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PubMed1990

[Clinical evaluation of Fuji computed radiography (FCR) by physicians including non-radiologists].

In Niigata university hospital, most of conventional radiography were changed to FCR from July 1988. To evaluate its clinical utility, questionnaires relating to FCR image were distributed to all physicians including non-radiologists in the hospital after three months. The ratio of the physicians evaluated FCR image to be better than conventional image was 75% in chest radiography, 64% in abdominal radiography. FCR tomography of bone, joint, cranium and chest was also evaluated to be better than conventional by most of the physicians. Reduced size of the film and difficulty in detecting interstitial shadows of the lung were mentioned to be the fault of FCR.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1989

[Hysterosalpingography with digital image intensification radiography].

Digital image intensifier radiography (Siemens/Polytron) offers the chance to reduce patient exposure dose in hysterosalpingography (HSG) by 85% compared with conventional film/screen radiography and by 11% compared with the 100 mm technique. By appropriate choice of the parameters the signal-to-noise ratio was adapted to the detectability of the diagnostic information (variation of the dose). Thirty patients were examined with the 28 cm image intensifier and an image intensifier input dose of 50 microR. The diagnostic image quality was assessed being aware of the results of laparoscopy or surgery; in 29 cases the quality was classified very good without any limitations. Digital image intensifier radiography offers additional advantages over conventional x-ray units: the images are directly available on the monitor and offer the possibility of post-processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Computed tomography of calcaneal fractures--comparison with conventional radiography].

Computed tomography (CT) and conventional radiography were compared in 52 calcaneal fractures. As for CT, direct coronal imagings were performed in all and direct axial imagings were added in 27 of them. Conventional radiography included lateral, axial, and Anthonsen (oblique) views. Overall CT detected 7 more of the incongruity of the posterior facet, 9 more of the bulging of the lateral wall, and 6 more of the fracture of the sustentaculum tali than conventional radiography. In addition the entrapment of the peroneal tendons between the calcaneal body and the fibular malleolus could be evaluated only with CT. These informations are indispensable for the proper treatment of the fractures and we conclude that CT is useful in evaluating calcaneal fractures.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chest radiography and computed tomography in the evaluation of mediastinal adenopathy in lymphoma.

Thoracic computed tomography (CT) in 232 patients with either primary staging of new or suggested relapsing lymphoma was compared with conventional chest radiography and both were correlated with clinical staging. Particular attention was given to the possibility of reducing routine thoracic CT, which is the current method used in this hospital in all patients with suggested lymphoma. Mediastinal lymphoma was detected by CT in 95 per cent of patients with clinically active mediastinal lymphoma, and by conventional chest radiography in 56 per cent. CT was found to be less reliable in evaluation of the hilar region than in that of other mediastinal areas. No areas of particular difficulty were found with chest radiography. CT also provided additional information concerning extra-mediastinal lymph adenopathy and involvement of the thoracic wall and pericardium. Routine thoracic CT examination was considered justifiable in all patients with suggested lymphoma.

False Negative Reactions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial development of the radiography student.

The psychosocial development of radiography students is discussed. A developmental framework of radiography education is presented, along with stresses that may impede the development of radiography students. Some strategies for prevention of such stresses are given also.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

Otolaryngologic plain film radiography, with an emphasis on the temporal bone--how to do it. Part one.

Radiologists' mastoid and sinus film reports have often not helped the otolaryngologist clinically. The trend in radiography of the temporal bone has swung almost entirely to tomograms, further de-emphasizing the importance of plain films. A review of the literature reveals that the details for taking films of high quality were worked out prior to 1930, but the equipment available was cumbersome and difficult to use. Applying the available knowledge to today's sophisticated equipment yields films of outstanding quality and gives clinical information of considerable usefulness. The objectives of this article are: 1. to review the literature on plain film otolaryngologic radiography and equipment used. 2. to present previously unpublished material on the exact technique for obtaining films of high quality. 3. to assemble for the first time all the available information on the subject in one source. 4. to present the author's modification of the Waters view for small children, and 5. to stress the clinical usefulness of office radiography in the author's practice.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1980

[Shoulder mechanism - study based on cineradiography and radiography with the arm elevated (author's transl)].

In order to better understand the shoulder mechanism and make a clinical assessment of the "zero-position", a study by means of cineradiography and radiography was performed on normal and disordered shoulders with arm elevated. The conception of the "scapular plane" has been widely accepted as the reference plane for the mechanism at the shoulder joint, but practically this plane is not easily defined. Thus, a cineradiographic study of 50 normal joints has been carried out in 7 planes between the frontal and the sagittal plane, during upward and downward movement of the arm. As a result, it was determined that the "scapular plane" should be inclined forward at an angle of 30 degrees to the frontal plane. In evaluating the anatomical relationship between the humeral head and the glenoid during upward and downward movement of the arm, 50 normal shoulders and 22 disordered shoulders composed of 12 loose shoulders and 10 rotator cuff injuries were analyzed in the "scapular plane" using devised method of measurement. Concerning the "zero-position", information was gained mostly from radiographies of 600 normal and 32 disordered shoulder joints. Especially o the disordered joints, a radiographic study of the shoulder with arm elevated was made pre- and postoperatively with the arm elevated. The results obtained are as follows, 1. In the "zero-position", the humerus must be elevated to 150 degrees in the "scapular plane", with individual variations. 2. Regularization of the glenohumeral rhythm of the normal shoulder joints was observed between the end of the "setting phase" and the "zero-position". 3. Glenohumeral mechanism of the normal and disordered shoulders was different between upward and downward movement of the arm, especially more remarkable at the disordered joints. 4. Lateral deviation of the humeral head toward the glenoid was found in the loose shoulder during upward and downward movement of the arm, especially during maximum elevation of the arm. 5. Glenoid osteotomy was determined to be the reasonable procedure for stabilizing loose shoulders, from the aspect of radiographic study with the arm elevated. 6. In rotator cuff injuries, the glenohumeral rhythm was disturbed, and in some patients instability at the glenohumeral joint was observed. From postoperative radiographic evaluation with the arm elevated, it has been observed that the anatomical situations at the glenohumeral joint have recovered to nearly norma conditions. 7. In conclusion the author emphasizes the mechanism of normal and disordered glenohumeral joints, using radiography of the shoulder with the arm elevated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Comparison of conventional radiography, MR imaging, bone scintigraphy and arthrography.

In a prospective study of 22 patients (24 hips) with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) the findings at conventional radiography, arthrography, bone scintigraphy and MR imaging, obtained at the time of diagnosis, were compared. MR was superior to conventional radiography and bone scintigraphy in the detection of the extent of involvement in the femoral head. Arthrography was as good as or better than MR imaging in determining the shape of the articular surfaces and the occurrence of lateral subluxation. Conventional radiography was less sensitive in identifying the degree of lateral subluxation and the extent of the necrosis in the femoral head. MR imaging provided anatomical and pathophysiological information about the extent and location of head involvement as well as the degree of lateral subluxation. Revascularisation was more clearly demonstrated with MR than with bone scintigraphy, irrespective of symptom duration.

Arthrography↗
PubMed1994

Pelvic fractures. Assessment by conventional radiography and CT.

Sixty-two patients with pelvic fractures were evaluated by conventional radiography and CT. A correct pathoanatomic classification of the fractures was most often obtained by conventional radiography, but CT added information regarding acetabular fractures and involvement of the posterior part of the pelvic ring. Besides, CT was essential in the detection of intraarticular fragments and lesions of the femoral head. Classification of pelvic ring fractures by the pattern of traumatic forces was easily obtainable by conventional radiography, but often difficult to achieve by CT.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1993

[Colon cancer: the efficacy of double-contrast radiography].

The aim of this study was to determine frequency in which a double contrast colon radiography permits a correct diagnosis in colon carcinoma. The study was done at the Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins IPSS in Lima. Previously the prevalence of colon carcinoma was identified at the place of the study between 1980 and 1991, this was 5%. We chose a representative number of patients, 50, with a confirmed pathological diagnosis of colon carcinoma, in which a double contrast colon radiography (C) was done before the diagnosis was made. The control group was 50 patients with colonic pathology other than carcinoma, in which a DC was performed previously to the diagnosis. Sensibility and specificity were 84 +/- 10% and 94 +/- 6% respectively for DC. The positive predictive value was 93 +/- 7%, the negative predictive value was 85 +/- 10% and efficacy 89 +/- 9%. We conclude that the double contrast colon radiography is of great usefulness for the diagnosis of colon carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computed radiography: its impact on radiographers.

Computed radiography, a form of digital imaging, is being introduced in radiology departments across the country. Although many articles have been written about the advantages of computed radiography, little has been published regarding the technology's impact on radiographers' day-to-day practice. This article reviews the technology behind computed radiography and examines the tasks that radiographers need to learn in order to process digital images.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

[Use of a digital radiology system with phosphors in the assessment of thoracic diseases in bedside radiography].

We report our experience with a storage phosphor radiography system; to assess both the image resolution and the dynamic range of the system, a phantom simulating chest average density was used. Finally, we investigated the system impact on portable chest radiographs. The radiographs were taken on 35 x 43 cm phosphor plates, with 80 kV, 3 mAs and focus-film distance of 130 cm. The phosphor plates were scanned with a 75 microns laser beam, postprocessed with the system software and, finally, printed on a 20 x 25 cm film. As reported by other Authors, the storage phosphor system showed similar spatial resolution to conventional radiography (2.5 lp/mm for 35 x 43 cm films and 4.5 lp/mm for 20 x 25 cm films), a wide dynamic range always allowing correcting exposure, but increased noise; these features allow film density optimization even in such "critical" situations and bedside radiographs. Pneumonia, pneumothorax, emphysema, pleural effusions and catheters or tubes positioning were always easily depicted. In our experience, the phosphor plate storage system exhibits many advantages over conventional radiography, namely image postprocessing, the opportunity to choose between several sizes of laser films and finally, the possibility of linking the system to a network and possibly to a digital archive. The main drawbacks of the system are its increased noise and, at present, with the available hardware, slow plate reading.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Computed radiography in pediatrics.

Computed radiography (CR) has various advantages such as dynamic range. Diagnostic accuracy with CR using reduced radiation dose is considered comparable with that of conventional film-screen radiography in diagnosing apparent chest abnormalities. In addition to reducing the radiation dose, delineation of the various structures in infants can be obtained with CR using postprocessing. Even in cases involving inadequate exposure, appropriate information can be obtained by postprocessing. For these reasons, the cumulative dose of radiation exposure will be reduced. Thus, reduction of the radiation dose is the greatest advantage of using CR in pediatrics.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Clinical trial of panoramic dental radiography using a CCD receptor.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceived clinical efficacy of a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector for panoramic radiography by comparing the images produced to conventional film/screen radiographs using the same machine and patient population. For clinical evaluation, 18 criteria were selected. These included overall assessment of the area of coverage, clarity of dental structures, clarity of bony outlines, specific anatomic details such as the maxillary sinus floor, mandibular canal and mandibular condyle, and region-by-region assessment of the dentition. Observers acted independently using identical optimal viewing conditions. Film and digital radiographs were evaluated separately. A five interval Likert rating scale was used. Digital images were rated superior to the conventional film radiographs for 14 criteria. Film radiographs marginally outperformed digital images for three criteria. For one criterion (periodontal bone status) the two modalities showed no difference in terms of the means ratings. It was concluded that digital images are clinically equivalent to conventional film/screen images for panoramic dental radiography.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Abdominal and thoracic radiography in the neonate.

Plain and contrast radiographic techniques are used infrequently in the diagnostic evaluation of abdominal or thoracic disease in the adult horse because of the animal's large body size and the limited availability and expense of suitable equipment. The importance of radiography as a critical tool has also been lessened through the accessibility of ultrasound, although this technique is limited by depth and offers only a superficial window. Traditional radiographic techniques can be readily used in young foals because of their small body size, and radiography frequently provides critical information that aids in decision making. The ability to physically restrain a foal allows not only standing lateral images, but laterally recumbent and ventrodorsal views without the necessity for general anesthesia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of dose reduction on the detectability of standardized radiolucent lesions in digital panoramic radiography.

Dose reduction in digital panoramic radiography was studied. Intentional underexposure was performed with the Orthophos DS while six different human mandibles were radiographed. Exposure settings were 69 kV/15 mA (standard), 64 kV/16 mA, and 60 kV/16 mA. Standardized spherical defects, each either 1 or 1.25 mm in diameter, were simulated in 288 of 432 images, and seven observers decided whether defects were present or not. Areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves were calculated. They showed no significant differences in the detectability of the 1-mm defect at 69, 64, or 60 kV. For the 1.25-mm defect, no difference was found between the 69 and 60 kV images, but a statistically significant different detectability was found for 64 kV images in comparison with both 69 and 60 kV images. A dose reduction of up to 43% was ascertained with a Pedo-RT-Humanoid phantom when panoramic radiography was performed at 60 kV/16 mA. The conclusion is that with the Orthophos DS, it seems possible to reduce the dose rate of x-rays without loss of diagnostic quality in the case of radiolucent changes.

Fluorides↗
PubMed1999

Reference doses for dental radiography.

OBJECTIVE: To establish reference doses for use within dental radiography. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis, single centre. SETTING: UK General Dental Practice, 1995-1998. METHOD: A statistical analysis was performed on the results from NRPB evaluations of dental x-ray equipment within general practice. The third quartile patient entrance dose was determined from 6,344 assessments of intra-oral x-ray equipment. The third quartile dose-width product was determined from 387 assessments of panoramic x-ray equipment. RESULTS: The third quartile patient entrance dose for an adult mandibular molar intra-oral radiograph is 3.9 mGy. The third quartile dose-width product for a standard adult panoramic radiograph is 66.7 mGy mm. CONCLUSION: NRPB recommends the adoption of reference doses of 4 mGy for an adult mandibular molar intra-oral radiograph and 65 mGy mm for a standard adult panoramic radiograph. These reference values can be used as a guide to accepted clinical practice. Where radiography is carried out using doses above these reference values, a thorough review of radiographic practice should be made to either improve techniques, or justify keeping the current techniques. However, attainment of doses at or below the reference values cannot be construed as achievement of optimum performance; further dose reductions below the reference value are still practicable.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of patient dose from imaging protocols for dental implant planning using conventional radiography and computed tomography.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the radiation doses from imaging protocols for dental implant planning either using conventional radiography only (dental panoramic radiography (DPR), cephalometry and linear cross-sectional tomography) or involving computed tomography (CT). METHODS: Organ absorbed doses were measured using a female Rando anthropomorphic phantom loaded with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD). Standard mandibular protocols for dental implant planning were followed using either a conventional dental radiographic unit (PM 2002 CC Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) or CT scanner (Excel Twin Elscint, Haifa, Israel). Organ absorbed and effective doses were calculated. Effective dose was calculated using two approaches, one based on the ICRP method which excludes the salivary tissue from the remainder organs (designated E(exc)), and the other with its inclusion (E(inc)). RESULTS: The greatest individual organ doses for any examination were measured in the salivary tissue. E(exc) for panoramic, cephalometric and cross-sectional tomography using DPR was 0.004 mSv, 0.002 mSv and 0.002 mSv, respectively, whereas with CT it was 0.314 mSv. The value of E(inc) calculated using these data was between two and five times E(exc). CONCLUSIONS: E(inc) greatly increases the apparent radiation burden, especially with high dose procedures. CT techniques can provide excellent images, but at the cost of increased radiation detriment. DPR with a cross-sectional tomography facility may give adequate clinical information at a greatly reduced dose.

Absorption↗