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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

LIGPLOT: a program to generate schematic diagrams of protein-ligand interactions.

The LIGPLOT program automatically generates schematic 2-D representations of protein-ligand complexes from standard Protein Data Bank file input. The output is a colour, or black-and-white, PostScript file giving a simple and informative representation of the intermolecular interactions and their strengths, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and atom accessibilities. The program is completely general for any ligand and can also be used to show other types of interaction in proteins and nucleic acids. It was designed to facilitate the rapid inspection of many enzyme complexes, but has found many other applications.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Where need meets opportunity: youth development programs for early teens.

Early adolescence is a time of burgeoning independence, autonomy, and focus on peers. It is also a time when individual interests, skills, and preferences become salient to young people. Not surprisingly, out-of-school programs designed to capture the interest of early teens are diverse in focus and varied in structure, ranging from sports teams to drop-in recreation centers, from museum apprenticeships to mentoring relationships between an individual teen and an adult. This article describes the array of various organizations that offer programs and services for youths in their early teens. It explains the philosophy of positive youth development that has emerged as a unifying theme in this long-standing but newly self-conscious field. Principles of best practice are reviewed, as are five key implementation challenges: increasing participation by youths; expanding access to programs, especially in low-income communities; improving funding; evaluating program effectiveness; and coordination with other youth services. The article closes with a discussion anticipating the new opportunities that accompany the attention and funding now going toward positive youth development programs that enrich the lives of young people through informal learning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Old challenges and new areas for international co-operation in population.

Taking stock of accomplishments in the field of population reveals that significant progress has been made since the late 1960s but that much remains to be done. Important challenges in population for 1990 and beyond include the implementation of more effective family planning programs, greater accessibility to better family planning services at the local level, a wider range of choices in contraceptive methods, and better training and supervision of family planning delivery personnel. Another major challenge is to give attention to the various aspects of the role of women--beyond mere acknowledgement and to the actual implementation of programs. Further, policies need to be formulated and implemented across several sectors to deal with the complex interaction between population, resources, and the environment. To devise such policies, knowledge of the interrelationships needs to be clarified and refined. Finally, still greater emphasis will have to be placed on improving the integration of population and development. Accomplishing that will require wider awareness, enhanced coordination and adequate resources--an increase of at least $100 million per year from now to the end of the century over the annual current level of some $550 million for all external assistance for population.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2003

Building grassroots support for AIDS.

Citizen-action campaigns (like getting people to call Congress or their state representatives to support Medicaid, ADAP, or other program for access to medical care) could get much more response if they were made accessible to the millions of people who are already supportive but not already involved. We suggest several ways to make action alerts and other citizen organizing work better.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Criminal history as a prognostic indicator in the treatment of homeless people with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the clinical problems and treatment outcomes of homeless people with severe mental illness and a history of incarceration. METHODS: Between May 1994 and June 1998, a total of 5,774 people entered assertive community treatment case management services in the Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Supports (ACCESS) demonstration program at 18 sites in nine states. This study used data from reassessments at 12 months after program entry. Analysis of variance was used to compare baseline status and 12-month outcomes for clients with a lifetime incarceration history of less than six months, of six months or more, and no incarceration history. The outcomes assessed were housing status, employment status, psychiatric problems, alcohol problems, drug problems, and criminal justice involvement. RESULTS: Two-thirds of the ACCESS clients had a history of incarceration, with about one-third having less than six months of incarceration and about one-third having six months or more of incarceration. Clients with a long-term incarceration history had higher psychiatric symptom scores, higher drug use and alcohol use scores, and higher levels of dual diagnosis than those with a short-term incarceration history or those with no history of incarceration. The same order of differences was found on measures of childhood abuse, family-of-origin stability, and childhood conduct disorder. Clients with an incarceration history of six months or more reported higher levels of long-term homelessness than the group without an incarceration history. The group with an incarceration history of less than six months showed less improvement at the 12-month follow-up evaluation than the group with no incarceration history on only one outcome measure, psychiatric problems. The group with an incarceration history of six months or more had poorer outcomes than the group with no incarceration history on only two of six outcomes, psychiatric problems and number of days in jail. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that among homeless clients with severe mental illness, clients with a history of incarceration have more serious problems and show somewhat less improvement in some community adjustment domains.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Syringe exchange in Canada: good but not enough to stem the HIV tide.

This article provides a historical perspective on the development of syringe exchange in Canada, the Canadian legal and policy context, evaluation and monitoring strategies, and current challenges facing HIV prevention efforts among injecting drug users. Despite the fact that it is legal to sell, exchange, or provide an IDU with a syringe and there are no laws in Canada requiring a physician's prescription to justify possession of a syringe, policy development and programming have not been adequate to hold HIV at bay in several cities across the country. Although there have been concerted efforts by syringe and needle exchange programs to increase the supply of injecting equipment, HIV prevalence continues to rise, provoking a rethinking of the role of syringe exchange. In a coordinated strategy for HIV prevention among drug users in Canada, needle and syringe exchange is not itself in question; however, ghettoization and needle quota systems may have had an adverse impact on prevention programming. A national action plan has been developed which aims to decentralize both methadone maintenance and syringe and needle exchange programs, increase access to detoxification and treatment modalities, and advocate for changes in the criminal justice system and law enforcement practices.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of anti-infective drug use in elderly persons in Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan, Canada: relationship to drug insurance reimbursement policies.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial drug resistance continues to be a concern. Inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents is a well-documented contributory factor in the development of resistance. Canadian publicly funded drug insurance (pharmacare) programs have various approaches to reimbursement for antimicrobial drugs and promoting the appropriate prescribing of these agents. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine changes in antimicrobial use over a 3-year period in relation to the reimbursement policies of the public drug insurance programs for elderly persons in Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan. METHODS: The pharmacare databases of the 3 provincial drug insurance programs were accessed for fiscal years 1995/96, 1996/97, and 1997/98. Antimicrobial drug use was reported as mean age- and sex-standardized defined daily doses (DDDs) dispensed per 1000 beneficiaries per year. Provincial antimicrobial drug use was compared and related to provincial reimbursement policies. RESULTS: The rates and types of antimicrobial drugs dispensed to elderly beneficiaries of the Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan pharmacare programs varied. Between fiscal years 1995/96 and 1997/98, DDDs of antimicrobials per 1000 beneficiaries per year decreased by 11.5% in Saskatchewan and increased by 1.2% in Manitoba and 6.2% in Nova Scotia. Rates of use of broadspectrum agents such as amoxicillin/clavulanate, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and fluoroquinolones were lower in the provinces that had reimbursement guidelines. Even when reimbursement policies were similar, as for fluoroquinolones in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, rates of use varied markedly, possibly as a result of the method of implementing the reimbursement guidelines. Use of fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillins, beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins, and tetracyclines was lower and use of sulfonamides and trimethoprim was greater in Saskatchewan than in Nova Scotia and Manitoba. CONCLUSIONS: The reimbursement guidelines of provincial drug insurance programs are among the factors affecting the use of antimicrobial agents. Both the type of reimbursement policy and the policy implementation mechanism affected the rate of utilization. Further research is needed to link drug-use information with data such as antimicrobial resistance patterns, diagnoses, physician visits, and hospitalizations.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Health and welfare of dairy cows in different housing programs].

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two Swiss animal welfare friendly housing programs, 'regular access to outdoor facilities' (RAUS) and 'improved loose housing systems' (BTS) on health and welfare of dairy cows. During two years, the following indicators of health and welfare were observed on 136 randomly selected dairy farms: injuries around the joints, callosities, lameness, teat injuries, cleanliness, behaviour during lying and rising, body condition score, and incidence of medical treatments. Farms participating in both housing programs (BTS + RAUS) and farms with the program RAUS were compared to traditional farms that did not participate in a program. Housing system and management practice were recorded as additional factors influencing health and welfare of cows. Cows on farms participating in BTS + RAUS had, on average, fewer injuries around the hocks and fewer callosities at the carpal joints than cows in farms which did not participate in a housing program. Lameness was most frequent in cows of farms without housing program, followed by cows in tie stalls with the program RAUS and cows in loose housing systems with BTS + RAUS. There were fewer antibiotic treatments in farms with BTS + RAUS compared to the other farms.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Changes in empowerment: effects of participation in a lay health promotion program.

The Camp Health Aide Program is a lay health promotion program for migrant and seasonal farmworkers. The program increases access to health care while facilitating leadership development and empowerment of individual farmworkers through training and experience as lay health promoters (camp health aides [CHAs]). This article describes a study which documents impacts on the CHAs of working as lay health promoters in terms of changes in personal empowerment. The authors developed a working definition of personal empowerment and interviewed 27 CHAs at three program sites (Arizona, New Jersey, and Florida) at three different times. CHAs are grouped in five descriptive categories reflecting varying degrees of change in empowerment over this period. Of the total group of 27 CHAs, 24 exhibited some increase in personal empowerment during the study period. These changes are described in detail, and implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Expert opinions on optimal enforcement of minimum purchase age laws for tobacco.

A questionnaire on how youth access laws should be enforced was sent to 20 experts who had administered and/or evaluated a youth access enforcement program. Respondents agreed on the need for a high level of retail compliance, checkers representative of the community, checks at least twice per year, a graduated penalty structure with license revocation, and bans on self-service and vending machines. Respondents indicated the need for research on the effects of ID use, frequency of checks, penalty structures, and the effects on smoking rates of youth access policies alone and in conjunction with other tobacco control policies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

"Utstein style" spreadsheet and database programs based on Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Access software for CPR data management of in-hospital resuscitation.

In 1997, The American Heart Association in association with representatives of the International Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) published recommended guidelines for reviewing, reporting and conducting in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes using the "Utstein style". Using these guidelines, we developed two Microsoft Office based database management programs that may be useful to the resuscitation community. We developed a user-friendly spreadsheet based on MS Office Excel. The user enters patient variables such as name, age, and diagnosis. Then, event resuscitation variables such as time of collapse and CPR team arrival are entered from a "code flow sheet". Finally, outcome variables such as patient condition at different time points are recorded. The program then makes automatic calculations of average response times, survival rates and other important outcome measurements. Also using the Utstein style, we developed a database program based on MS Office Access. To promote free public access to these programs, we established at a website. These programs will help hospitals track, analyze, and present their CPR outcomes data. Clinical CPR researchers might also find the programs useful because they are easily modified and have statistical functions.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2005

Criminal investigations of child abuse: the research behind "best practices".

This article reviews the research relevant to seven practices considered by many to be among the most progressive approaches to criminal child abuse investigations: multidisciplinary team investigations, trained child forensic interviewers, videotaped interviews, specialized forensic medical examiners, victim advocacy programs, improved access to mental health treatment for victims, and Children's Advocacy Centers (CACs). The review finds that despite the popularity of these practices, little outcome research is currently available documenting their success. However, preliminary research supports many of these practices or has influenced their development. Knowledge of this research can assist investigators and policy makers who want to improve the response to victims, understand the effectiveness of particular programs, or identify where assumptions about effectiveness are not empirically supported.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Using mobile DXA to improve access to osteoporosis care: unit design, program development, implementation, and outcomes.

Osteoporosis diagnosis and monitoring is best accomplished with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), but technology availability can hinder access to care. We designed a mobile DXA program incorporating a Hologic Delphi-C trade mark bone densitometer housed in a specially configured 30-ft Winnebago trade mark. The mobile DXA program provided osteoporosis testing and education at the convenience of the patient's primary care site within our rural health care system. DXA results were sent electronically to the patient's physician within 48-72 h. The mobile DXA patient group tended to be older and at high risk for future fracture. The service provided was rated as excellent by patients. Given the volume of patients studied, the program was financially self-sustaining. Other healthcare systems or groups should consider development of a similar program.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

Cervical cancer and health care resources in Newark, New Jersey, 1970 to 1988.

OBJECTIVES: In the past, the predominantly Black population of Newark, NJ, had little access to programs promoting or providing Pap tests. The ratio of in situ to invasive cases of cervical carcinoma was markedly reduced in all age categories, indicating inadequate screening for this cancer in this population. Funding became available to provide and publicize Pap smears but ceased after 5.5 years. We examined the effect of these changes in funding. METHODS: Data came from all Newark hospitals and practitioners and from the state cancer registry. There are now data on incidence of in situ and invasive cervical cancer in Newark from 1970 through 1988, including years before, during, and after program funding. RESULTS: The ratio of in situ to invasive cervical cancer increased and decreased in a striking parallel with the provision and subsequent cessation of funding. CONCLUSIONS: Cessation of funding of education and screening programs can result in resumption of an unfavorable in situ/invasive cervical carcinoma ratio in a poor population.

Adolescent↗