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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effects of dietary intake of soy protein and isoflavones on cardiovascular disease risk factors in high risk, middle-aged men in Scotland.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of soy protein and isoflavones on blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol levels among high risk middle-aged Scottish men. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group dietary intervention study SETTING: Inhabitants on Isles of Lewis and Harris in Scotland SUBJECTS: Sixty-one men with relatively higher BP and/or total cholesterol (TC) levels aged 45 to 59 went through the dietary intervention. INTERVENTION: Diets containing at least 20 g of soy protein and 80 mg of isoflavones were compared to the placebo diets. Intervention period was 5 weeks duration. RESULTS: Significant difference was found in 24-hour urinary isoflavone excretion between the two groups after intervention. Significant reductions from the baselines were observed in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), TC and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in the soy-containing diet group, but not in the olive oil containing active placebo group. Significant increases in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were observed in both groups. CONCLUSION: Dietary intakes of soy protein (at least 20 g) and isoflavones (at least 80 mg) for 5 weeks would be effective in reducing CHD risk among high-risk, middle-aged men.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol use among college students in Scotland compared with norms from the United States.

Four hundred fifty-six undergraduates at a Scottish university completed the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey, an instrument widely used in the United States to examine the nature, scope, and consequences of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses. The Scottish students were found to drink more frequently, consume more alcohol, and engage in binge drinking more often than their American counterparts. The Scottish students also demonstrated higher rates of hangovers, missed classes, and blackouts than the Americans, but the percentage of American students who had driven while intoxicated was greater than that of the Scots. Focus groups of students in Scotland and interviews with student affairs personnel and local officials indicated that student drinking is not generally viewed as a problem because extensive alcohol use appears to be part of Scottish culture and is readily accepted. Students reported that their drinking, other than in pubs, was spread out over time and was associated with eating and social activities. At student social events where alcohol was served, there was little evidence of loud, inappropriate, aggressive, or otherwise rowdy behavior; drinking appeared to be handled in a more controlled, safe, and responsible way than among US college students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The effect of depth on the accrual of marine biofilms on glass substrata deployed in the Clyde Sea, Scotland.

Recent concerns about fouling problems caused by biofilms affecting optical oceanographic instruments have highlighted the need for a better understanding of their nature and extent in the marine environment. Glass slides were deployed in April and August for periods of up to 3 weeks at 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 m in the water column of Loch Fyne, Clyde Sea, W Scotland. Biofilms were enumerated using epifluorescence and bright field microscopy. During April the biofilm community varied significantly with depth, although this effect was attributable solely to changes in the diatom community. Diatom numbers peaked between 10 and 20 m. During August the biofilm community also showed a significant depth effect, although in this case there were significant effects for diatoms, rods, and filamentous bacteria. Cell numbers for diatoms, filamentous bacteria, and rod shaped bacteria peaked at 5 m. There was a significant linear relationship between the number of diatoms and bacteria on the slides deployed in August. No such relationship was found for the April data. The results indicate that optical performance may be significantly degraded after a few weeks and highlights the need for provision of suitable strategies to protect such surfaces from biofilm accumulation.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1996

The measurement of radioactivity in people living near the Dounreay Nuclear Establishment, caithness, scotland.

In 1986, a statistically significant excess of leukaemia was reported in young people living near the Dounreay Nuclear Establishment in northern Scotland. The committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARF) confirmed this finding and concluded that, based on conventional dose and risk estimates, the radioactive discharges from the plant could not be held responsible. However, COMARF, recognizing the uncertainties involved in the dose and risk calculations, recommended that levels of radioactivity should be measured in the general population living near the plant. Alpha-emitting contamination has been measured by urinary 239Pu analysis and 241Am in-vivo skull measurements in 66 subjects associated with the Dounreay area and in 42 subjects living remote from reprocessing plants. Whole-body counting was employed to check for gamma ray-emitting contamination. Urinary 90Sr and chromosome abnormality analyses were also carried out on subsets of the study group. No significant inter-group differences for measurements of contamination were demonstrated for groups of leukaemia cases, siblings, parents, matched local controls and controls living remote from reprocessing plants. The findings suggest that it is unlikely that the observed increased incidence in leukaemia is due to the single factor of personal radioactive contamination from the Dounreay Nuclear Establishment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Peripheral counter-urbanization: findings from an integration of census and survey data in Northern Scotland.

"This paper systematically relates local survey data to national census data in an investigation of one peripheral form of counter-urbanization now regarded as widely present in developed countries. The recent growth and spatial distribution of long-distance English migration to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland is described, and then 'explained' through multivariate analysis of cross-sectional data and through the stated motivations and characteristics of surveyed migrants to some of the remoter, rural parts of the region. The study reveals the importance of environmental and quality of life considerations." (summary in FRE, GER)

Behavior↗
PubMed2002

Bottle wars: England versus Scotland versus France.

Four batches of four brands of bottled water from England, Scotland and France were tested for their microbiological and physicochemical characteristics during a 2-month study. The lowest priced brand of water had the highest nitrate content (46.9 mg/L), while the most expensive brand did not necessarily have the best values for pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity or plate count. While no sample was positive for E. coli, the range of other measured values varied widely between brands and batches during the study. The bottled water samples from France on average demonstrated better results than the other countries studied.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2004

Survival in young patients (less than 40 years) with follicular lymphoma: a population based study by the Scotland and Newcastle Lymphoma Group.

We have examined in a population-based observational study the survival of young patients (less than 40 years) with follicular lymphoma (FL) treated conventionally and followed for up to 17 years (minimum 10, median 13 years). Data were derived from the Scotland and Newcastle Lymphoma Group (SNLG) database from 1986. Histology of all available cases was reviewed to ensure that patients met the modern criteria for diagnosis of FL. Of 55 patients identified from the database, 46 were confirmed to have follicular lymphoma. There were 25 males and 21 females, median age 34 years (range 16-39). Thirty-four patients presented with advanced stage disease (Stages III and IV). The majority of patients received initial treatment with chemotherapy, though 7 had surgery (biopsy or splenectomy) alone and 7 radiotherapy alone. All 12 patients with early stage disease showed a complete response (CR) with initial therapy; 6 relapsed and 2 have died (1 of transformation to high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). Overall survival of patients presenting with stage IIIA disease was 68% at 10 years, and 69% for patients in stages IIIB and IV. The SNLG prognostic index for low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was predictive for overall survival. The 71% overall survival in this patient cohort at 10 years provides a baseline for comparison with the results of a more aggressive approach to treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Moving towards integrated working in health and social care in Scotland: from maze to matrix.

The development of integrated working across health and social care has featured strongly in recent policy directives in both England and Scotland. This is part of a wider agenda of partnership and collaboration, with a range of options from the creation of unified structures as in the care trusts in England to localised arrangements for joint working between individual professionals. This article presents a detailed matrix of drivers and barriers to integrated working which has been developed through a number of case studies of community care practice pursued as part of work undertaken for the Joint Future Group of the Scottish Executive. Drivers and barriers in three key areas are highlighted: national policy frameworks, the local planning context, and operational factors. It is anticipated that the matrix should provide a useful framework for the detailed scrutiny and operationalisation of integrated working.

Delivery of Health Care, Integrated↗
PubMed2005

Professional perceptions of joint working in primary care and social care services for older people in Scotland.

The purpose of this paper is to report health and social care professionals' perceptions on joint working for the care of older people in Scotland. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 primary care and social care professionals. These professionals emphasised that joint working requires a fundamental change in thinking and a scrutiny of professional roles and identities and is influenced by the given geographical and organisational infrastructure. In order to facilitate sustained joint working knowledge and models of care bespoke to joint working need to be developed. This requires health and social care organisations to focus on the co-creation and generation of new knowledge by health and social care professionals as well as the communication and exchange of existing knowledge between services. However, joint working also needs to be based on patient views to guarantee a whole systems perspective.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Empowerment and decision-making for people with dementia: the use of legal interventions in Scotland.

Dementia is associated with a decline in the ability to reason and make judgements thereby affecting a person's ability to make sound decisions. Others are not legally entitled to make these decisions until they have been assigned legal jurisdiction to do so. It is not clear, however, the extent to which people with dementia rely on available legal interventions. The growing emphasis on early diagnosis for people with dementia provides an opportunity for people to plan and control decisions about financial management and welfare and may well lead to an increase in the uptake of these interventions. This paper coincides with a move to reform outdated Scottish Law with the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000. This legislation proposes a more integrated and flexible approach to the legal management of the affairs of people with reduced decision-making capability. The paper reviews of the recent literature on the use of legal interventions for people with dementia and their families, and discusses the empowering or disempowering nature of the interventions.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2000

Pill knowledge amongst oral contraceptive users in family planning clinics in Scotland: facts, myths and fantasies.

OBJECTIVES: To document the extent of understanding about the combined pill amongst oral contraceptive users in Scotland. METHOD: A questionnaire was distributed to 2700 pill users in Scottish family planning clinics prior to their consultation with a clinician for a repeat prescription. RESULTS: Knowledge was patchy and usually incomplete in any given area. CONCLUSION: Counselling and teaching about oral contraceptives are important parts of the clinical consultation; even if the user appears knowledgeable about their contraceptive method, there are likely to be some areas where their knowledge could be improved.

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Voices from the past: early institutional experience of children with disabilities--the case of Scotland.

In the countries of the western world, the institutional option for confining and endeavouring to 'correct' traits and attributes of people who did not conform to a rising consciousness of 'normalcy' developed rapidly during the 19th century. Scotland, a small, but rapidly urbanizing and industrializing country on the edge of Europe, was not an exception, but in its adoption of the institutional option for children with disabilities, its responses and objectives to different forms of impairment followed an uneven path. This article considers the reason for this erratic response, and the varied objectives of those responses, in the context of different forms of impairment and the differing interests of those with a professional or philanthropic involvement. The responses of some of the children directly affected are also considered.

Charities↗
PubMed1996

Deciding to move home: a preliminary analysis of household migration behaviour in Scotland.

"This paper examines data from a mainland Scotland survey of household migration into owner-occupied properties identified from the Register of Sasines. Plotting of movements reveals migration patterns, but of arguably greater interest are the increasingly segmented and largely unexplored household decisions which drive migration. The purpose of the survey was to reveal something of these migration processes. Overview results presented here confirm that most moves are short distance, reasons for moving differ according to distance travelled, and although employment remains important for long-distance moves, its significance has declined in favour of quality of life considerations."

Demography↗
PubMed2001

The central Scotland Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak: risk factors for the hemolytic uremic syndrome and death among hospitalized patients.

Little is known about risk factors for complications of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in adults. The 1996 outbreak in central Scotland involved the largest number of adult case patients in whom hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) developed and, ultimately, the largest number of deaths associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection that has yet been recorded. We investigated risk factors for HUS in a retrospective study of all hospitalized case patients in this outbreak. Of 120 case patients, 34 had HUS develop, 28 of whom were adults. Sixteen adults died. Significant risk factors for HUS were age <15 years or >65 years (odds ratio [OR], 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-14.4), hypochlorhydria (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.9-24.0), and coincidental antibiotics (OR, 4.7; 95% CI 1.4-16.5). Factors associated with HUS were as follows: white blood cell count >20 x 10(9) cells/L (OR, 8.25; 95% CI, 1.1-60.3), neutrophil count >15 x 10(9) cells/L (OR, 8.5; 95% CI, 1.5-50.1), and serum albumin level <35 g/L (OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 1.2-42.5) < or =3 days after symptom onset. Deaths were confined to case patients >65 years of age. Early identification of risk factors for HUS is vital and could select case patients for trials of preventative and treatment therapies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Invasive pneumococcal disease in Scotland, 1999-2001: use of record linkage to explore associations between patients and disease in relation to future vaccination policy.

A record linkage study was done to provide comprehensive data on the epidemiologic characteristics of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Scotland. The overall incidence of IPD was 11 cases/10(5) persons and 21 cases/10(5) persons <1 year of age, 51 cases/10(5) persons 1 year of age, 45 cases/10(5) elderly persons (age > or =65 years), 176-483 cases/10(5) persons with chronic medical conditions, and 562-2031 cases/10(5) persons with severe immunosuppression. The case-fatality rate was 11% among elderly persons and ranged from 3% to 13% among persons with underlying medical conditions. The most common pneumococcal serogroups associated with IPD were 14, 9, 6, 19, 23, 8, and 4. Serogroups included in the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine caused the majority of cases of IPD. The proportion of IPD due to the 7-, 9-, and 11-valent conjugate vaccine serogroups was lower among older people and persons with underlying medical conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Spread of the multiresistant Iberian clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to Italy and Scotland.

The multidrug-resistant "Iberian" clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was first identified on the basis of its unique DNA fingerprints as the strain responsible for the massive 1989 outbreak of MRSA disease in the hospital Princeps d'Espanya, Barcelona, Spain. Most Iberian MRSA carry a constitutive beta-lactamase. They are resistant to most beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, rifampin and ciprofloxacin and are susceptible to fosfomycin, fusidic acid, mupirocin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and vancomycin. The characteristic DNA fingerprints of the clone include the mecA polymorph I, Tn554 pattern E (or its variants), a chromosomal macrorestriction pattern (pulsed-field gel electrophoretic type) A (or its subtype variants), the lack of the mecI regulatory gene and a homogeneous, high level of expression of methicillin resistance. Molecular surveillance studies have documented the extensive spread of this clone to many Portuguese hospitals during the 1990s. In this article, we describe the spread of the Iberian MRSA to hospitals in Rome, Italy, and Scotland.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Registered private nursing homes in Scotland: referral and assessment practice.

The results on referral to and assessment for nursing homes, taken from a national survey of all registered private nursing homes in Scotland, are reported in this paper. The findings challenge the view that nursing homes do little by way of assessing potential candidates and that what is done is somehow at variance with the type of assessments carried out in the public long-stay sector. The implications for the future of the traditional view of which professionals should be involved in the assessment of candidates for nursing homes are discussed as are the criteria they might use to make their assessments.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

Fatness and mortality in the West of Scotland.

Sixteen-yr mortality data for 2381 males between the ages of 45 to 75 from the West of Scotland show that the lean rather than the obese have a higher mortality rate. However, analyzed by cause of death, it is seen that lean individuals show an excess of cancer-related deaths while obese individuals show excess cardiovascular mortality. Comparing smoking and nonsmoking males, the deleterious effects of smoking are clearly demonstrable at all fatness levels. Since obese males have a higher cardiovascular mortality and lean males show an excess of cancer-related deaths, the notion of a single "ideal weight" may be challenged.

Aged↗