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PubMed2006

Microbiological contamination of pig carcasses at different stages of slaughter in two European Union-approved abattoirs.

At sequential steps of slaughter (scalding, dehairing, singeing, polishing, trimming, washing, and chilling), 200 pig carcasses from two abattoirs were examined for total viable bacteria count (TVC) and the presence of Enterobacteriaceae and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS) by the wet-dry double-swab technique at the neck, belly, back, and ham. Before scalding, mean TVCs ranged from 5.0 to 6.0 log CFU cm(-2), and Enterobacteriaceae and CPS were detected on all carcasses. At abattoir A, mean TVCs and the percentage of Enterobacteriaceae-positive carcasses were reduced (P < 0.05) after scalding (1.9 log CFU cm(-2) and 12%, respectively), singeing (1.9 log CFU cm(-2) and 66%, respectively), and blast chilling (2.3 log CFU cm(-2) and 17%, respectively) and increased (P < 0.05) after dehairing (3.4 log CFU cm(-2) and 100%, respectively) and polishing (2.9 log CFU cm(-2)). The proportion of CPS-positive samples decreased to < or = 10% after scalding and remained at this level. At abattoir B, mean TVCs and the percentages of Enterobacteriaceae- and CPS-positive carcasses were reduced (P < 0.05) after scalding (2.4 log CFU cm(-2) and 29 and 20%, respectively), polishing (3.7 log CFU cm(-2)), and chilling (2.6 log CFU cm(-2) and 55 and 77%, respectively) and increased (P < 0.05) after the combined dehairing-singeing (4.7 log CFU cm(-2) and 97 and 100%, respectively). Among sites, the neck tended to yield higher levels of contamination from trimming to chilling at both abattoirs (P < 0.05). Consequently, scalding, singeing, and chilling may be integrated in a hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system for pig slaughter. As indicated by the higher levels of contamination on carcasses after dehairing-singeing and the following stages at abattoir B, each abattoir should develop its own baseline data and should customize HACCP systems to match process- and site-specific circumstances.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

[The effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on myofibroblasts and its significance on wound healing].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the outcome of myofibroblasts in burn wounds, and to further explore the mechanism of bFGF on wound healing. METHODS: Seventy-two Wistar rats were anaesthetized and put into hot water at the temperature of 98 degrees C with their back hair cut so as to cause full-thickness scald injury with an area of 30% of the total body surface. Then the rats were randomly divided into two groups of 36 mice: pure thermal injury group (administered with sterilization and dressing every other day for three times) and bFGF treatment group (administered locally with bFGF every other day in addition to the routine dressing). Three hours, six hours, one day, three days, seven days, and fourteen days after scalding samples of skin wound was taken, six rats for each time-point. Six rats were put into water at the temperature of 37 degrees C as controls and their skin samples were taken 8s after. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques were employed to detect the expression of caspase mRNA and proteins. alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were detected by immunohistochemical staining at different time points after scalding. RESULTS: No obvious difference of ASMA expression in dermal tissues was seen at the early stage of injury. The number of cells with positive ASMA expression began to increase 1 approximately 3 days after and reached the peak by the 7th day after scalding, and then decreased gradually. The ASMA expression in bFGF group was remarkably increased by the 7th day, significantly higher than that in the pure thermal injury group (P < 0.05). By the 14th day, the ASMA expression in the bFGF group was still significantly higher than that in pure thermal injury group (P < 0.01), however, it was much lower than that in the bFGF group by the 7th day. By the 14th days after scald injury. The number of TGF-beta1 positive cells began to increase since the 3rd hour after scald injury and began to decrease by the 14th day in both experimental groups. However, the TGF-beta1 expression in bFGF group was stronger than that in pure thermal injury group. The expressions of caspase-3 mRNA and protein in bFGF group changed in the same way as in the simple injured group. Three hours after injury, the expression of caspase-3 mRNA was lower in bFGF group than in pure injury group (P < 0.05). Then the expression decreased till the 3rd day. Six hours after injury, no difference in the expression of caspase-3 mRNA was found between the two experimental groups. The expression of caspase-3 reached its second peak by the 7th day and then decreased again. However, the first expression peak of the bFGF group was lower than that of the pure thermal injury group, however, the second peak of the bFGF group was higher. CONCLUSION: Myofibroblasts may play a critical role in wound closure and healing. bFGF treatment may increase the expression of TGF-beta1 and have a potential synergistic effect with other growth factors to stimulate the apoptosis of myofibroblasts during wound healing.

Actins↗
PubMed1994

Effects of pentafraction administration on microvascular permeability alterations induced by graded thermal injury.

BACKGROUND: Pentafraction is a pentastarch derivative hypothesized to limit burn edema by "sealing" damaged capillaries, restoring a barrier to fluid translocation and macromolecular (protein) flux. METHODS: Canine hind paw lymph flow (QL) and lymph (CL) and plasma (CP) protein concentrations were measured before and for 6 hours after (1) 5-second 100 degrees C (n = 6) or 80 degrees C (n = 6) foot paw scald, (2) 100 degrees C (n = 5) or 80 degrees C (n = 5) foot paw scald followed 30 minutes later by a 4 cc/kg bolus of 6% pentafraction, or (3) pentafraction infusion without scald (n = 5). Before scald or pentafraction infusion, hind paw venous pressure was elevated and maintained by outflow restriction until a steady state, minimal CL/CP was reached. The reflection coefficient, sigma d, was determined as 1-CL/CP, and the (fluid) filtration coefficient (Kf) was calculated. RESULTS: Scalding uniformly produced statistical (p < 0.05, ANOVA) increases in QL, CL/CP, sigma d, Kf, and paw weight gain. Postburn pentafraction infusion produced no enduring alterations in any measured parameter as compared with those of animals who received a matched severity scald without pentafraction. CONCLUSIONS: Pentafraction does not appreciably ameliorate the adverse microcirculatory consequences observed at the site of burn injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Permeation of skin and eschar by antiseptics II: influence of controlled burns on the permeation of phenol.

The safe antiseptic use of phenol over the burn-traumatized surface depends on knowledge of how the systemic accumulation of phenol is affected by burn processes. To gain insight into the underlying permeation phenomenon, the diffusion of phenol and a reference cosolute, methanol, through both scalded and branded dorsal skin sections of the hairless mouse was studied as a function of burn temperature using in vitro diffusion cells. Temperatures up to 100 and 150 degrees were used for scalding and branding, respectively, using a 60-sec; exposure time. Permeability coefficients of the traumatized skins were assessed at 37 degrees and compared with control values. Coefficients of both permeating species were not increased significantly by burn temperatures up to 70 degrees applied either by scalding or branding, however, at higher temperatures exaggerated increases in permeation rates were noted. A limiting increase of approximately 7 times the control value was noted for phenol irrespective of the burn method. Permeability of methanol was altered even more dramatically and at 100 degrees by scalding and 150 degrees by branding was over 50 times the control rate. At 80 and 100 degrees for methanol and at 80 degrees for phenol, scalding produced larger increases in the permeability coefficients than branding. Since contact for 1 min at 60 degrees is capable of producing a full-thickness burn injury, it is clear that eschar permeability to phenol immediately postburn is not related to the clinical degree of burning, but is a function of the thermal intensity (hotness) of the burn stimulus. Full-thickness wounds can be expected to have highly variable rates of systemic absorption as a direct consequence of the wide-ranging permeability possible for such burns, with the risks of topical application varying accordingly.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Hot water burns in Cape Town.

Scalds are common in South Africa and accounted for 21.6 per cent of the admissions to the Burns Unit of the University of Cape Town. Two hundred and forty adult patients (160 males, 80 females) with a mean age of 34.2 years were admitted for treatment of scalds between 1985 and June 1992. One hundred and thirteen sustained their scalds accidentally while 127 patients were assaulted with hot water. Epilepsy accounted for 11 per cent of the accidental burns. The head and neck was involved in 16.8 per cent of accidental burns and in 84.9 per cent of assaults. A quarter of the scalds to the trunk and limbs were caused by assault compared with 75 per cent caused by accidents. Beta haemolytic streptococcus was the second commonest organism isolated from the burn wound (57 patients). In 19 per cent of these patients a weekly course of penicillin and erythromycin did not eradicate the streptococcus and clindamycin was required. Accidental scalds usually affect the lower body and limbs whereas assault with hot water commonly involves the head and neck. Streptococcus is a common organism in the Burns Unit and is becoming more difficult to eradicate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Ibuprofen modulates tissue perfusion in partial-thickness burns.

INTRODUCTION: The anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects of ibuprofen and heparin may enhance skin perfusion in cutaneous scald burns. To test this hypothesis, skin perfusion and edema formation in scald burned rabbit ears were measured. METHOD: Eighteen rabbits (3.5-4.5 kg) received partial-thickness scald burns to one ear and then were given normal saline, n = 6, 20 mg/kg ibuprofen, n = 6, or 700 IU/kg heparin, n = 6. Skin perfusion, blood flow and edema formation in the burned ear were measured with laser Doppler, ultrasound flowmeter and skin calipers, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc Scheffe's test for comparison between groups. RESULTS: Blood flow to the scald burned ear increased 10-15 times that of baseline with tissue perfusion increasing by 70% within 0.5 h compared to pre-burn. Ibuprofen maintained the elevated tissue perfusion for 5 h while the heparin and saline groups showed decreases to 95 and 35% of pre-burn values, respectively. The heparin and ibuprofen groups demonstrated significant increases in ear perfusion at 4 and 5 h postburn. Ibuprofen also showed a significant difference within the first hour postburn, p<0.01. Wet to dry weight ratios in burned ear tissue were greater in rabbits receiving saline or heparin compared to ibuprofen at 3.6+/-0.2 and 2.9+/-0.3 vs. 2.1+/-0.1, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Ibuprofen increases tissue perfusion and reduces edema formation in scald burned rabbit ears.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Socio-demographic risk factors for home-type injuries in Swedish infants and toddlers.

UNLABELLED: In this paper we use data from Swedish national registers to study socio-demographic patterns of hospital admissions as a result of injuries sustained at home (poisoning, falls, scalding and ingestion/intrusion of foreign objects) in children 0-3 y. The study population comprised 546 336 children born in Sweden during the period 1987-91. The different injury mechanisms peaked at different ages: ingestion of foreign objects at 10-12 mo, scald injuries at 13-15 mo, non-drug poisoning at 16-18 mo and drug poisoning at 24-30 mo. In a multivariate analysis it was demonstrated that children of young mothers (<24 y) were more likely to have been admitted to hospital because of fall injuries and poisonings, while children with more than two siblings had a slightly increased risk for all injuries. Children of mothers born in a non-western country were more likely to have been admitted to hospital because of scald injuries; odds ratio (OR) 1.7 (95% CI: 1.4-2.1), while they were less likely to have been admitted because of fall injuries; OR 0.8 (0.7-0.8) and non-drug poisoning; OR 0.5 (0.4-0.6). Children in families who received social welfare benefits were more likely to have been admitted to hospital because of fall injuries; OR 1.3 (1.2-1.4), drug poisoning; OR 1.8 (1.7-2.0), non-drug poisoning; OR 1.4 (1.3-15) and scald injuries; OR 1.1 (1.1-1.5), while injuries with ingestion/intrusion of foreign objects tended to vary little with socio-economic indicators. CONCLUSION: Infants and toddlers in families with young mothers and in families on social welfare are at particular risk for home injuries in Sweden. The knowledge that the risk of poisoning, scalding and ingestion of foreign objects is related to specific ages can be used in timing of parent counselling.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2000

Effects of hot water application after defeathering on the levels of Campylobacter, coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli on broiler carcasses.

Scalding has been found to lower the levels of Campylobacter on broiler carcasses. However, the numbers recovered from whole-carcass rinse samples increase following defeathering. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of a second scald applied after defeathering on microbial levels recovered from carcass rinses. Four treatments were evaluated: 1) immersion at 60 C for 28 s 30 min after defeathering, 2) immersion at 60 C for 28 s immediately after defeathering, 3) spray at 73 C for 20 s 30 min after defeathering, and 4) spray at 71 C for 20 s immediately after defeathering. As reported earlier, a significant increase in Campylobacter counts per mL whole carcass rinse was noted after carcasses were defeathered. However, when applied 30 min after defeathering, neither the immersion nor the spray second scald treatments lowered the Campylobacter counts. Likewise, neither treatment had any affect on Escherichia coli or coliform bacteria counts, even though total counts were slightly reduced by the treatments. When the second scald treatment immediately followed defeathering, the same trends were observed. Campylobacter counts after the second scald remained at the postpick levels, as did counts for E. coli and coliform bacteria, but total plate counts were slightly reduced. Overall, it would appear that a postscald treatment gentle enough not to alter the carcass appearance or meat quality would not effectively lower Campylobacter, E. coli, or coliform bacteria counts.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Unheated water in the first tank of a three-tank broiler scalder.

Scalding with unheated water in the first tank of a simulated three-tank scalder was tested to determine whether carcass bacteria, efficiency of feather removal, and cooked breast meat tenderness are affected as compared with carcasses scalded at the same temperature (57 C) in all tanks. This experiment was performed on 3 d using 6-wk-old broilers. On each day, eight birds per treatment were processed. During the first 40-s scalding period, one carcass was placed in approximately 24 C water. The other carcass was placed simultaneously in a scalder unit containing approximately 2,050 L of water at 57 C. Carcasses were then held out of the water for 15 s, after which both were placed for 40 s in opposite ends of the scalder containing water at 57 C. After the second scalding period, both carcasses were again removed from the water for 15 s, followed by another 40 s in the 57 C water. Total scald time was 2 min for each treatment. After picking, carcasses were rinsed with 200 mL of sterile 0.1% peptone water for 1 min. Aerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli were enumerated and incidence of salmonella was determined by standard methods. After rinsing, carcasses were eviscerated by hand and chilled for 30 min in ice slush. All carcasses were scored for the presence of feathers, and the appearance and condition of the skin were noted. Four hours postmortem, breast fillets were removed from carcasses and chilled overnight at 2 C. The next morning, breast fillets were cooked to an internal endpoint temperature of 75 to 80 C. Warner-Bratzler shear values were measured to determine tenderness. No differences were found in numbers of aerobic bacteria and E. coli, incidence of salmonellae, tenderness of cooked breast meat, or number of feathers left on carcasses.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Cross contamination of turkey carcasses by Salmonella species during defeathering.

Salmonella present on the feathers of live birds could be a source of contamination to carcass skin during defeathering. In this study, the possibility of transfer of Salmonella from the feathers of live turkeys to carcass tissue during the defeathering process at a commercial turkey processing plant was investigated. The contribution of scald water and the fingers of the picker machines to cross contamination were also examined. Over 4 visits, swab samples were collected from 174 randomly selected tagged birds before and after defeathering. Two swab samples from the fingers of the picker machines and a sample of scald water were also collected during each visit. Detection of Salmonella was carried out following standard cultural and identification methods. The DNA fingerprints obtained from pulsed field gel electrophoresis of Salmonella serotypes isolated before and after defeathering, from scald water, and from the fingers of the picker machines were compared to trace cross contamination routes. Salmonella prevalence was similar before and after defeathering during visits 2 and 3 and significantly increased after defeathering during visits 1 and 4. Over the 4 visits, all Salmonella subtypes obtained after defeathering were also isolated before defeathering. The results of this study suggest that Salmonella was transferred from the feathers to carcass skin during each visit. On each visit, the Salmonella subtypes isolated from the fingers of the picker machines were similar to subtypes isolated before and after defeathering, indicating that the fingers facilitate carcass cross contamination during defeathering. Salmonella isolated from scald water during visit 4 was related to isolates obtained before and after defeathering, suggesting that scald water is also a vehicle for cross contamination during defeathering. By using molecular subtyping, this study demonstrated the relationship between Salmonella present on the feathers of live turkeys and carcass skin after defeathering, suggesting that decontamination procedures applied to the external surfaces of live turkeys could reduce Salmonella cross contamination during defeathering.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2000

C1 inhibitor prevents capillary leakage after thermal trauma.

OBJECTIVE: In burned patients, activation of the complement and clotting systems is suggested to play an important role in the development of the capillary leak syndrome and inflammatory tissue destruction. In an animal model of thermal trauma, the possible protective effect of C1 inhibitor (C1Inh), a major control protein of both the complement and clotting systems, was investigated. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: Animal model. SUBJECTS: Healthy pigs weighing 30 kg. INTERVENTIONS: Pigs were scalded for 25 secs with 75 degrees C hot water to achieve a 30% total body surface deep partial-thickness burn. The treatment group (n = 8) received C1Inh concentrate at an initial dose of 100 units/kg body weight immediately after thermal trauma, followed by three further applications every 12 hrs. Two control groups included animals that were either scalded (n = 8) or not scalded (n = 7) and treated with lactated Ringer's solution. MEASUREMENTS: Before and at various time points after trauma blood samples were analyzed for complement activation (APH50, CH50, SC5b-9, C3). Continuous monitoring of hemodynamic variables was performed and postmortem histologic examination of specimens from lung, heart, liver, kidney, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon was carried out. Aseptically collected mesenteric lymph nodes were pooled and screened for bacterial translocation. For evaluation of the burn wound, biopsies from defined scalded and not scalded areas were taken daily. As a measure for edema formation, the weight of the animals was recorded every 2 hrs. RESULTS: After C1Inh treatment, which led to a significantly reduced complement activation, the clinical outcome was clearly improved, as indicated by vital signs and as demonstrated by reduced edema formation. Treated animals presented a diminished bacterial translocation. Pathologic alterations were clearly diminished in the burned skin, in shock-related organs, and in the intestines. CONCLUSION: Application of C1Inh appears to be an effective means to prevent capillary leakage and inflammatory tissue destruction after thermal trauma.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine on postburn Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Guanosine triphosphate-cyclohydrolase I (GTP-CHI) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for the de novo biosynthesis of biopterin. The objective of present study was to observe the effect of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (DAHP), an inhibitor of GTP-CHI, on the development of postburn Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. DESIGN: A prospective, controlled animal study. SETTING: A research laboratory in a hospital. SUBJECTS: Male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Fifty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: normal control group (n = 10), scald control group (n = 10), postburn sepsis group (n = 20), and DAHP treatment group (n = 16). In the scald control group, rats were subjected to a 20% total body surface area third-degree scald injury and then were killed at 24 hrs. In the postburn sepsis group (n = 20), rats were inflicted with 20% total body surface area third-degree scald followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge, and they were further divided into 2- and 6-hr groups. In the DAHP treatment group (n = 16), animals were intraperitoneally injected with a dose of 1 g/kg DAHP before Staphylococcus aureus challenge and then were further divided into 2- and 6-hr groups. Tissue samples from liver, kidneys, lungs, and heart were collected to determine GTP-CHI, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA expression. Meanwhile, biopterin and nitric oxide concentrations in these tissues were also measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After the scald injury followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge, GTP-CHI messenger RNA expression and biopterin concentrations were significantly elevated in various tissues such as liver, heart, kidneys, and lungs, as were the values of inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA expression and nitric oxide formation (p <.01). Pretreatment with DAHP significantly reduced GTP-CHI/biopterin induction (p <.05-.01), and the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide was also suppressed. Furthermore, DAHP administration inhibited the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Two hours after septic challenge, tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA expression in liver, kidneys, and lungs in the DAHP-treated group was 35.7%, 37.3%, and 33.0% of that in the postburn septic group, respectively. Additionally, in animals without DAHP treatment, the 6-hr mortality rate was 55.6% (20 of 36), whereas it was only 25.0% in DAHP-treated animals (4 of 16, p =.08). CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with DAHP might be a potential strategy to prevent the development of postburn Staphylococcal sepsis, which appears to be associated with down-regulation of biopterin and nitric oxide formation by DAHP.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Postburn vitamin C infusions do not alter early postburn edema formation.

To determine whether vitamin C would alter burn induced edema accumulation, hind paw venous pressure, lymph flow (QL), and lymph-to-plasma protein ratio (CL/CP) were monitored in groups of 5 dogs before and 4 hours after 1) a 5 sec 100 degrees C or 90 degrees C foot paw scald; 2) intravenous vitamin C given 30 min before or after a 100 degrees C scald; and 3) vitamin C given 30 min after a 90 degrees C scald. Throughout the experiments, hind paw venous pressure was elevated and maintained by outflow restriction until steady state QL and (CL/CP)min were reached. Changes in protein permeability (CL/CP), fluid conductance properties (Kf) of the capillary membrane, and paw weight gain were determined. Compared with preburn values, scald uniformly produced significant (P < .05, ANOVA) increases in QL, CL/CP and Kf. Although preburn infusion of vitamin C significantly (P < .01) attenuated burn-induced increases in paw weight gain (36 +/- 3% vs 19 +/- 4%), neither of the groups that received vitamin C postburn experienced significant modulations in paw weight gain (28 +/- 4% vs 36 +/- 3% in 100 degrees C burn only; 23 +/- 4% vs 28 +/- 3% in 90 degrees C burn only) or in any of the variables used to monitor capillary membrane integrity. Vitamin C infusions initiated after graded scald produced no changes in the burn-induced increases in microvascular permeability or in edema formation measured at the injury site.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The effects of albumin administration on microvascular permeability at the site of burn injury.

In a canine hind leg model, lymph flow (QL), lymph (CL), and plasma (CP) total protein concentrations, the reflection coefficient for total proteins (sigma d), and the filtration coefficient (Kf) were determined before and for 6 hours after a 5-second 100 degrees C hind paw scald (3% total body surface area, TBSA). Before injury, hind leg venous pressure was elevated and maintained by outflow restriction until a minimal, steady-state CL/CP ratio was achieved. Albumin (5%) was infused 30 minutes after the scald at low (0.4 mL/kg/% TBSA) or high (2 mL/kg/% TBSA) doses. Scald uniformly increased QL, CL/CP, Kf, and paw weight gain (PWG). Whereas postburn infusion of low-dose albumin mildly attenuated increases in CL/CP and PWG noted in scald-alone animals, no differences were noted between the scald and scald/high-dose albumin groups.

Albumins↗
PubMed1998

The therapeutic effect of C1-inhibitor on gut-derived bacterial translocation after thermal injury.

To test the effects of C1-esterase inhibitor in scald burns on bacterial translocation and intestinal damage, standardized deep partial-thickness burns were inflicted on domestic pigs, scalding 30% of the skin surface for 25 s with 75 degrees C hot water. The animals (n = 17; weight 25-35 kg) were divided into three groups: I) the control group (n = 5) without scald burn; II) the group (n = 6) with scald burn; and III) the group with C1-inhibitor (n = 6): scald burn and treatment with C1-inhibitor (C1-INH; BERINERT, Behring, Marburg, Germany). Parameters measured and compared in this model were activity of complement system, hemodynamics, body weight, pathological organ alterations including intestinal lesions, bacterial translocation, and skin damage. C1-INH administration significantly decreased the plasma levels of the specific soluble membrane attack complex (SC5b-9), bacterial translocation, and the degree of intestinal ischemia in the postburn period compared with untreated animals. Moreover, animals treated with C1-INH exhibited a minor degree of organ alterations including damage of the skin and development of edema. The favorable effects of C1-INH may be explained by the protection of the intestinal and dermal microcirculation in the acute phase of thermal injury.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Population-based assessment of burn injury in southern Iowa: identification of children and young-adult at-risk groups and behaviors.

Although nonfatal burn injuries vastly outnumber fatal injuries, their epidemiology is not well defined. We sought to determine the epidemiology of nonfatal burn injuries in a largely rural region of a midwestern state to target intervention efforts at populations and injury mechanisms at risk. Data were retrospectively collected on a population-based sample of medically treated burn injuries in 10 counties in southern Iowa from 1997 to 1999 using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes (ICD-9-CM, Ncode 940-949) to identify burn-related emergency room visits from computerized lists. A total of 1430 emergency room visits were identified, with 1382 records available for review. Injuries were grouped into etiology subcategories to better delineate common mechanisms and determine methods of prevention. Scald and hot-object contact and flame-related injuries were the leading causes of burn injury. Scald and contact injuries were subdivided into three major sets of scenarios, scald and contact injuries related to household food preparation and consumption, work-related scald and contact injuries. and injuries resulting from contact with nonfood and nonbeverage-related household objects. Children ages 0 to 4 had the highest population-based scald and hot-object contact injury rate of all age groups, with an average annual incidence rate of 35.9 per 10,000. Injuries in this age group were most commonly related to household objects (34.7%) followed by food preparation (25.3%). Children and young adults ages 5 to 24 were also the most likely to be injured by flame and fire-related causes secondary to open fires. Nonfatal burn injuries typically afflict children and young adults in definable patterns, suggesting intervention strategies. Future studies need to better delineate the contributing factors associated with these injuries to refine the intervention strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Grease fryers: a significant danger to children.

Scald injuries in children often occur as the result of them pulling a container of hot liquid off a countertop or stove. To date, there have been no studies that have specifically examined the impact of the burning agent after this mechanism of injury on the magnitude of injury or the hospital resources consumed in caring for these patients. In this study, we sought to compare the extent and depth of injury, hospital resources consumed, and outcomes of children burned by pulling a container of grease or other liquid onto themselves. We retrospectively reviewed all cases of children who were admitted to our pediatric burn center from January 1995 through December 2001 who sustained scald injuries as the result of pulling a container of hot liquid onto himself or herself. Patients were evaluated for extent TBSA burned, depth of injury, the need for skin grafts, and the number of ventilator, days in the intensive care unit, and total hospital days (length of stay). We identified 196 children admitted with scald injuries caused by this mechanism. Fifty-four (27.6%) were caused by grease or oil, and 142 (72.6%) were caused by other liquids. The mean age of children burned by this mechanism was approximately 3 years, and slightly more than half were males. The mean TBSA and full-thickness burn was 18.3% and 8.1% for the grease group and 14.4% and 4.5% for the no-grease group, respectively (P <.05). Fifty-six percent of those children burned with grease required skin grafting compared with only 34% of those burned by other liquids. Twenty percent of the patients burned by grease required ventilator support compared with only 6.3% of those burned by other liquids (P <.01). Of those burned by grease, 22.2% required care in the intensive care unit compared with only 6.3% of those burned by other liquids (P <.005). Mean length of stay was 16.8 +/- 2.5 days and 9.1 +/- 1.0 days for the grease and nongrease groups, respectively (P <.001). Scalds caused by children pulling a grease fryer onto themselves result in more extensive and deeper injuries and greater consumption of hospital resources than those from other liquids. These findings support the need for safer product design and more specific warnings in product labeling and instructions as to the danger of severe scald injury to minimize the occurrence of such injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Changes in aldosterone binding activity of kidney cytosol after stress in rats and the regulation].

To observe the changes in aldosterone binding activity of kidney cytosols after pathological stress in rats and the regulation, binding capacity (Rt) and apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of aldosterone binding activity of kidney cytosols in normal, low-degree or heavy-degree scalded rats were measured by radioligand binding assay using [3H]aldosterone as the ligand. Changes in Rt and Kd of aldosterone binding activity were observed after injection of anti-rat TNF alpha and IL-1 beta antibodies, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and KPV peptide (Ac-D-Lys-L-Pro-D-Val). The results indicated that there were two types of aldosterone binding activities in kidney cytosol with different Rt and Kd, and the Rt of heavy-degree scalded rats (Rt1: 22.4 +/- 5.4 fmol/mg pro, Rt2: 196.3 +/- 32.5 fmol/mg pro) was lower than that of the control group (Rt1: 41.6 +/- 7.2 fmol/mg pro, Rt2: 317.6 +/- 70.0 fmol/mg pro) (P < 0.01; P < 0.01); while the Rt of low-degree scalded rats (Rt1: 41.4 +/- 5.0 fmol/mg pro, Rt2: 314.8 +/- 45.7 fmol/mg pro) was not significantly different from that of the control group (P > 0.05; P > 0.05). Injection of anti-rat TNF alpha and IL-1 beta antibodies, alpha-MSH and KPV prevented Rt of aldosterone binding activity from decrease in kidney cytosol of rats with heavy-degree scald. These findings suggest that aldosterone binding activity may be down-regulated in heavy-degree scalded rats, but it may be reversed by injection of anti-rat TNF alpha and IL-1 beta antibodies, alpha-MSH and KPV.

Aldosterone↗