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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The impact of water supply on trachoma prevalence.

In 1998, a baseline study of the prevalence of trachoma was conducted in Dalocha District before pipe water supply was made in 1999. This cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of active trachoma in children aged 1-10 years old was conducted in the same area in March-May, 2002 to assess the impact of water supply on trachoma prevalence. Cluster sampling method was used to identify the villages and households in the previously studied five peasant associations. All children 1-10 years of age from the selected households were examined for the presence of active trachoma (trachomatous follicles, TF, and trachomatous intense inflammation, TI). A total of 644 children, 328 (50.9%) males and 316 (49.1) females, from 329 households were examined. Of these, 358 (55.6%) had active trachoma with 235 (36.5%) having TF and 123 (19.1%) TI. This figure was comparable with the previous report from the same age group and area which was 51.1%. In conclusion, despite improvement in water supply, the difference in the overall prevalence of active trachoma was statistically not significant (p-value = 0.074) from the result of the previous study. Thus, unless it is accompanied by health education to bring about community's behavioral change regarding the importance of personal and environmental hygiene, improvement in water supply seems to have no effect on the prevalence of active trachoma.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Mis-lead.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

District of Columbia↗
PubMed2006

Application of microbial risk assessment on a residentially-operated bio-toilet.

The Sustainable Sanitation System is a new wastewater treatment system that incorporates a non-flushing toilet (Bio-toilet) that converts excreta into a reusable resource (as fertilizer or humus for organic agriculture) and reduces the pollution load to environments of the rivers, the lakes, and the sea. However, the risk of exposure to pathogens should be considered, because excrement is stored in the Bio-toilet. The aim of the present work is to analyze the health risk of dealing with the matrix (excreta and urine mixed with sawdust) of the Bio-toilet. Therefore, the fate of pathogenic viruses was investigated using coliphages as a virus index, and the modeling of the die-off rate in matrix was introduced. Then the microbial risk assessment was applied to a Bio-toilet that was actually used in a residential house; the infection risks of rotavirus and enterovirus as reference pathogens were calculated. According to the lab-scale experiment using coliphages for investing the die-off rate of viruses in the Bio-toilet, Qbeta had a higher die-off, which was greatly influenced by the water content and temperature. On the other hand, T4 showed a lower rate and was independent of water content. Therefore, these two phages' data were used as critical examples, such as viruses having high or low possibilities of remaining in the Bio-toilet during the risk assessment analysis. As the result of the risk assessment, the storage time required for an acceptable infectious risk level has wide variations in both rotavirus and enterovirus cases depending on the phage that was used. These were 0-260 days' and 0-160 days' difference, respectively.

Bacteriophage T4↗
PubMed1995

Bacteriologic potability of the drinking water in a diarrhea hyperendemic area in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

High prevalence of diarrhea was reported among people living in a semiurban community in Shebaa area in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. This was in comparison to prevalence in a nearby urban community in Abha, the capital city of The Southwestern Region of Saudi Arabia. Contamination of the desalinated water, commonly used for drinking, was one possible hypothesis for occurrence of this diarrhea problem. The objective of the present study was to test bacteriological potability of desalinated water in both Shebaa and Abha areas and to determine whether any contamination occurred during transportation from water distribution stations to houses or during storage in house reservoirs. Water samples were collected and analyzed by the Presumptive Coliform Test from a sample of water tankers transporting water and from tap water originating from house reservoirs in a sample of houses in the two areas. Source of drinking water was recorded for each of such houses. Of 117 water samples from 39 tankers transporting water, only one sample was positive bacteriologically and non-potable (potability = 99%). Whereas among 201 tap water samples from a random sample of houses, 26.4% showed contamination. Bacteriological non-potability was found in a significantly higher proportion of houses in Shebaa area (38.4%) than in Abha city (7.9%), (p<0.001). Also, desalinated water was used for drinking significantly more in Shebaa than in Abha (p<0.001). It is concluded that transportation of the desalinated water by water tankers has not significantly contributed to its contamination. Such contamination rather obviously occurred during storage in house reservoirs, and was possibly implicated, at least partly, in the increased prevalence of diarrhea in Shebaa.

Diarrhea↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prognosis of the diphyllobothriasis situation in water reservoirs under construction (the Adyche and Sakhalin reservoirs)].

The investigations conducted in the construction area of Adyche and Sakhalin water reservoirs made it possible to work out the prognosis for the changes in the situation on diphyllobothriasis. In the area of Adyche water reservoir the population invasion with D. latum is likely to increase, while in the area of Sakhalin water reservoir the situation on D. klebanovskii sp. no. will remain unchanged.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The introduction of the larvivorous fish Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1895) (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae), a bioregulator of culicids in oxidation ponds and contaminated drainage ditches on the Isla de la Juventud].

The larvivorous fish Poecilla reticulata, internationally known as mosquito larva bioregulators, was introduced in 2 oxidation ponds and 2 ditches containing polluted waters (sewage) without the presence of other fish species, in Isle of Youth, Cuba, in order to control the larva populations of the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito Say, 1823 in these its main breeding sites. After 2.5 months, such reservoirs were free of mosquito larvae. The fish settled within one year, reaching enough density to be used in other aquatoria.

Animals↗