competitive nature of the interaction of enzyme and annexin V for a phospholipid interface as a means of quantifying the relative affinity of sPLA2's for anionic phospholipid vesicles. The results highlight the very high affinity of the human non-pancreatic sPLA2 for such vesicles (Kd<<10-(10) M) while the Naja naja venom PLA2 and porcine pancreatic sPLA2 showed lower affinities. Hydrolysis of mixed vesicles containing phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine by the venom and pancreatic enzymes were differentially inhibited by annexin V. This difference must reflect the preference of both annexin V and the pancreatic enzyme for an anionic phospholipid interface. In contrast, the venom enzyme is able to readily hydrolyse phosphatidylcholine domains that would be minimally affected by annexin V. Annexin V was an effective inhibitor of cardiolipin hydrolysis by the pancreatic PLA2, however the inhibition was of a more complex nature than seen with other phospholipids tested. Overall the results highlight the ability of annexin V to inhibit phospholipid hydrolysis by sPLA2's by an interfacial competition (substrate depletion) mechanism. The effectiveness of annexin V as an apparent inhibitor depends on the nature of the enzyme and the phospholipid substrate.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

An acidic fibroblast growth factor-like factor secreted into the brain cell culture medium upregulates apoE synthesis, HDL secretion and cholesterol metabolism in rat astrocytes.

Production and release of apolipoprotein (apo) E and cholesterol were highly upregulated in the astrocytes prepared by 1-week secondary culture after 1-month primary culture of rat fetal brain cells (M/W cells) in comparison to the cells prepared by a conventional method of 1-week primary and 1-week secondary culture (W/W cells). Both cell preparations were mostly composed of astrocytes with small population of other glial cells, except that type-2 astrocyte-like cells accounted for 5-15% of M/W cells indicating more activated and/or matured status. The conditioned medium of the 1-month primary culture stimulated W/W cells to increase the release of apoE and cholesterol into the medium. The treatment of W/W cells by acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) similarly upregulated biosyntheses and release of apoE and cholesterol. The effect of the conditioned medium was completely inhibited by pretreatment with an anti-aFGF antibody. The increase of the aFGF message was demonstrated in the brain cells after 1-month primary culture. The findings suggested that an aFGF-like trophic factor upregulates biosynthesis and secretion of apoE-high density lipoprotein (HDL) in astrocytes probably by autocrine stimulation in this culture system. Since this cytokine is highly expressed in the development or post-injury period of the brain, it putatively activates intercellular cholesterol transport to support construction or recovery of the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of long term results between prolactin secreting adenomas and ACTH secreting adenomas.

A series of 100 prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas was reviewed and demonstrated an early cure rate of 85.2% with a cure rate of 89% if prolactin was less than 200 ng/ml. For macroadenomas the cure rate was 50% giving an overall cure rate of 71% for the entire group. When long term (greater than 5 years) followup was obtained a 17% incidence of recurrence was noted for the microadenoma group with a 20% recurrence rate for the macroadenoma group. Secretory dynamic studies were done shortly after surgery and then after a delay. Many showed a return to normal prolactin secretory dynamic suggesting that the underlying hypothalamic regulation is normal in most patients. Abnormal secretory dynamics at 6 weeks post operative testing were not predictive of which patients would relapse as many patients who had abnormal dynamics early did not relapse even during prolonged followup. Conversely a normal response to provocative testing did not preclude late relapse. A similar series of 40 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease was reviewed. Tumor was found in all but three cases. 84% of patients were cured and thus far only one patient (2.5%) has shown late recurrence with this occurring at 6 2/3 years following surgery with normal stimulatory dynamics present for five years. The implication is that hypothalamic regulation is normal in Cushing's disease as well. The differences in recurrence rates may be reflective of the aggressiveness with which one disease is treated, with the acceptance of a higher incidence of hypopituitarism as a consequence of more radical surgery for Cushing's disease.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1989

A mucus-secreting human colonic cancer cell line. Purification and partial characterization of the secreted mucins.

A stably differentiated clonal derivative (Cl.16E) of the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 secretes in culture high-Mr glycoproteins that were purified from the serum-free conditioned medium by preparative SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the oligosaccharides released from the [3H]glucosamine-labelled high-Mr glycoproteins by alkaline-borohydride treatment showed that this material consisted of O-linked oligosaccharides (without any detectable N-linked oligosaccharides) that were eluted as three fractions from Bio-Gel P-6 columns. The main oligosaccharide fraction obtained after such treatment and desialylation was eluted together with a six-unit glucose polymer from a Bio-Gel P-4 column. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against the high-Mr glycoproteins, and in immunoblot analysis they reacted specifically with the high-Mr glycoproteins present in the conditioned medium. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of sections in paraffin wax revealed that these antibodies labelled normal human gastrointestinal mucins. We conclude that (1) the high-Mr glycoproteins prepared by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis are pure mucus glycoproteins on the basis of sensitivity to alkaline-borohydride treatment, monosaccharide composition and immunochemical and immunohistological findings, and (2) these mucins have antigenic determinants in common with the normal human gastrointestinal mucins.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Plasmodium ookinete-secreted proteins secreted through a common micronemal pathway are targets of blocking malaria transmission.

The mosquito midgut ookinete stage of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, possesses microneme secretory organelles that mediate locomotion and midgut wall egress to establish sporogonic stages and subsequent transmission. The purpose of this study was 2-fold: 1) to determine whether there exists a single micronemal population with respect to soluble and membrane-associated secreted proteins; and 2) to evaluate the ookinete micronemal proteins chitinase (PgCHT1), circumsporozoite and TRAP-related protein (CTRP), and von Willebrand factor A domain-related protein (WARP) as immunological targets eliciting sera-blocking malaria parasite infectivity to mosquitoes. Indirect immunofluorescence localization studies in Plasmodium gallinaceum using specific antisera showed that all three proteins are distributed intracellularly with a similar granular cytoplasmic appearance and with focal concentration of PgCHT1 and PgCTRP, but not PgWARP, at the ookinete apical end. Immunogold double-labeling electron microscopy, using antisera against the membrane-associated protein CTRP and the soluble WARP, showed that these two proteins co-localized to the same micronemal population. Within the microneme CTRP was associated peripherally at the microneme membrane, whereas PgCHT1 and WARP were diffuse within the micronemal lumen. Sera produced against Plasmodium falciparum WARP significantly reduced the infectivity of P. gallinaceum to Aedes aegypti and P. falciparum to Anopheles mosquitoes. Antisera against PgCTRP and PgCHT1 also significantly reduced the infectivity of P. gallinaceum for A. aegypti. These results support the concept that ookinete micronemal proteins may constitute a general class of malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidates.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 7. Influence of milk substitutes on abomasal lipolysis and biliary secretion.

1. The abomasal hydrolysis of lipids and the flow of endogenous (biliary) lipids was studied in two Friesian calves given four milk-substitute diets, by sampling the duodenal digesta. The diets were: reconstituted, mildly preheated, spray-dried skim-milk powder with (SKF) or without (SK) margarine fat or with 500 g/kg skim-milk powder in diet SKF replaced by soy-beran flour (ASKF) or fish-protein concentrate (BSKF) together with dried whey. The diets were given ad lib. twice daily from 13 to 37 d of age, each diet being given for six consecutive days. Collections of duodenal digesta from the re-entrant cannula situated caudal to the bile duct were made for 12 h after feeding the 6th and 12th meals for each diet. Samples from one collection only were subjected to detailed analysis of the lipid classes. 2. The inclusion of non-milk protein (ASKF and BSKF) not only increased the rate of passage of lipid through the abomasum but also the proportion of the lipid present as triglyceride particularly, in the first 2 h after feeding. 3. In a 12 h period, 2.3-6.3 g 'polar' lipids (mainly biliary phospholipids) were estimated to have been secreted. The rate of flow was high during the first hour after feeding and constant thereafter. The quantity of 'polar' lipid was not related to the type of milk fed or the duodenal flow of lipid. 4. When diet SK was fed, the small amounts of lipid present were extensively hydrolysed so that free fatty acids represented 700 g/kg lipid of dietary origin passing through the duodenum. When margarine fat was included in the diets (SKF, ASKF and BSKF), the free fatty acids represented only 210 g/kg lipid of dietary origin. 5. The quantities of lipid and nitrogen passing through the duodenum were poorly related to the quantities ingested at the beginning of the 12 h experimental period but were closely related to each other.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2002

Contrasting effects of long-term treatment with IFN-gamma in endothelial cells: increase in IL-6 secretion versus decrease in IL-8 secretion, NF-kappa B, and AP-1 activation.

The benefit of neutrophil exclusion from type 1 T helper cell (TH1) inflammatory processes was demonstrated in clinical studies. Increased recruitment of lymphocytes and monocytes to endothelium and impaired recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) following interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment were described. The present study demonstrates that a 24 h treatment with IFN-gamma increases interleukin (IL)-6 release but reduces IL-8 secretion of both untreated and of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated endothelial cells (ECs), favoring the attraction of lymphocytes but not of neutrophils. Alteration of cytokine release was accompanied by reduced basal and TNF-alpha-stimulated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity. However, IFN-gamma application neither altered gene expression of both TNF-alpha receptors (p55 and p75) nor cellular density of TNF-alpha receptor-2 (p75). Therefore, immune-modulatory action of IFN-gamma seems to be mediated by signal transduction molecules.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1986

Studies on the secretion of amino acids and of urea into the gastro intestinal tract of pigs. 1. Secretion of leucine into the stomach and upper part of the duodenum during continuous intravenous infusion of 14C-leucine.

Three pigs of 34 kg live weight were fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the duodenum, and with two catheters placed in the jugular vein and carotid artery. They were fed 1.2 kg/d of wheat-dried-skimmed milk diet. Digesta from the proximal duodenal cannula were collected for 12 h on 2 consecutive days; 50% were reintroduced into the respective distal cannula and 50% were stored at -20 degrees C. Three days later 14C-leucine was infused into the jugular vein for 12 h, starting with the morning meal. During this period the digesta from the proximal cannula were collected and stored for analysis while the digesta collected previously were reintroduced into the distal cannula. Blood samples were taken from the carotid artery. The total flow of duodenal digesta in 12 h was 5760 +/- 530 g. On average 70 percent of the radioactivity in digesta was associated with the TCA-precipitable fraction. During hours 0-3 and 11-12 of infusion 60-70% and 96-98% of the radioactivity in the TCA precipitable fractions was in leucine. In the TCA soluble fraction only 30-40 per cent of the radioactivity was associated with leucine. At the plateau 2.1 and 3.3% of infused 14C-leucine and of radioactivity were recovered in the duodenal digesta. The calculated amount of endogenous protein passing the duodenum was 20.4 g/d/pig. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on protein synthesis and secretion in which 14C- and 15N-amino acids were used.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Synthesis and secretion of proteins by perifused caput epididymal tubules, and association of secreted proteins with spermatozoa.

We have used perifusion organ culture of proximal and distal caput epididymal tubules of the rat to study the secretion of proteins by epididymal epithelium and uptake of the luminal radioactive proteins by sperm. The amount of incorporation of L-[35S]methionine into luminal fluid proteins was time dependent and completely inhibited by cycloheximide. The association of labeled proteins with cultured sperm was also dependent on time and continuous, with sperm still acquiring labeled luminal proteins after protein synthesis was arrested. A Mr = 46,000 molecule was found to be heavily labeled in luminal fluid and sperm extracts. Fluorograms of all L-[35S]methionine extracts immunoprecipitated using an antiepididymal alpha-lactalbumin antibody (Klinefelter and Hamilton, 1984) showed labeling of an Mr = 18,000 molecule and, in addition, the Mr = 46,000 molecule, but immunostaining was specific only for the Mr = 18,000 molecule and the heavy chain of the immunoglobulin. We suggest that the Mr = 46,000 molecule may be galactosyltransferase. Galactose oxidase-NaB[3H]4 labeling of the cultured caput sperm cell surface revealed a Mr = 23,000 molecule that was able to be immunoprecipitated with antiepididymal alpha-lactalbumin antibody. Our data suggest that this cell surface molecule is similar to one component of the fluid epididymal alpha-lactalbumin-like complex and, in addition, show that glycosylation of the sperm surface can occur in the caput epididymidis.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Purification, secretion and immunocytochemical localization of the uterine milk proteins, major progesterone-induced proteins in uterine secretions of the sheep.

Restriction of the conceptus to one uterine horn of the pregnant ewe results in the accumulation of fluid called uterine milk (UTM) in the contralateral horn. Two basic polypeptides, called the uterine milk proteins (UTM-proteins; Mr = 55,000 and 57,000 as determined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis using sodium dodecyl sulfate), accounted for the majority of the protein in uterine milk. The two UTM-proteins were glycoproteins and were readily purified from uterine fluids by cation-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose followed by Sephacryl S-200 gel-filtration. The purified UIM-proteins had a weight-average molecular weight of 50,700 +/- 4,200, as determined by equilibrium sedimentation analysis. Endometrial explants from pregnant ewes were cultured in the presence of radioactive amino acids and released UTM-proteins into the medium as their major secretory products. The UTM-proteins were secreted into the uterine lumen of nonpregnant, ovariectomized ewes given daily injections of progesterone. Estrone alone was ineffective in inducing UTM-protein production. Immunocytochemical studies indicated that synthesis of the UTM-proteins was confined to the surface and glandular epithelium of the uterus.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Secretion of gonadotropins and estimated releasable pools of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins during establishment of suckling-induced inhibition of gonadotropin secretion in the sow.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate relationships between changes in hypothalamic GnRH, pituitary and serum gonadotropins, and ovarian function during the first week postpartum in lactating multiparous sows. In experiment 1, our hypothesis was that sows would have active LH secretion immediately after parturition and that suckling would inhibit LH concentrations within the first 3 days postpartum. Sows were killed at Day 1 (n = 5) or Day 7 (n = 5) of lactation, and blood samples were taken every 6 h from 48 h before parturition until 24 h (Day 1 sows) or 156 h (Day 7 sows) after parturition. Preoptic area (POA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), stalk median eminence (SME), anterior pituitary (AP), and ovaries were collected at slaughter. On Day 1, sows had fewer (p < 0.05) small follicles (< 4 mm diameter), but more (p < 0.05) medium (4-6 mm) and large (> 6 mm) follicles, than sows on Day 7 (20 +/- 2, 6.5 +/- 1.1, 2.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 26.3 +/- 3, 0, and 0, respectively). Serum LH and FSH decreased (p < 0.04) during the period from 24 to 48 h postpartum and remained low through Day 7. GnRH concentrations in POA, MBH, and SME and the proportion of residual GnRH released in vitro in response to K+ did not differ between Day 1 and 7. Weights of AP were not different, but pituitary concentrations (microgram/mg) of LH and FSH increased (p < 0.05) from Day 1 to 7 (LH: 0.27 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.01; FSH: 2.6 +/- 0.07 vs. 7.8 +/- 0.8, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Secretion-stimulating and secretion-inhibiting hormones stimulate high-affinity pertussis-toxin-sensitive GTPases in membranes of a pituitary cell line.

Different peptide hormones influence hormone secretion in pituitary cells by diverse second messenger systems. Recent data indicate that luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulates and somatostatin inhibits voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels of GH3 cells via pertussis-toxin-sensitive mechanisms [Rosenthal et al. (1988) EMBO J. 7, 1627-1633]. In other pituitary cell lines, somatostatin has been shown to cause a pertussis-toxin-sensitive decrease in adenylate cyclase activity, and LHRH and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulate phosphoinositol lipid hydrolysis in a pertussis-toxin-independent manner. Whether stimulation of Ca2+ influx by TRH is affected by pertussis toxin is not known. In order to elucidate which of the hormone receptors interact with pertussis-toxin-sensitive and -insensitive G-proteins, we measured the effects of LHRH, somatostatin and TRH on high-affinity GTPases in membranes of GH3 cells. In control membranes, both LHRH and TRH stimulated the high-affinity GTPase by 20%, somatostatin by 25%. Maximal hormone effects were observed at a concentration of about 1 microM. Pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin abolished pertussis-toxin-catalyzed [32P]ADP-ribosylation of 39-40-kDa proteins in subsequently prepared membranes and reduced basal GTPase activity. The toxin also reduced by more than half the increases in GTPase activity induced by LHRH and TRH; stimulation of GTPase by somatostatin was completely suppressed. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was not impaired by pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin. Somatostatin but not LHRH and TRH decreased forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The results suggest that the activated receptors for LHRH and TRH act via pertussis-toxin-sensitive and -insensitive G-proteins, whereas effects of somatostatin are exclusively mediated by pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-proteins.

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin↗
PubMed2000

Mutation of waaN reduces Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced enteritis and net secretion of type III secretion system 1-dependent proteins.

Mutation of waaN, a gene involved in lipid A biosynthesis, reduced enteropathogenic responses induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in bovine ligated ileal loops. However, the secretion of key virulence determinants was also reduced, and therefore the reduction in enteropathogenicity cannot be solely attributed to a reduction in biological activity of lipid A.

Acyltransferases↗