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PubMedDate not supplied

Monitoring pesticide residues in Egyptian fruits and vegetables in 1995.

Organophosphorus, dithiocarbamates, and some synthetic pyrethroids pesticides, which are commonly used in Egypt for pest control, were monitored, as well as persistent organochlorines, which had been prohibited from use several years ago. Fruit and vegetable samples (397) were collected from 8 local markets and examined for 52 pesticides. Of all analyzed samples, 42.8% contained detectable residues, of which 1.76% exceeded their maximum residue limits (MRLs). The rates of contamination with the different pesticides were 0-86%. However, violation rates among contaminated products were very low, ranging from 0 to 4.6%. In general, organochlorine pesticide residues were not detected in most samples. Dithiocarbamate residues were found in 70.4% of 98 samples analyzed for dithiocarbamates, but only one grape sample had residues exceeding the MRL established by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues.

Carbamates↗
PubMed1999

Outsourcing on the outs.

Pest control, medical equipment maintenance, and laundry services are out--that is, outsourced--this year. But most clinical services won't be going to the highest bidder anytime soon. In fact, outsourcing as a whole may be on the outs, according to H&HN's ninth annual Contract Management Survey. Two-thirds of hospital executives expect to maintain the status quo on their outsourcing levels, although they see food service, pharmacy, housekeeping, and groundskeeping as areas for growth. H&HN's annual survey gives you the scoop on what jobs and services hospitals are farming out these days.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Field trials of three concentrations of Laginex as biological larvicide compared to Vectobac-12AS as a biocontrol agent for Culex quinquefasciatus.

Laginex AS Biological Larvicide (Lagenidium giganteum) and Vectobac-12AS (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) were compared in plastic pools containing laboratory-reared Culex quinquefasciatus larvae located in a wooded area in Panama City, FL, in August and September 1997. The pools were dipped at 2-day intervals to assess larval control. Sentinel larvae in screen-sided cups were added to all treatment and control pools at 4-day intervals and evaluated for infection at 48 h. Laginex produced larval control up to 20 days as compared to the Vectobac-12AS compound, which required retreatment by the 10th day. The most effective control was attained by the Laginex 25 treatment, which reduced larvae in the pools by 100% for 22 days. Control in the Laginex 15 and Laginex 35 treatments dropped to 90% and 74% at day 13 and day 9, respectively. The numbers of infected larvae remained above 50% as larval control was assessed, but dropped and fluctuated when water temperatures were lowered at the onset of cold weather. Organic pollution did not prove to be a significant factor in the evaluations.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Population replacement in Culex fatigans by means of cytoplasmic incompatibility. 2. Field cage experiments with overlapping generations.

Three experiments were carried out in field cages to test the principle of "transport" of a desirable gene or chromosome into a wild Culex fatigans population as a result of the sterility in cross-matings associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility. Cycling populations of Delhi origin were established in the cages and daily releases were made of the IS31B strain, which has Paris cytoplasm and carries a male-linked translocation. It was shown that, if sufficient releases were made to establish a majority of the Paris cytoplasmic type, complete replacement by this cytoplasmic type subsequently occurred. However, as a result of partial compatibility of males of the Delhi population with Paris females, "recombinant" males with Paris cytoplasm and no translocation were produced. In an experiment in which a continuous low rate of "immigration" of a strain of Delhi origin was simulated, a gradual increase of the Paris cytoplasm nontranslocated type occurred, and renewed IS31B releases were necessary after 5 months to restore the predominance of this type. The results are compared with computer predictions and discussed in relation to the transport of genes for filaria refractoriness or chromosome translocations into wild populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Invertebrates in neurotoxicology.

Due to the relative simplicity of their nervous system, invertebrate animals were widely used in the past decades for studying the processes of excitability at membrane level, as well as the mechanisms of neuronal events and interneuronal communication. Parallel with investigating basic questions of neurobiology, lower animals have also been the object of toxicological studies, because simple invertebrate preparations with well-known physiological, biochemical and pharmacological characteristics proved to be excellent models for testing the action of natural and synthetic compounds important to human pharmaceutical research as well as in searching suitable chemicals for pest control. In the last ten-fifteen years with the growing interest towards environmental protection, a new field was opened for the application of invertebrates, namely, testing and monitoring the presence and harmful effects of anthropogenic toxic substances. Invertebrates are used today both as passive and as active biomonitors to detect and evaluate the level of pollution in a given ecosystem, and to study the effects and mechanisms of action of pollutants. Invertebrate nervous systems are suitable objects in clarifying the mechanisms of action of toxic chemicals at various levels of the neural regulation. Toxic influences can be reflected in behavioural alterations, by the modification of the function of different organs as well as the neural regulation, presented by examples on mussels and snails. In case of neurotoxicity, the targets of action are the elements of the nervous system. Alterations can occur in the permeability (ion channels) of the neuronal membrane influencing excitability, potential generation and propagation of nerve impulse, in the transmitter system (synthesis, release, elimination and binding to the receptors), in the interneuronal and neuroeffector connections responsible for co-ordinated and adequate responses to the internal and external challenges. For the future, it can be predicted that neurotoxicological research with new compounds cannot be effective without using invertebrate preparations, since, due to animal protection and restrictions in animal experimentation, the permission of the use of vertebrates is much more limited in most of the developed countries, and this trend is certainly to be expanded.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Field assessment of plant derivative compounds for managing fungal soybean diseases.

Natural plant-derived compounds are currently being explored as alternatives for pest control in sustainable agriculture. This study explored the use of two compounds, sesamol and carbenoxolone, in the management of the fungal soybean disease charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). Previous studies have determined that sesamol and carbenoxolone compounds significantly inhibited fungal pathogen growth and plant disease in vitro. In order to assess the field efficacy of these compounds for fungal disease control, 2 years of field testing of these compounds have been conducted in southeast Kansas. Field treatments of the compounds sesamol and carbenoxolone at three concentrations, 0, 500 and 1000 microg/ml, were applied foliarly at four distinct plant developmental stages. Treatments were applied to plots in random triplicate array and the experiment was repeated during the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. Disease assessments were based on visual disease ratings, plant mortality and soybean yield analysis. Data were recorded weekly for each treatment plot and statistically analysed using analysis of variance. Results indicate that sesamol and carbenoxolone treatments significantly decreased disease symptoms (11-12%) and plant mortality (24-28%) while significantly increasing soybean yields (18-38%). These results support that plant-derived compounds can have a significant impact on soybean disease management and yield under field conditions.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2001

Fipronil modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor is an important site of action of a variety of chemicals, including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, picrotoxin, bicuculline, general anesthetics, alcohols, and certain insecticides. Fipronil is the first phenylpyrazole insecticide introduced for pest control. It is effective against some insects that have become resistant to the existing insecticides. To elucidate the mechanism of fipronil interaction with the mammalian GABA system, whole-cell patch-clamp experiments were performed using rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in primary culture. Fipronil suppressed the GABA-induced whole-cell currents reversibly in both closed and activated states. The IC(50) values and Hill coefficients for fipronil block of the GABA(A) receptor were estimated to be 1.66 +/- 0.18 microM and 1.23 +/- 0.14 for the closed receptor, respectively, and 1.61 +/- 0.14 microM and 0.96 +/- 0.06 for the activated receptor, respectively. The association rate and dissociation rate constants of fipronil effect were estimated to be 673 +/- 220 M(-1) s(-1) and 0.018 +/- 0.0035 s(-1) for the closed GABA(A) receptor, respectively, and 6600 +/- 380 M(-1) s(-1) and 0.11 +/- 0.0054 s(-1) for the activated GABA(A) receptor, respectively. Thus, both the association and dissociation rate constants of fipronil for the activated GABA(A) receptor are approximately 10 times as large as those for the closed receptor. Experiments with coapplication of fipronil and picrotoxinin indicated that they did not compete for the same binding site to block the receptor. It is concluded that although fipronil binds to the GABA(A) receptor without activation, channel opening facilitates fipronil binding to and unbinding from the receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Carbamate and organophosphate resistance in cotton pests in India, 1995 to 1999.

Monitoring for organophosphate and carbamate resistance was carried out on five major insect pests of cotton collected from 22 cotton-growing districts across India. Resistance was monitored in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) for the period 1995-1999 and for Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Earias vittella (Fabricius) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in a survey conducted during the 1997-98 cropping season. Of the 53 field strains of H. armigera, only four were found to exhibit resistance to quinalphos, the highest 15-fold, whereas all 16 field strains tested were found to be resistant to monocrotophos. Similarly, out of 40 field strains tested, only eight were found to express appreciable resistance to methomyl. Resistance in P. gossypiella to quinalphos was high in the majority of the strains tested. Of the seven strains of E. vittella tested, two strains from northern India exhibited > 70-fold resistance to monocrotophos. Of the 11 S. litura strains tested, only four were found to exhibit resistance factors of 10 to 30-fold to quinalphos and monocrotophos. All of the B. tabaci field strains exhibited resistance to methomyl and monocrotophos and susceptibility to triazophos. Practical implications for pest control resulting from the observed patterns of cross-resistance between quinalphos, monocrotophos and methomyl are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Controlling effect of parasitoids on population of vegetable leaf miner Liriomyza sativae Blanchard].

The controlling effect of parasitoids on vegetable leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, was evaluated by using acting factor life tables and exclusion inex of population control(EPIC). The results showed that Chrysocharis pentheus, Neuchrysocharis formosa, Chrysonotomyia okazakii, Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Chrysocharis sp., Opius dimidiatus and Opius dissitus played an important role in controlling the population of vegetable leaf miner. The EIPCs of parasitoids were 1.23, 2.73, 5.98, 5.92 and 5.71, respectively for the five generations of L. sativae on kidney bean planted in spring, from the 1st to the 5th generation and, for the 2nd generation in particular, they were 2.73, 2.87, 2.24 and 1.89, respectively on kidney bean, cowpea, luffa and cucumber, indicating that if the parasitoids were excluded, the population of the next generation of L. sativae would increase by times accordingly. The EIPC of parasitoids for the 3rd instar larvae was usually the largest among different instar larvae and pupae, and the EIPCs for the 3rd to 5th generation of L. sativae on spring kidney bean were higher than those for the 1st and the 2nd. The EIPCs of parasitoids for L. sativae on kidney bean and cowpea were larger than those on luffa and cucumber.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

4-aminopyridine poisoning of crows in the Chicago area.

Poisoning of crows with the avicide 4-aminopyridine is reported. Seven crows had frequent vocalization and nervous signs; 6 died. Postmortem examination of 4 found evidence of trauma and corn-based bait present in the gastrointestinal tract. The bait contained 4-aminopyridine, a rapidly fatal nervous system toxin. When utilized by pest control professionals using manufacturer's recommendations, 4-aminopyridine has little risk of direct or relay toxicosis to non-target species. Treatment of exposed individuals involves symptomatic care and control of seizures.

4-Aminopyridine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Size exclusion chromatographic cleanup for GC/MS determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in household and vehicle dust.

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used as a cleanup method for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in household and vehicle dusts. The pesticides investigated were diazinon, methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, phosmet, and azinphosmethyl. These compounds are of interest due to their use in agricultural tree fruit production and/or urban pest control. Pesticides were determined via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring and cool on-column injection. The lower limit of method validation was 0.20 microg/g. Method limits of detection in dust ranged from 0.012-0.055 microg/g. Dust samples were collected with vacuums from the homes and vehicles of people living and working in a rural agricultural region in the central part of Washington State. The analytes were extracted from the dust by sonication in acetone. The extracts were solvent-exchanged to cyclohexane, frozen, thawed, and centrifuged prior to SEC injection. Following SEC, the eluent was split into 2 fractions, concentrated, and injected on-column into the gas chromatograph. This method represents the first complete publication describing the SEC cleanup of organophosphorus pesticides in dusts. Recoveries of pesticides in dusts ranged from 63.5-110.8 +/- 4.9-19.6% over a fortification range of 0.20-10.00 microg/g. This optimized, automated, and reproducible SEC method does not require further treatment or cleanup for trace determination of these organophosphorus pesticides.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2002

[Frontier fields of plant chemical ecology in the 21st century].

It has focused on chemical interactions between plant and other organisms, which mediated by secondary plant metabolites in recent years. Induced chemical defense in plant, plant chemical communication, relationships between secondary plant metabolites and evolution, chemical relationships between plant and human and chemical ecology of marine plant are the frontier fields needed attention of plant chemical ecology in the 21st century. Progress in these frontier fields of plant chemical ecology will play an important role in sustainable development, particular in increasing agricultural production and effective control of pest, disease and weed under ecological security in the 21st century.

Agrochemicals↗
PubMed1975

Use of larvivorous fish for vector control in the Malvides Republic.

The paper reports on the use of three larvivorous fishes in the Maldives Republic: Poecilia reticulata (Poeciliidae), Mollienesia sphenops (Cyprinodontidae) and for the first time Kuhlia taeniurus (Kuhliidae), a sea fish adapted to life in wells, which are the only sources of water supply (with the exception of a few rain-water cisterns). The approximately 20 000 wells are the main and all-year-round breeding places for both Anophelines and Culicines. Due to this type of breeding places, Maldives are in a unique situation, that the fish can theoretically be used as the main control measure for filariasis. This requires an absolute minimum of work and no cost at all. There has been a reduction of the filariasis overall endemicity rates over the last 10 years although no specific measures have been carried out (except in the capital city of Male) nor have any ecological changes taken place, which could explain this decrease. With this decrease however there has been lately a marked reduction in the percentage of wells with fish in some atolls.

Animals↗