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PubMed1980

Recognition memory, chlordiazepoxide and rhesus monkeys: some problems and results.

Monkeys were taught a variation of the Konorski [26] pair comparison task, with and without delay, by first training them on a 'simultaneous' procedure involving the judicious use of both correction and non-correction training. In this task, they had to respond to a left hand panel if two simultaneously present colour (green or red) stimuli were the same (e.g. green, green) and to a right hand panel if they were different (e.g. red, green). Once they had learned this task, delays ranging from 0 to 16 sec were interposed between the two stimuli, and reliable forgetting curves were obtained. The effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on such behaviour were assessed in the next experiment. Few impairments were observed even after high (80 mg/kg, i.p.) doses of the drug, and this is in contrast to our previously reported findings with pigeons [31]. However, it was argued that the stimulus presentation times could have been too long, thereby enabling the animal to overcome any deficiency in mnemonic processing. This problem was tackled in the third experiment, by presenting the to-be-remembered stimulus for brief periods; in addition, signal detection performance was also assessed. In spite of such refinements, CDP (30 mg/kg) failed to disrupt percent correct performance on the tasks although response latencies showed an increase, leading in some cases to a failure to respond within the allocated time.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Recognition memory for emotional facial expressions in patients with focal cerebral lesions.

A test of memory for emotional facial expressions was administered to 49 brain-damaged and 15 control subjects. On this task, patients with right-hemisphere lesions were more impaired than left-hemisphere patients; also, patients with frontal lobe lesions were more impaired than patients with posterior brain damage. Whereas trends in the data suggested that the anterior group's impaired memory for facial expressions may be dissociable from their deficient recall of facial identity, these two abilities were not dissociable in right-hemisphere patients. No lesion subgroup had selectively preserved recall of specific emotional expressions. There was no correlation between recall and production of facial expressions.

Arousal↗
PubMed1992

Neural and behavioral correlates of visual recognition memory in 4- and 8-month-old infants.

The neural and behavioral correlates of the 4- and 8-month-old infant's ability to distinguish between frequently and infrequently presented familiar and novel events was examined. Cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as infants were familiarized to two faces. During the test trials that followed, one of these faces was presented frequently, and the other infrequently; on each of the remaining 20% of the trials, a previously unseen, novel face was presented. Following the ERP phase, infants' looking times were recorded to pairs of faces, some of which had been seen during the ERP testing, and some of which had not. At 4 months the ERP activity invoked by the three classes of events was similar, suggesting that infants were unable to distinguish among them. At 8 months the ERP activity differed only between the Infrequent Novel events and the two classes of familiar events, but did not differ between the frequently and infrequently presented familiar events. The ERP findings complement previously reported data from 6-month-old infants in describing a trend whereby infants become increasingly able to respond to stimuli on the basis of whether they have been seen before, and not on the basis of how often they had been seen. The behavioral data at both 4 and 8 months were less clear cut than the ERP data. These findings are discussed in the context of the neural and cognitive processes involved in dissociating probability information from novelty detection.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

The effect of glucose administration on the emotional enhancement effect in recognition memory.

Previous research has demonstrated that glucose administration improves memory performance. However few studies have addressed the effects of glucose on emotional material that by nature already enjoys a memory advantage. The aim of the present research was therefore to investigate whether the memory facilitation effect associated with glucose would emerge for emotional words. Experiment 1 demonstrated that negative words were better recognized and remembered than positive and neutral words. Experiment 2 further explored these effects under conditions of glucose administration and an aspartame control. The results revealed that both the aspartame and glucose groups replicated the results from Experiment 1. The present research therefore demonstrated that the glucose facilitation effect did not emerge for material that already benefits from a memory advantage. These results also raise the question of whether the dose response relationship previously associated with glucose administration is applicable when the information being processed is of an emotional nature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Odor recognition memory is better under bilateral than unilateral test conditions.

Two odor memory tests were administered unilaterally (left and right) and bilaterally to the same set of 24 men and 24 women on two test occasions. These tests were (i) a "multiple-target" test (MTT) in which three target stimuli were selected, after 10-, 30-, and 60-sec retention intervals, from stimulus sets containing both target and distracter stimuli, and (ii) a 9-item "single-target" three-choice test (STT), in which single stimuli were selected from stimuli sets containing two distracters. Overall, odor memory scores were higher under bilateral than unilateral testing, and higher on the second than on the first test session. Unilateral testing resulted in a monotonic delay-related forgetting function. No differences were observed in the odor memory test scores of the left and right sides of the nose, and no significant correlations were present between these scores and scores on a battery non-olfactory memory tests. On the STT, the female, but not the male, subjects demonstrated better performance on the second, than on the first, test session. The results of this study imply that odor memory is facilitated centrally by bilateral activation, and that a memory system may exist for odors which is distinct from other memory systems.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Recognition memory for dichotically presented word pairs in right- and left-handed males.

Using a two-forced-choice procedure, subjects were required to recognize words presented dichotically to the right and left ears. Right-handers recognized significantly more of the input to the right ear and familial left-handers recognized significantly more of the input to the left ear. However, when subjects were required to selectively monitor one channel or the other, any ear advantage disappears. It is argued that ear advantages in remembering dichotically presented material do not directly indicate underlying hemispheric specialization. Rather a majority of subjects show a slight bias to attend to speech on the ear contralateral to the speech hemisphere.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1998

Visual imprinting and the neural mechanisms of recognition memory.

To understand the neural bases of memory it is necessary to localize the regions storing information. Part of the hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) serves such a function for the learning process of imprinting in domestic chicks. Chicks exposed to an object learn its characteristics, and in doing so, the responsiveness of IMHV neurones to that object is selectively enhanced. Imprinting is associated with both pre- and postsynaptic changes in the region. Postsynaptic changes involve increases in the length of the postsynaptic density on dendritic spines and in the numbers of NMDA receptors; presynaptically, converging evidence points to an early and persistent enhancement of neurotransmitter release. Increases in the amounts of certain neural cell adhesion molecules a day after training might serve to stabilize the synaptic changes associated with a particular memory by strengthening pre- to postsynaptic adhesion, and by more strongly interconnecting the cytoskeletal frameworks of the dendritic spine and the synaptic terminal. Learning-related increases in the number of neurones staining positive for the transcription factor Fos in the IMHV give promise of identifying the neurones engaged in memory functions and of analysing their connections.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The recognition memory of imprinting: biochemistry and electrophysiology.

A restricted part of the intermediate and medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) of the domestic chick forebrain is pivotal to the learning process of imprinting and is probably the site at which information about an imprinting stimulus is stored. A range of learning-related changes occur in the IMHV between 1 and 24 h after training. The earliest change described is in Fos-like immunoreactivity. There follow changes in phosphorylation of the protein kinase C substrate MARCKS, morphological changes in axospinous synapses, an increase in NMDA receptor number and increases in amounts of the major isoforms of the neural cell adhesion molecule and clathrin heavy chain. All but the change in Fos-immunopositivity occurs in the left, but not the right, IMHV. Insufficient nitric oxide synthase is available in the IMHV to support the hypothesis that nitric oxide is a retrograde messenger contributing to the effect on Fos-like immunoreactivity. In chicks anaesthetised approximately 24 h after imprinting training, the spontaneous mean neuronal firing rate is related to a preference score (a measure of learning). In unanaesthetised chicks 24 h after training, the responsiveness of some IMHV neurons is biassed specifically towards the imprinting stimulus.The responses of other neurons in the IMHV generalise across some features of the training stimulus, such as form or colour. Some neurons in the IMHV of unanaesthetised chicks are responsive to the distance of an imprinting stimulus from the chick; distance-sensitive neurons can be distinguished from distance-insensitive neurones by the action potential shape.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Event-related brain potentials during an extended visual recognition memory task depict delayed development of cerebral inhibitory processes among 6-month-old infants with Down syndrome.

Development of cerebral inhibitory processes among individuals with Down syndrome (DS) may be delayed at an early age. In support of this hypothesis, sensory-evoked potentials (EPs) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have previously delineated altered habituation to stimuli among infants with DS. The purpose of the current study was to provide extended experience with visual stimuli among 6-month-old infants with and without DS (nDS) to determine if altered ERP and behavioral response decrements would be evident even after repeated presentations of stimuli. An 80/20% oddball paradigm was employed. Infants with DS and nDS were matched according to age and gender. Infants with DS demonstrated significantly larger Nc areas, Nc peak amplitudes, Nc2 areas and, inversely, significantly smaller peak Pb amplitudes when compared to infants nDS. Contrasts of the two study groups were most robust within ERP measures from frontal (Fz) and parietal (Pz) recording sites. Infants with DS also demonstrated a significantly slower decrement of most ERP components with repetitive stimulus experience. Most noteworthy was the observation of little or no decrement of ERP components at Fz among infants with DS. Both infants with DS and nDS demonstrated significantly larger Nc peak amplitudes, Nc areas, Nc2 areas, Pb peak amplitudes and NSW areas to rare stimuli. While significant probability and experiential trends were observed in visual fixation measures across both study groups, there were no significant differences of visual attention between infants with DS or nDS. These data demonstrate the value of ERPs within the study of atypical cognitive development during infancy and support the concept of altered inhibitory processes in the brain of infants with DS.

Brain↗
PubMed1986

Recognition memory and attentional selection: serial scanning is not enough.

In two experiments, using memory sets of up to 10 letters, the response competition paradigm was employed to investigate the extent to which extraneous visual stimuli interfere with or affect the process of memory search. It was assumed that if selective attention could exclude the effect of noise letters from a Sternberg-type memory comparison process, then there would be an increase in intercept for the reaction time-set size functions but no increase in slope. This result was obtained. However, a large difference in response times to both positive and negative set targets was found when the accompanying noise letters indicated a competing response, as opposed to when they indicated the same response as the target. This implies rapid identification of the nature of both target and noise, independent of a serial comparison process. A modification of a dual process model (Juola, Fischler, Wood, & Atkinson, 1971) in which stimuli activate a familiarity value independent of memory search was suggested to account for these results.

Attention↗