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PubMed1980

Representative hearing levels by race and sex in North Carolina industry.

An extensive sample of North Carolina industrial audiometric test data has been compiled. The sample includes data from several different types of industrial environments, with the size of the industries represented ranging from less than fifty to over eight thousand employees. The total population considered is in excess of 14000 employees. The data are examined using analytical techniques developed over the past six years while investigating the effectiveness of industrial hearing conservation programs. One of the findings is significant differences in the initial hearing threshold levels by race and sex. A second observation is differences by race and sex in the change in haring levels with time It is concluded that the hearing levels of industrial employees differ significantly by race and sex. The differences are of such magnitude that meaningful evaluations of industrial audiometric data bases are not possible unless the race and sex compositions of the population are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The effect of carbohydrate ingestion on performance during a 30-km race.

Seven experienced endurance runners completed a 30-km road race on two occasions separated by 10 days. On each occasion the subjects consumed 250 ml of either a 5% carbohydrate (CHO) solution or nonflavored tap water (W) immediately prior to the start of the race, and 150 ml of the assigned fluid every 5 km thereafter. Performance time for the CHO trial was faster compared with the time recorded for the W trial (128.3 +/- 19.9 min vs. 131.2 +/- 18.7 min [p < 0.01] respectively). Running speed was maintained throughout the race in the CHO trial, whereas a decrease in the running speed occurred after 25 km (p < 0.05) in the W trial. No difference was found between the two trials in blood glucose concentration, plasma electrolyte concentrations, body weight loss, change in plasma volume, and rating of perceived exertion. Blood lactate concentration was higher at 25 km during the CHO trial compared with the W trial (p < 0.01), but plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations were lower at 30 km during the CHO trial than during the W trial (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that performance time for a 30-km road race is improved after ingesting a 5% CHO solution.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Carbohydrate influences plasma interleukin-6 but not C-reactive protein or creatine kinase following a 32-km mountain trail race.

Attenuation of exercise-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) responses by carbohydrate (CHO) has been demonstrated in studies comparing controlled doses (> or = 0.9 g x kg(-1) x h(-1)) to placebo, but not in studies of voluntary intake. This study sought to determine if attenuation of the IL-6 response during a 32.2-km mountain trail race occurs for high compared to low ad libitum CHO intakes. IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and creatine kinase activity (CK) were analyzed from blood samples collected 12 h pre-, 0, 4, and 24 h post-race. Subjects were grouped into low (n =14, 0.4 +/- 0.1 g x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and high (n =18, 0.8 +/- 0.2 g x kg(-1) x h(-1)) CHO intake groups. IL-6 0 h post-race (P < 0.05) was higher in the low (40.2 +/- 22.7 pg x mL(-1)) compared to the high CHO group (32.7 +/- 22.1 pg x mL(-1)). CRP and CK both increased post-race, but no differences were observed between groups. Attenuation of exercise-induced IL-6 is apparent across a range of CHO intakes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Changes in race-specific virulence in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola are associated with a chimeric transposable element and rare deletion events in a plasmid-borne pathogenicity island.

Virulence for bean and soybean is determined by effector genes in a plasmid-borne pathogenicity island (PAI) in race 7 strain 1449B of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. One of the effector genes, avrPphF, confers either pathogenicity, virulence, or avirulence depending on the plant host and is absent from races 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 of this pathogen. Analysis of cosmid clones and comparison of DNA sequences showed that the absence of avrPphF from strain 1448A is due to deletion of a continuous 9.5-kb fragment. The remainder of the PAI is well conserved in strains 1448A and 1449B. The left junction of the deleted region consists of a chimeric transposable element generated from the fusion of homologs of IS1492 from Pseudomonas putida and IS1090 from Ralstonia eutropha. The borders of the deletion were conserved in 66 P. syringae pv. phaseolicola strains isolated in different countries and representing the five races lacking avrPphF. However, six strains isolated in Spain had a 10.5-kb deletion that extended 1 kb further from the right junction. The perfect conservation of the 28-nucleotide right repeat of the IS1090 homolog in the two deletion types and in the other 47 insertions of the IS1090 homolog in the 1448A genome strongly suggests that the avrPphF deletions were mediated by the activity of the chimeric mobile element. Our data strongly support a clonal origin for the races of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola lacking avrPphF.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Some physiological demands of a half-marathon race on recreational runners.

The purpose of this study was to assess the physiological demands of a half-marathon race on a group of ten recreational runners (8 men and 2 women). The average running speed was 223.1 +/- 22.7 m.min-1 (mean +/- SD) for the group and this represented 79 +/- 5% VO2 max for these runners. There was a good correlation between VO2 max and performance time for the race (4 = -0.81; p less than 0.01) and an even better correlation between running speed equivalent to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol.l-1 and performance times (r = -0.877; p less than 0.01). The blood lactate concentration os 4 of the runners at the end of the race was 5.65 +/- 1.42 mmol.l-1 (mean +/- SD) and the estimated energy expenditure for the group was 6.22 M.J. While there was only a poor correlation between total energy expenditure and performance time for the race, the correlation coefficient was improved when the energy expenditure of each individual was expressed in KJ.kg-1 min-1 (r = 0.938; p less than 0.01).

Energy Metabolism↗
PubMed2006

Growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene and performance and post-race rectal temperature during the South African Ironman triathlon.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have suggested that the insertion allele of the ACE gene is associated with endurance performance, including the Ironman triathlon. It is possible that this association is due to genetic linkage between the ACE I/D locus and the T/A variant in intron 4 of the neighbouring GH1 gene. The A variant is associated with lower levels of growth hormone production. Growth hormone has multiple effects, especially on metabolism during exercise and recovery from exercise. Its production during exercise has also been shown to stimulate sweat rate and heat loss. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the GH1 gene is associated with the performance and/or post-race rectal temperatures of competitors in the South African Ironman triathlon. METHODS: A total of 169 of the fastest finishing white male triathletes who completed the 2000 and/or 2001 South African Ironman triathlon and 155 control subjects were genotyped for the T/A variant in the GH1 gene. Post-race rectal temperature was also determined in 103 of these triathletes. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the frequency of this polymorphism in the GH1 gene when the fastest finishing triathletes were compared with the control subjects. Post-race rectal temperatures were, however, significantly higher in those triathletes with an AA genotype (mean (SD) 37.7 (0.8) degrees C) compared with those with a TT genotype (37.2 (0.8) degrees C) (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The T/A polymorphism in intron 4 of the GH1 gene was not associated with performance of the fastest finishers of the South African Ironman triathlon. Post-race rectal temperatures were, however, significantly higher in the fastest finishing athletes, who were homozygous for a GH1 genotype associated with lower growth hormone production.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The fast and the fatal: street racing fatal crashes in the United States.

The objective of this study was to determine the annual incidence of fatal motor vehicle crashes involving street racing and to describe the characteristics of these crashes compared to other fatal crashes in the United States. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System data for 1998-2001 were used for the analyses. There were 149 568 fatal crashes and 315 (0.21%) involved street racing and 399 fatalities occurred in these crashes. In contrast to other fatal crashes, street racing fatal crashes were more likely to occur on urban roadways and were nearly six times more likely to occur at travel speeds> or = 65 mph. Compared with other drivers involved in fatal crashes, street racers were more likely to be teenagers, male, and have previous crashes and driving violations. Street racing involves risky driving behaviors and warrants further attention.

Accident Proneness↗
PubMed2002

Motor vehicle and fall related deaths among older Americans 1990-98: sex, race, and ethnic disparities.

OBJECTIVES: To examine differences in motor vehicle and fall related death rates among older adults by sex, race, and ethnicity. METHODS: Annual mortality tapes for 1990-98 provided demographic data including race and ethnicity, date, and cause of death. Trend analyses were conducted using Poisson regression. RESULTS: From 1990-98, overall motor vehicle related death rates remained stable while death rates from unintentional falls increased. Motor vehicle and fall related death rates were higher among men. Motor vehicle related death rates were higher among people of color while fall related death rates were higher among whites. Among whites, fall death rates increased significantly during the study period, with an annual relative increase of 3.6% for men and 3.2% for women. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of death from motor vehicle and fall related injuries among older adults differed by sex, race and ethnicity, results obscured by simple age and sex specific death rates. This study found important patterns and disparities in these death rates by race and ethnicity useful for identifying high risk groups and guiding prevention strategies.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1998

Maternal age specific risk rate estimates for Down syndrome among live births in whites and other races from Ohio and metropolitan Atlanta, 1970-1989.

Our primary objective was to estimate, by one year and five year intervals, maternal age specific risk rates for Down syndrome among whites and among other races from two different populations, metropolitan Atlanta and south west Ohio, using live birth and prenatally diagnosed cases ascertained during 1970-1989. The five year estimates were also calculated separately for each of the five four year periods during these 20 years. Additionally, we compared two different methods of estimating these risk rates by using a third population of whites, and compared two different statistical methods of smoothing the risk rates. The results indicate good agreement between the metropolitan Atlanta and south west Ohio estimates within races, but show a statistically significant difference between the two race categories. Because 86% of live births in the "other races" category in the combined population are to blacks, these data may be seen as the first estimates of maternal age specific risk rates for Down syndrome among blacks calculated by one year intervals. We found excellent agreement in the risk rate estimates among the five four year time periods, between the estimates obtained by using the two different methods of estimation, and between the estimates obtained using the two different methods of statistical smoothing. Our estimated risk rates for white women in their 20s strongly reinforce those from previous studies currently being used for genetic counselling purposes. While we did find somewhat higher rates for women under 20, and increasingly higher rates for those over 30 years of age, these differences are not substantial. Thus, this study in general supports the risk rates estimated from data collected mostly during the 1960s and 1970s.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

AFLP markers linked to resistance against Striga gesnerioides race 1 in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used in combination with bulked segregant analysis (BSA) to identify molecular markers linked to two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genes conferring resistance to Striga gesnerioides race 1. After AFLP analysis of an F2 population derived from a cross between the resistant cultivar Gorom and the susceptible cultivar Tvx 3236, seven AFLP markers were identified that are linked to Rsg3, the gene conferring race I resistance in 'Gorom'. The distances between these markers and Rsg3 ranged from 9.9 to 2.5 cM, with two markers, E-AGA/M-CTA460 and E-AGA/M-CAG300, flanking Rsg3 at 2.5 and 2.6 cM, respectively. Analysis of a second F2 population derived from the cross between 'Tvx 3236' and the resistant cultivar IT81D-994 identified five AFLP markers linked to the race 1 resistance gene 994-Rsg present in 'IT81D-994'. The two markers showing the tightest linkage to the 994-Rsg locus were E-AAG/M-AAC450 and E-AAG/M-AAC150 at 2.1 and 2.0 cM, respectively. Two of the markers linked to 994-Rsg, E-AGA/M-CAG300 and E-AGA/M-CAG450, were also linked to Rsg3. The identification of molecular markers in common between the two sources of race 1 resistance suggests that either Striga resistance genes are clustered in these plants or that these loci are allelic. Mapping of the resistance loci within the cowpea genome revealed that three markers linked to Rsg3 and (or) 994-Rsg are located on linkage group 6.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2006

Exercise intensity during repeated days of racing in professional triathletes.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the exercise intensity from the competition heart rate (HR) of professional triathletes during a multi-triathlon race. Five internationally ranked professional triathletes completed incremental cycling and running tests to assess the first and second ventilatory thresholds (i.e., VT and RCT) and the HR at VT and RCT. HR was then monitored during a 5 d multi-triathlon race: a prologue time trial (PTT, 0.2 km swim -- 5 km cycle -- 1.2 km run) that opened the race; short-distance triathlons (SHD; 1.3 km swim -- 36 km cycle -- 8.4 km run) performed on the 2nd and 5th days; and sprint-distance triathlons (SPD; 0.75 km swim -- 20 km cycle -- 5 km run) performed on the 3rd and 4th days. All trials except the last (i.e., the second SHD) were performed above HR corresponding to RCT. PTT elicited significantly higher mean HR than the other trials (except for the first SPD trial). In contrast, the last SHD elicited significantly lower HR than the other trials. These responses were globally similar in the 3 segments (i.e., swim, cycle, and run). This study demonstrates that the triathletes performed at very high intensity during a drafting-permitted multi-triathlon race. However, as shown for multi-day cycling distances, the HR responses depended on (i) the distance covered and (ii) group behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cytokine changes after a marathon race.

The influence of carbohydrate (1 l/h of a 6% carbohydrate beverage), gender, and age on pro- and anti-inflammatory plasma cytokine and hormone changes was studied in 98 runners for 1.5 h after two competitive marathon races. The marathoner runners were randomly assigned to carbohydrate (C, n = 48) and placebo (P, n = 50) groups, with beverages administered during the races in a double-blind fashion using color codes. Plasma glucose was higher and cortisol was lower in the C than in the P group after the race (P < 0.001). For all subjects combined, plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, and IL-8 rose significantly immediately after the race and remained above prerace levels 1.5 h later. The pattern of change in all cytokines did not differ significantly between the 12 women and 86 men in the study and the 23 subjects > or =50 yr of age and the 75 subjects <50 yr of age. The pattern of change in IL-10, IL-1ra, and IL-8, but not IL-6, differed significantly between the C and the P group, with higher postrace values measured for IL-10 (109% higher) and IL-1ra (212%) in the P group and for IL-8 (42%) in the C group. In conclusion, plasma levels of IL-10, IL-1ra, IL-6, and IL-8 rose strongly in runners after a competitive marathon, and this was not influenced by age or gender. Carbohydrate ingestion, however, had a major effect in attenuating increases in cortisol and two anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and IL-1ra.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Normal post-race antimyosin myocardial scintigraphy in asymptomatic marathon runners with elevated serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and troponin T levels. Evidence against silent myocardial cell necrosis.

Recent epidemiologic studies confirm that heavy physical exertion can trigger myocardial infarction. Diagnosis of acute myocardial injury in marathon runners is complicated by elevations of serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme activity in asymptomatic finishers with normal post-race infarct-avid myocardial scintigraphy. Such isoenzyme elevations can arise from exertional rhabdomyolysis of skeletal muscle biochemically altered by training, from silent injury to the myocardium or from a combined tissue source. To assess silent myocardial cell necrosis in marathon runners, we performed quantitative anti-myosin myocardial scintigraphy after competition with serum immunoassays for creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and troponin T. Therefore, 8 male marathon runners with a mean age of 52 years underwent quantitative antimyosin myocardial scintigraphy immediately following the 1988 and 1993 Boston Marathons. Serum immunoassays for creatine kinase MB isoenzyme by a chemiluminescent method (CLIA) and troponin T by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed in 4 runners after the 1993 race. Quantitative antimyosin myocardial scintigraphy was normal in all runners including 3 who participated after both races 5 years apart. Post-race serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme and/or troponin T levels were in a range otherwise diagnostic of acute myocardial infarction in 3 of 4 subjects. Normal quantitative antimyosin myocardial imaging in asymptomatic marathon runners excludes silent myocardial cell necrosis as the source of elevated serum protein markers. Such imaging may be the optimal diagnostic modality for detection of myocardial cell necrosis in symptomatic athletes when results of conventional testing are inconclusive.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Similarity of twins to singleton maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein ratio by race: no need to establish specific multifetal tables.

The purpose of this study was to assess the need for race-specific maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) curves in twin gestations. MSAFP values were evaluated in 535 samples obtained from twin gestations. Results were grouped according to gestational age (from 15 to 20 weeks), as with our singletons. Separate median curves were determined for black and for white pregnancies. On average, the median serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for twins was about twice (2.1 +/- 0.3) the median of singletons. MSAFP in blacks was commonly higher than in white pregnancies of comparable gestational age. Using a 4.5 multiple of the singleton median cutoff in twin white pregnancies, 3.9% of the results were defined as 'high', similar to the rate observed in singleton pregnancies. 'Low' results in twins were defined as AFP values lower than 1.0 multiples of the singleton median (in pregnancies of similar gestational age and race). About 7% of the serum samples for whites were defined as 'low' by this criteria. Data for blacks were comparable. Race-dependent median values should be used for MSAFP interpretation in twin as well as singleton pregnancies. 'High' and 'low' percentages are comparable to our large data bank of singleton pregnancies and seem to be adequate for interpretation of serum AFP in twins. Therefore, the race-specific singleton multiples are sufficient, obviating the need to build specific median curves for multifetal gestations.

Black People↗
PubMed1990

Race, sex, and family history of hypertension and erythrocyte sodium pump [3H]ouabain binding.

We studied the binding properties of [3H]ouabain to erythrocytes from normotensive children (n = 83) between the ages of 10 and 18 years (mean resting arterial pressure: 102/57 mm Hg) from normotensive and essential hypertensive parents. Arterial blood pressures of 101/57 and 104/57 mm Hg (subjects with normotensive and hypertensive parents, respectively) were not significantly different between the two groups. Forty-four children had normotensive parents and 39 had hypertensive parents, 51 were white and 32 were black, and 41 were girls and 42 were boys. By using the [3H]ouabain-binding technique, we determined the density of sodium pump sites and the equilibrium dissociation constants in erythrocytes from these children. Possible effects of race, sex, or parental hypertension status on pump sites and dissociation constants were tested with a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Race had a major effect on the dissociation constant: blacks had a significantly higher value than did whites (p = 0.002). We also found a race by sex by parental hypertension status interaction (p = 0.04) with black girls with hypertensive parents having the highest value. There was no effect of race, sex, or status on sodium pump site density. Age, height, weight, resting arterial blood pressure, and plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations did not correlate with the dissociation constants. These data suggest that, among the groups we studied, black girls with hypertensive parents had erythrocytes with the lowest binding affinity for ouabain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Race and diurnal blood pressure patterns. A review and meta-analysis.

Investigators have reported variable findings regarding the role of race in diurnal blood pressure patterns. We performed a review and meta-analysis of this literature to identify the overall effect of race on circadian blood pressure patterns. Eighteen studies involving 2852 participants were reviewed. Meta-analyses were conducted using effect sizes calculated from the data provided directly in the study reports. Separate meta-analyses were conducted on effect sizes for differences between blacks and whites in daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic blood pressure and nocturnal dip in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. To evaluate discrepancies in findings from studies involving American versus non-American blacks, overall meta-analyses as well as within-subset meta-analyses of black/white differences were conducted for comparisons involving American and non-American blacks. Results of overall meta-analyses indicate that blacks experience higher levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both at night and during the day. These differences were significantly greater at night than during the day (P<0.05). Results of within-subset analyses involving American blacks mirrored those for all black/white comparisons, except that the effect of race on nocturnal dip, ie, that American blacks experienced less of a dip in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure at night, was significant (P<0.05). In contrast, the effect of race on nocturnal dip was not significant for comparisons involving non-American blacks. These results suggest a consistent difference in the chronobiology of blood pressure, particularly in American blacks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this investigation was to determine the importance of race as a determinant of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke in a community-based stroke sample. METHODS: Residents from northern Manhattan over age 39 years hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke (n = 438, black 35%, Hispanic 46%, white 19%) were prospectively evaluated. Index ischemic strokes were classified as atherosclerotic (17%), lacunar (30%), cardioembolic (21%), cryptogenic (31%), and other (1%). Atherosclerotic infarcts were subdivided into extracranial (9%) and intracranial (8%) atherosclerosis. RESULTS: The proportion of extracranial atherosclerotic stroke was similar among the three race-ethnic groups, while intracranial atherosclerosis was more frequent in blacks and Hispanics. The unadjusted odds ratio for nonwhites (blacks and Hispanics combined) was 0.8 (confidence interval [CI], 0.4 to 1.8) for extracranial and 7.8 (CI, 1.04 to 57.7) for intracranial atherosclerosis. Patients with intracranial disease were significantly younger and had an increased frequency of hypercholesterolemia and insulin-dependent diabetes compared with those with nonatherosclerotic disease. The odds ratio for the association of nonwhite race-ethnicity and intracranial atherosclerosis was reduced to 5.2 (CI, 0.7 to 40) after controlling for age and to 4.4 (CI, 0.6 to 35) after controlling for age, education, insulin-dependent diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSIONS: The greater prevalence of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia among blacks and Hispanics from northern Manhattan accounted for much of the increased frequency of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke. Further control of these risk factors could reduce the frequency of this stroke subtype and minimize the disparities among different race-ethnic groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Race-ethnicity and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis in a multiethnic population. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis have been studied in white populations but infrequently in multiethnic cohorts. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of race-ethnicity and other factors associated with carotid atherosclerosis in a mixed population of Hispanics, blacks, and whites. METHODS: As part of the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study, 526 stroke-free community residents (aged > or = 40 years; 41% men, 59% women; 46% Hispanic, 31% black, 23% white) were recruited through random-digit dialing and had vascular risk factor evaluations. Maximum internal carotid artery plaque thickness (MICPT) was measured with B-mode ultrasound. The frequency distribution of MICPT was examined in the three race-ethnic groups, and multivariate regression was performed to identify factors that were independently associated with MICPT. RESULTS: Mean MICPT in the entire sample was 1.5 +/- 1.4 mm, increased directly with age, and was greater in whites and blacks than Hispanics. Other independent determinants of MICPT included smoking, glucose, LDL cholesterol, and hypertension. After we controlled for these covariates, Hispanic (versus non-Hispanic) race-ethnicity was still an independent determinant of less carotid plaque. There was a significant interaction between race-ethnicity and LDL cholesterol, with a greater effect of increasing LDL cholesterol among Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: Atherosclerotic risk factors were predictive of MICPT in this mixed-ethnic cohort. Hispanics had significantly less carotid plaque after adjustment for other known risk factors, but they also had a greater impact of increasing LDL cholesterol.

Adult↗