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PubMed2005

Associations between obesity and receipt of screening mammography, Papanicolaou tests, and influenza vaccination: results from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study.

OBJECTIVES: Obese Americans, who receive more care for chronic diseases, may receive fewer preventive services. We evaluated the association between body mass index (BMI) and receipt of screening mammography and Papanicolaou tests among middle-aged women and the association between BMI and receipt of influenza vaccination among the elderly. METHODS: We analyzed 2 datasets: the Health and Retirement Study (4439 women aged 50-61 years) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study (4045 women and 2154 men aged 70 years or more). RESULTS: When BMI was greater than 18.5 kg/m2, we found an inverse dose-response relationship between BMI and receipt of screening mammography and Pap tests among White, but not Black, middle-aged women. We found a similar association between BMI and influenza vaccination among the elderly. CONCLUSIONS: Higher BMI was associated with less frequent receipt of preventive services among middle-aged White women and elderly White women and men. The Healthy People 2010 clinical preventive service goals remain elusive, especially for overweight and obese White persons.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Aging and the fitness of fire fighters: the complex issues involved in abolishing mandatory retirement ages.

This study presents an assessment of the cardiorespiratory health and physical fitness of fire fighters of different ages with the aim of addressing several questions currently being debated on a national level. These include how fire fighters differ across age groups in their health and physical fitness, and what would be the impact on the existing work force of implementing minimum fitness standards as an alternative to mandatory retirement ages. Fire fighters aged 20-65 years were found to be similar in their cardiorespiratory health and physical fitness to the sedentary segment of the general population of the same age. Particularly worrisome, however, is the low maximal aerobic capacity (31, 28, 26 ml/kg/min), high percent body fat (26, 29, 30), and high resting blood pressure (136/86, 140/90, 143/93 mm Hg) observed in the 40-45-, 50-55-, and 60-65-year-old fire fighters, respectively. In fact, 66%, 83%, and 93% of the fire fighters in these three age groups, respectively, fall below the lowest published recommendations for maximal aerobic capacity in this profession. These data underscore the need to establish minimum health and physical performance standards for fire fighters and demonstrate the profound impact such minimum standards will have on the existing work force.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Risk factors for occupational injuries among older workers: an analysis of the health and retirement study.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined risk factors for occupational injury among older workers. METHODS: We analyzed data on 6854 employed nonfarmers from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a population-based sample of Americans 51 through 61 years old. RESULTS: Occupational injuries were associated with the following: the occupations of mechanics and repairers (odds ratio [OR] = 2.27), service personnel (OR = 1.68), and laborers (OR = 2.18); jobs requiring heavy lifting (OR = 2.75); workers' impaired hearing (OR = 1.60) and impaired vision (OR = 1.53); and jobs requiring good vision (OR = 1.43). Self-employment was associated with fewer injuries (OR = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of a good match between job demands and worker capabilities.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1997

Do smokers understand the mortality effects of smoking? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether smokers recognize that smoking is likely to shorten their lives and, if so, whether they understand the magnitude of this effect. METHODS: People's expectations about their chances of reaching age 75 were compared with epidemiological predictions from life tables for never, former, current light, and current heavy smokers. Data on expectations of reaching age 75 came from the Health and Retirement Survey, a national probability sample of adults aged 50 through 62 years. Predictions came from smoking-specific life tables constituted from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey and the 1985 and 1987 National Health Interview Surveys. RESULTS: Among men and women, the survival expectations of never, former, and current light smokers were close to actual predictions. However, among current heavy smokers, expectations of reaching age 75 were nearly twice as high as actuarial predictions. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that at least heavy smokers significantly underestimate their risk of premature mortality.

Cognition↗
PubMed1998

Occupational injuries among older workers with disabilities: a prospective cohort study of the Health and Retirement Survey, 1992 to 1994.

OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that among older workers, disabilities in general, and hearing and visual impairments in particular, are risk factors for occupational injuries. METHODS: Using the first 2 interviews of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of Americans aged 51 to 61 years, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 5600 employed nonfarmers. RESULTS: Testing a logistic regression model developed in a previous cross-sectional study, we found that the following occupations and risk factors were associated with occupational injury as estimated by odds ratios: service personnel, odds ratio = 1.71 (95% confidence interval = 1.13, 2.57); mechanics and repairers, 3.47 (1.98, 6.10); operators and assemblers, 2.33 (1.51, 3.61); laborers, 3.16 (1.67, 5.98); jobs requiring heavy lifting, 2.05 (1.55, 2.70); self-employment, 0.50 (0.34, 0.73); and self-reported disability, 1.58 (1.14, 2.19). Replacing the general disability variable with specific hearing and visual impairment variables, we found that poor hearing (1.35 [0.95, 1.93]) and poor sight (1.45 [0.94, 2.22]) both had elevated odds ratios. CONCLUSIONS: Poor sight and poor hearing, as well as work disabilities in general, are associated with occupational injuries among older workers.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2004

A new approach to the link between identity and relative deprivation in the perspective of ageism and retirement.

Although the work force is aging, views regarding older workers remain negative. As a result, complaints of discrimination on the basis of age have increased. This situation prompts the following questions: what leads aging workers to acknowledge disparities between younger workers and themselves, and what are the consequences for aging workers of integrating into their self-image some of the characteristics commonly associated with their cohort? These questions are examined in light of a new approach to the link between identity and relative deprivation. The following hypotheses were included in a predictive model: the more individuals include characteristics of their group into their self-descriptions, the more they experience personal deprivation when comparing their own situation to that of younger workers. These feelings, in turn, affect them during retirement in terms of lowered self-esteem and decreased satisfaction with their life. This model was tested among 149 young retirees. Hypotheses were confirmed, and it was shown that end-of-career experiences have an impact on the situation of young retirees. The more individuals integrated characteristics of aging workers, the more they felt personally deprived as a result of invidious comparisons with young co-workers. The latter also had a negative impact on self-esteem and life satisfaction. Implications of results and new avenues of research are discussed herein.

Depression↗
PubMed1991

Ordinary retirement: commonalities and continuity.

Case studies of twenty-five recent retirees from a Midwest plant are the basis for a profile of ordinary retirement. The commonalities of preparation, satisfaction, activity patterns, and relationships are found to far outweigh differences. Exceptions are the widowed, divorced, and those with health disabilities.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Predictors of volunteer status in a retirement community.

In the present study, actual volunteers, latent volunteers, conditional volunteers, and definite nonvolunteers living in a retirement community are compared on social-structural, role, environmental, resource, lifestyle, and individual difference variables. Three functions emerged from the discriminant analysis. Actual volunteers attend church frequently, are free of activity limitations due to health, have volunteered previously, and belong to several clubs and organizations. Latent volunteers engage in informal religious behaviors, attend church about once a month, are about seventy years old (i.e., they are younger than the other groups), and are very satisfied with their neighborhood. Conditional volunteers engage infrequently informal religious behavior, have no instrumental activity limitations due to health, did not attend college, have very high neighborhood satisfaction, and are seventy-four years old (i.e., older than latent volunteers and actual volunteers). Implications for recruiting latent and conditional volunteers are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Embodiment and emplacement: identities, representation and landscape in Sun City retirement communities.

This article focuses on the embodiment, emplacement and representation of aged identities and suggests that more attention be paid to the spatiality of age relations. Identities are both externally imposed and self nominated. Using the example of retirees I explored the ways in which particular places are involved in the creation of identities. Sun City retirement communities are shown to 1) have a material form that serves the retiree identity, 2) be represented in particular ways that contribute to that identity and 3) simultaneously act as a representation. The article asks whether or not these communities are indicative of a shift to postmodernism, characterized by increased emphasis on surveillance, security, simulations, consumerism, and fragmentation of identities, in both life courses and landscapes.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Employment, social networks, and health in the retirement years.

The impact of employment on the health of retirees is examined, with particular attention to the hypothesis that social roles affect health through their impact on social networks. Data are based on comprehensive assessment questionnaires completed by 175 participants of a corporate sponsored geriatric clinic. Results indicate that employment in the retirement years is related to larger social networks and indirectly, through this relationship, to better perceived health. Of the three social network factors identified through factor analysis: family, friends, and confidant relationships, employment was significantly related only to the friendship component. A summary analytic model is presented and implication for interventions are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Exploring factors of perceived social performance, health and personal control among retired seniors and seniors owning home-based businesses in non-metropolitan counties.

Persons (n = 77) over age fifty-five and living within nine non-metropolitan counties participated in this study to determine if the factors of social performance, health, and personal control were perceived differently by those operating a home-based business than those individuals fully retired from any employment. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of health or desire for self-control, though the home-based business owners were found to desire more social contact than non home-based business owners. In addition, those home-based business owners who desired high degrees of self-control, found operation of a business from the home to be highly satisfactory.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Should identification audiometry include a screening for depression among residents of upper socioeconomic retirement centers?

40 older residents living in three upper socioeconomic retirement centers were screened for hearing loss, hearing handicap, and depression. Those participants who showed loss on the hearing screening or the hearing handicap screening were no more likely to score as depressive on the Geriatric Depression Scale than were those who showed no loss on screening. Results suggest that hearing loss and depression should be routinely but independently monitored in settings with affluent older adult residents.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

On the relations between dietary habits, nutrients, and oral health in women at the age of retirement.

Intake of energy, nutrients, food items, and various oral health-related factors were studied in 116 women about 5 months before the age of their occupational retirement. The results were analyzed with oral health aspects as both independent and dependent variables. Edentulous women had higher intake of fat and higher coffee consumption than dentate ones, and dentate subjects with 1-20 teeth had higher body mass index than those with > or = 21 remaining teeth. Individuals with high intake of energy and carbohydrates had more decayed tooth surfaces than those with low, but different intakes of other nutrients were not reflected in the studied tooth variables. Daily consumers of sweet beverages and sugar in coffee/tea had more decayed tooth surfaces than non-consumers. Nineteen of the 116 women with 'inadequate' diet did not differ from the others with regard to any of the studied tooth variables. Women with self-assessed chronic oral dryness had higher intake of energy, protein, iron, thiamine, and vitamin D than those without this problem. Smoking habits were reflected in the DMFS index but not in any of the other studied oral health-related variables. It was concluded that intake of energy- and sugar-rich products, frequencies of intakes, and oral dryness seem to be of greater importance for oral health than intake of specific nutrients, at least in this specific cohort.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Retirement of Mrs. Jean Lawe, managing editor of the Journal of Neurosurgery.

On June 30, Mrs. Jean Lawe will step down as Managing Editor of the Journal of Neurosurgery. She has worked on the Journal since 1965, when Dr. Louise Eisenhardt retired as the first Editor. Since that time the Journal has grown in size and circulation, and production has become fully computerized. In her valedictory, Mrs. Lawe summarizes her years with the Journal and her approach to scientific editing.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Randomized controlled trial of cost reductions from a health education program: the California Public Employees' Retirement System (PERS) study.

Purpose. This study evaluated the cost trend reduction from a health promotion program. Design. A randomized 12-month trial comparing claims data was conducted. Additional studies, utilizing quasi-experimental designs, analyzed changes in health habits and changes in costs estimated by self-report. Subjects. All active California Public Employees' Retirement System (PERS) employees (21,170), non-Medicare eligible retirees (8,316), and retirees with Medical Supplement coverage (25,416) administered by Blue Shield of California were included. Intervention. The program consisted of mailed health risk assessments at six- or 12-month intervals, with individualized reports and recommendation letters sent to participants emphasizing and encouraging change, self-management materials emphasizing self-care when appropriate, and quarterly newsletters. Passive participants received printed materials only. Measures. Health risks were based upon self-report; summary scores were computed by modified Framingham algorithms. Self-report cost data were estimated from reported doctor visits, hospital days, and days sick or confined to home. Claims data were those paid by Blue Shield of California. Results. The program was associated with: 1) reduction in health risk scores at 12 months, (p less than .001), 2) reduction of subject reported medical utilization from baseline (p less than .05), and 3) decrease in claims cost growth relative to controls (p=.03). Annual claims costs were approximately $3.2 to $8.0 million less than expected had costs for the experimental participants increased at the same rate as the control group. Discussion. Results suggest that appropriately designed health promotion programs can reduce health risks and at the same time reduce the medical care claims cost trend.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

[Mental health through management of personal projects: an intervention with young retired people].

A personal goal-based intervention was offered to retired people aged 50 to 65 years with the objective of increasing their subjective well-being and their mental health. More specifically, the program presented here was aimed to promote the setting, planning, and realization of personal projects through a learning process based on a cognitive approach. At the end of the program, the experimental group (n = 117) had improved significantly more than the control group (n = 177) on all the goal and subjective well-being indicators, and this gain was maintained six months later. Some ideas to make the program more effective are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Are employees who have retired due to occupational maladjustment adaptable to new workplaces?--Character traits as the individual factors].

Determining factors for adaptation to a new workplace in light of 3 cases that have taken early retirement due to occupational maladjustment are discussed. The character traits of these 3 cases are regarded as individual factors because of their conspicuousness. In regard to adaptation to new workplaces, two of my cases were unable to adapt in their previous workplaces because of their avoidant personality. They were also unable to adjust to their present workplaces. When the worker's character traits tend to cause occupational maladjustment, appropriate approaches including counseling and occupational adjustment should be recommended to the worker.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

The continuing care retirement community executive: a manager for all seasons.

The continuing care retirement community industry is a growing source of residential and health care services for the elderly population. It is also a relatively new and expanding career path for both health care and hospitality managers. Using in-depth interviews with executives in a sample of 26 communities, this study provides one of the most complete portraits to date of the nature of managing these communities. The findings indicate that these organizations are complex and multifaceted, demanding versatile skills and abilities. Most critical are those skills that enable a manager to interact effectively with residents and staff to build and maintain a hospitable, accommodating community environment. As competition in the industry intensifies, community viability may become synonymous with customer satisfaction. Management training and development will need to be highly attentive to the distinctive features of these intriguing organizations.

Age Factors↗