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Results for “Reality Testing”

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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

A qualitative examination of borderline personality disordered (BPD) patients: interpersonal dynamics and underlying paradoxes.

Theoretical conceptualizations of symptomatology in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have noted an inability to integrate contradictory perceptions (splitting, or dichotomous thinking) as a hallmark of the disorder. This study investigated contradictions manifest in the thinking and behavior of BPD patients, using the concept of paradox. A paradox occurs when an apparent contradiction contains an underlying logic which makes the contradiction comprehensible. Using qualitative methods of analysis, this study explored paradoxes evident in 10 BPD patient narratives about relationship events. Specific paradoxes relating to interpersonal conflicts and self-destructiveness are presented, along with the underlying logic of each paradox as described by patients. Implications for treatment are discussed.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1996

Reality monitoring in recovering alcoholics.

OBJECTIVE: The major aim of this study was to provide confirmation of the lack of metamemory deficits found in previous research, and we chose reality monitoring as our empirical arena. Reality monitoring is defined as the ability to distinguish between memories for events that have actually occurred and memories for imagined events, with actual events characterized by higher levels of sensory-perceptual information. Further, since detoxified alcoholics have demonstrated perceptual, especially visual, deficits, this study examined whether that would have an adverse effect on reality-monitoring performance. METHOD: Young adult, male, detoxified alcoholics (n = 60) and appropriate controls (n = 29) participated in reality-monitoring tasks using, primarily, either visual or verbal information. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two subject groups on either of the reality-monitoring tasks, and no significant contributions from descriptive, background or educational variables on these tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Convergent validation of the previous finding of no metamemory deficits with young, male, recovering alcoholics was obtained. The results also were discussed briefly in the context of alcoholics' quality of memory in therapeutic situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Understanding the person with schizophrenia from the point of view of Merleau-Ponty].

Schizophrenia is a precocious dementia (dementia praecox), essentially characterized by affective symptoms, which are manifested through the isolation of the schizophrenic from the real world, as a way of protecting oneself from the surrounding hostilities. Based on the perspective of Merleau Ponty, the objective of the present research is to understand the schizophrenic person by revealing his/her position towards the world and towards him/herself as well as his/her perception of the society he/she is living in. Data were collected through guided interviews with five patients from two private hospitals. A phenomenological framework, based on the hermeneutic circle, was used to analyze the data. Results showed references to their body, time, world and people related to them outlining an interlink between these references, based on the perception of those who are close or not at the moment.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Using video modeling and reinforcement to teach perspective-taking skills to children with autism.

We evaluated video modeling and reinforcement for teaching perspective-taking skills to 3 children with autism using a multiple baseline design. Video modeling and reinforcement were effective; however, only 2 children were able to pass an untrained task, indicating limited generalization. The findings suggest that video modeling may be an effective technology for teaching perspective taking if researchers can continue to develop strategies for enhancing the generalization of these new skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The nature of the life concept across the life-span.

In this study of people ranging from six to over sixty-five years of age, a high frequency of animistic responses was found in all ages examined. While a significant age effect was noted in the ability to categorize animate objects accurately, animistic responding was generally unrelated to logical classification ability or to analytic cognitive style. For eleven- to thirteen-year-olds, however, a significant relationship between animism and both cognitive style and classification ability existed. An interpretation of the results which found high levels of animistic thinking beyond adolescence does not support Piagetian theory. Rather, adults may respond animistically because of emotional attachments which they have formed to a certain meaningful physical objects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Constructing success and failure: age differences in perceptions and explanations of success and failure.

Age differences in attributions for self-reported successes and failures in both important and daily situations were examined. Sixty-one young adults (M age = 19.2), twenty-one middle-aged adults (M age = 45), and fifteen older adults (M age = 71.4) gave attributions and affects for self-chosen situations, which were classified as social or nonsocial. The attributions and affects were coded according to Blank's scheme with attributions dichotomized into internal and external, and stable and unstable. Middle-age and older adults were more likely than young adults to attribute failure to external causes and to describe more social than nonsocial situations. Consistent age differences in attributional stability were not found nor were there age differences in attributional internality for success outcomes.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myth and reality: the older person's relationship to his past.

To study relationship to the past, reminiscence data were gathered from thirty-five persons, sixty-five to 103 years old, and twenty-five middle-aged persons, forty-four to fifty-five years old. It was hypothesized that the elderly would not only be more involved in their past but also mythicize their past as reflected in ratings of dramatization, consistency and certainty. Contrasts between the two samples revealed significantly greater involvement and dramatization but no differences in consistency, certainty or reconciliation. The mythicizing of significant figures, evidenced in reminiscence among the elderly, can be interpreted as an adaptational response that is different from making sense out of one's life. Later in life the past becomes unique, and in the myth becoming the reality, one's life becomes justified.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Memory development: an approach to the mentally impaired elderly in the long-term care setting.

Based upon a review of the literature on memory and cognitive impairments a number of procedures were implemented to improve memory function among nursing home residents. This paper describes the conceptual basis for the program called Memory Development (MD), and delineates procedures and techniques involving the use of cues, practice, and motivation. MD is compared to the traditional Reality Orientation (RO) approach.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Discrimination of sleep onset stages: behavioral responses and verbal reports.

In a descriptive experiment on discrimination five human subjects were studied during the transitional period of sleep onset. Subjects were aroused by an abrupt auditory stimulus, attempted to discriminate the pre-arousal stage by a behavioral response, and answered a series of standardized questions. These questions focused on specific characteristics of private experience associated with sleep onset. Of 180 awakenings, subjects correctly identified 109 sleep-onset stages. Subjects' answers were analyzed to determine what criteria were used to make the discrimination among sleep-onset stages and to examine their self-awareness of changes in private experience. It was established that there are stage-related changes in mental processes and content and that these may aid subjects in making such discriminations. Implications of the methodological approach used in this study are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Children's judgments of televised events: the real versus pretend distinction.

Previous research suggests that children's understanding that television is fictional may be dependent on various factors inherent in televised events. 36 children, 4- to 6-yr.-old, were asked to judge the reality of specific televised events shown via videotape. The events varied in aggressiveness, format, and type of character shown. While age and sex differences were absent, children's judgments were dependent on the format of the televised events (cartoon versus noncartoon) rather than other variables. Implications for research on children's learning of televised aggression and prosocial behaviors are discussed.

Cartoons as Topic↗
PubMed1993

Vectorial cerebral hemisphericity as differential sources for the sensed presence, mystical experiences and religious conversions.

Multiple variants of the sensed presence often precede mystical and religious experiences that are frequently followed by sudden, permanent changes in self-concept. The model of vectorial hemisphericity assumes that the relative metabolic activity of synaptic patterns between the cerebral hemispheres at the time of transient interhemispheric intercalation determines the affect, content, and type of experience. Depending upon the relative activity of the two hemispheres, intrusions of the right hemispheric equivalent of the left hemispheric (and linguistic) sense of self generate experimental phenomena that include "evil entities," gods, out-of-body experiences, and alterations in space-time. Conditions that facilitate interhemispheric intercalation and the generation of these experiences are discussed.

Anxiety↗