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PubMed2002

[Problems concerning pupil's and students' hygiene from the point view of Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations and National Institute of Hygiene].

Based on the status of buildings and conditions to keep them clean, the situation in all types of schools has been investigated within seven years interval (1995-2001). Observed dynamics of changes was related to the background of political system transformations. In the primary schools, improvement was observed within each of the following analyzed aspects: sanitary conditions, use of unadjusted buildings, technical conditions of the buildings, access of pupils to sanitary arrangements. These positive changes in primary schools should be related to the communes self-governments care in running them for several years (instead of the state as it was previously), as well as with phenomenon of size reduction of the least schools (due to the demographic depression, shortening of education time from 8 to 6 years), which were operating in the worst conditions. In the upper secondary the improvement has been noticed within the sanitary conditions and use of the unadjusted buildings. In the same time stagnation in buildings technical condition and students insufficient access to sanitary arrangements were stated. It is a challenge for new hosts of secondary schools--self-government of powiats (which overtook them from the state in January 1, 1999). As results from the study, the functioning conditions of lower secondary schools established in September 1999 are similar to those of primary schools, although they intended to be examples of excellence with modern equipment. A dozen or so percent of pupils and students used in schools desks unadjusted to their height. This situation has to be improved. Data from sanitary-epidemiological stations concerning keeping proper standards of hygienic conditions of educational process in schools should find broader employment, they should be helpful in creating national education policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Androgenic anabolic steroid use in matric pupils. A survey of prevalence of use in the western Cape.

A survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) by matric pupils in the western Cape. A cluster sample, stratified by language and a subjective assessment of sporting status, of 13 schools in the area was selected, and 1,361 pupils completed a questionnaire containing questions about sports participation and the use of AAS. The prevalence of use of AAS in the sample was 5.9/1,000 and prevalences in subgroups were 11.7/1,000 for males, 12.5/1,000 for male sports participants and 25.4/1,000 for Afrikaans-speaking male sports participants. A significant amount of under-reporting (AAS users denying their status as such) occurred. General knowledge about AAS was poor, particularly among females and non-sports participants. AAS users experienced more pressure to perform well at sport than did non-users; the drugs were obtained mostly from peers and no user indicated that they were legally obtained. Because there is much evidence regarding the detrimental effects of AAS on health, it is clear that a strategy must be adopted to decrease the prevalence of their use in the schoolgoing population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia presenting with pin-point pupils and hyperammonemia.

We describe two siblings who presented with lethargy, decreased sucking, respiratory failure and seizures in their first days of life. Pin-point pupils were noted in both siblings. Amino acid analysis revealed elevated concentrations of glycine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with abnormal CSF/plasma ratios, compatible with hyperglycinemia. Urine organic acid analysis was unremarkable. Hyperammonemia was found in both siblings, but this subsided within 24-72 h. We suggest that pin-point pupils may be an additional presenting sign of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and, if looked for early enough, hyperammonemia may be found in this disorder.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

[Retrospective overview of medically treated non-fatal injuries in pupils aged 11-15 years in Poland (1994-2002)].

The aim of the study was to analyse: annual occurrence of injuries in pupils aged 11, 13 and 15 years in Poland, common location of injury occurrence and type of activity, as well as the type of body harm. The results of the survey were compared with similar studies in 1994 and 1998 and series of trends were drawn. The survey was carried out in Poland within the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. A WHO Collaborative Cross-national Study (HBSC). The representative sample (N = 6383) was selected by two-stage, cluster drawing with stratification by place of residence. As the survey instrument the international questionnaire was used, translated and adapted for national purposes. Selected determinants of injuries were examined by crude odds (OR) with 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) calculated from contingency tables with the use of EPI INFO 6.04d software. Results of the study indicated the linear increase of non-fatal injuries among 11, 13, 15 years old pupils in 1994-2002 (from 17.6% to 28.4%) and even more evident increase of repeated injuries in the same time (from 2.1% to 8.6%, respectively). School and home were the most common location of injuries occurrence, while training for sport was the most common type of activity. Boys, living in urban areas were at highest risk of injuries in total, and by selected injuries outcomes. An increase of awareness that injuries are preventable and implementation of well know in the world prevention strategies are needed to stop disadvantageous trends in non-fatal medically treated injuries among school-aged children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Interpersonal relations in the consciousness of pupils and students].

The quality, satisfaction and being pleased of life depend on proper relations in the family, in the group of persons at the same age and at school or at the University. The aim of this study was the estimation of interpersonal relations in the chosen group of Cracovian secondary school pupils and medical students thanks the examinations conducted by auditory system with the use of an inquiry "Woman Self Image and Social Ideal". There were 713 persons belonging to 2 groups included in the examination: Group I: 313 pupils, including 128 boys and 185 girls attending to the second and third classes of two Cracovian secondary schools: Group II: 400 students of Medical Department and Health Protection Department of Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University in Cracow--106 male students and 294 female students. In the actual analysis the answers given to 64 questions of the "Interpersonal problems Inventory" questionnaire were estimated. Every question contained 5 possibilities: no, a little bit, more or less, much, very much. The hierarchy of these problems was estimated with the use of the method of step wise regression on the basis of the frequency of opposite answers to the particular questions. The most often the young persons stated (74%-63%) that it is never difficult for them to make a present to somebody else, to feel happy about one's happiness and to show positive emotions to others. About half of the examined persons (60%-47%) thought that they were never aggressive to others, that they never put their needs on the first position and they were not afraid of contacts with other people. In the questions connected with one's own personality determining the frequency of answers given to particular dystractors was not strongly marked e.g.: It is difficult for me to be alone: no (39%I/35%II), a little bit (18%I/16%II), moderately (13%I/11%II), much (13%I/18%II), very much (17%I/20%II); I am too credulous: no (46%I/37%II), a little bit (26%I/ 26%II), moderately (12%I/18%II), much (9%I, 12%II), very much (7%I, 7%II). The frequency of opposite answers with negative meaning as a rule did not exceed 5%.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of intraschool factors on pupils' mental performance and health status].

The study of the intraschool environment in the examined educational establishments has indicated that the sanitary and hygienic conditions of pupils' school stay are characterized by a diversity of disadvantages. The leading factors that have the greatest influence on schoolchildren's morbidity are those associated with the organization of a teaching-and-educational process (36.9%) and with the intraschool environment (28.1%). All the foregoing suggests that a hygienic monitoring system should be set up in each school for the systemic monitoring of pupils' health and for its forming factors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Change of pupil size as a function of exercise.

Exercise was found to dilate the pupil area while the exercise took place, while the area showed constriction following the exercise period. Exercise-induced change in the size of the pupil was minimal. Pupillary dilation was greatest under conditions of maximal exercise. In exercise under a consistent load, pupillary dilation increased as the exercise time was prolonged. With lower lighting, there was virtually no dilation with exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Hereditary diseases of the eye and their relative significance among the causes of blindness and diminished vision in the pupils of boarding schools for blind and amblyopic children in Uzbekistan].

At the present time about 2000 hereditary diseases are known, 246 pathologic genes leading to eye pathology are described. Diagnostics of these diseases is important for correct treatment, prognosis and rehabilitation. Results of examinations, conducted by the authors, of 1843 pupils of boarding-schools for blind and poor-sighted children in Uzbekistan were identified with 87 nosologic forms of hereditary eye diseases which can develop among the contingents of pupils of these schools. Hereditary diseases were diagnosed in 1005 (54%) examined children. The hereditary character of this pathology is confirmed by results of genealogical examination, combination of eye pathologies, associated diseases of internal organs and systems in the examined children.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1989

[The incidence of decreased visual acuity (far and near) among 5th- to 8th-grade pupils of the general education schools in the city of Chernovtsy].

Examination of 4159 pupils of the 5th-8th forms in schools of general education in a town of Chernovtsy has revealed decreased visual acuity for far in 16.2% and for near--in 30.3% of eyes. Decreased visual acuity for near with normal vision for far was revealed in 20.9% of the pupils. The incidence of decreased visual acuity was higher in winter than in autumn and spring. In conducting mass examinations of schoolchildren, it is recommended to determine visual acuity not only for far, but for near as well. In cases of decreased visual acuity for near (not lower than 0.8) it is not recommended to master professions connected with a strained visual load at a near distance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Appendectomy in South African inter-ethnic school pupils.

In 1984-1985, prevalences of appendectomy in inter-ethnic series of South African school pupils of 16-18 yr were: rural blacks, 0.5%; urban blacks, 1.0%; Indians, 2.6%; coloreds (Eur-African-Malay), 2.2%; Afrikaans whites, 13.4%; and English whites, 9.9%. Corresponding respective annual incidences per 1000 pupils of 10-19 yr were: 0.3, 0.6, 1.9, 1.7, 9.8, and 7.8. Thus, appendectomy is rare or infrequent in all except the white populations. Peak occurrence was postpubertal. There was no consistent sex bias. Dietarily, mean daily fiber intake was relatively low in all groups, 17.9-26.1 g. While the percentage of energy from fat intake was low in blacks, 16.3-22.3%, it was much higher in the other populations, 32.7-39.5%. Clearly, factors other than diet are involved in regulating frequency of appendectomy. While mortality is negligible and morbidity slight, elucidation of causation and prevention of the disease is desirable since subsequently appendectomy patients are at greater than average risk to certain cancers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polyneuropathy in Sjögren's syndrome. A case of prevalently autonomic neuropathy with tonic pupil and hypohidrosis.

A 38-year-old woman suffering from primary Sjögren's syndrome displayed a neurologic picture consisting of left tonic pupil, generalized tendon areflexia and left-sided hypohidrosis. Electrophysiological and pathological studies suggested a mild degree of peripheral nerve involvement. Moderate loss of large myelinated fibres and obliteration of small endoneurial vessels were seen in the sural nerve biopsy. Sympathetic skin response was absent and alterations of unmyelinated nerve fibres were found. A prevalently autonomic neuropathy with tonic pupils may represent a characteristic picture in the spectrum of peripheral nerve involvement in Sjögren's syndrome. Other similar cases reported in the literature are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pupil cycle time in primary closed-angle glaucoma.

Pupil cycle time was measured in fellow eyes of 118 patients with closed-angle glaucoma and 70 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Results indicate that the duration of pupil cycle time was significantly prolonged in patients with closed-angle glaucoma as compared to the control group (p less than 0.001); in addition, the prevalence of absent pupillary oscillation was significantly increased in closed-angle glaucoma patients (p less than 0.001). The implications are discussed, with particular reference to the association between closed-angle glaucoma and systemic parasympathetic neuropathy.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

[Value of the discover mental defects for the pathogenesis of psychosocial disorders by normal pupils--a study about patients of a neuropsychiatric station for children (author's transl)].

200 normal pupils were tested, to discover mental defects by HAWIK IQ less than or equal to 84. All tested pupils were treated stationary for psychosocial disorders. 37 mental defects were demonstrable. The mental defect gets the third rank in the quantity of pathological causes for psychosocial disorders. The atmosphere reactive disorders head the list followed by partial psychological disorders of performance. The early recognition of these defects is of necessity in medical, psychological and pedagogic view.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Effects of structural importance and idea saliency on discourse recall of mentally retarded and nonretarded pupils.

The ability of EMR individuals and two groups of nonretarded students to rate and recall story ideas as a function of textual structural importance and idea saliency was investigated. Students rated idea units of a story on one variable either before or after attempting story recall. Results indicated that the groups were more accurate in identifying low-importance units than high-importance units and that although the nonretarded pupils were more accurate in identifying units of low and medium saliency than high saliency, the retarded pupils did not differ in rating accuracy at the three saliency levels. Making ratings of structural importance was found to enhance recall. Retarded students recalled less salient and nonsalient material than did the 11- to 13-year-old nonretarded group and recalled more nonsalient and medium-level salient units than did the 7- to 9-year-old nonretarded group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Adult status of mildly retarded past-pupils from special education. Part one: Employment.

Among the accepted criteria for evaluating post-school adjustment of retarded persons are variables relating to employment and financial independence. The present study examined the post-school adjustment of 382 past-pupils of special schools for mildly retarded children in Ireland. Data were collected from school records and through structured interviews. Previous studies in this area were extensively reviewed and current findings confirm previously identified trends. Approximately three-quarters were found to be employed at the time of the study and just over three-quarters of these were in open employment. Additional detail revealed that two-thirds of those in open employment earned wages regarded as sufficient for financial independence, and the main occupations listed showed two-thirds were in unskilled employment. One-third of the past-pupils suffered from physical disability additional to mental retardation and this finding, not previously documented, is worthy of note. This characteristic, together with age, sex and I. Q. were the variables found to be most relevant to employment outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Comp]arison of the frequency of psychovegetative disregulation in pupils of 13-18 years from Budapest and from the country].

The authors have studied the frequency of psychovegetative disregulation at the model of two groups of pupils of 13-18 years from primary and secondary schools, the one consisting 1271 pupils from Budapest, the other 1197 ones from the country. The mentioned phenomenon has been found at 29,7% of the Budapest model, and at 15,6% of the country model. According to the results of our investigation the aetiology of clinical picture is multifactorial. Urbanisation, psychosocial factors like conflicts in family life, unpleasant school surroundings and school stress play an important role in it. A further significant factor is unfavourable way of life: inadequate night rest, life poor of motion, consumption of stimulants. The authors sum up the tasks to be accomplished in order to prevent psychovegetative disregulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Anxiety and pupil reactivity in cocaine dependent subjects endorsing cocaine-induced paranoia: preliminary report.

There has been the clinical impression that people with higher levels of anxiety and central arousal are more prone to develop cocaine-induced paranoia (CIP), but this notion has not been formally studied. In the current study, we examined the differences between 28 CIP-endorsing and 16 CIP-denying chronic cocaine users in their levels of state and trait anxiety as measured by the Spielberger State-Tait Anxiety Inventory. We also studied levels of central arousal and reactivity using pupil size measures both during exposure to neutral, abstract, non-drug cues, and after exposure to a cocaine cue. Levels of trait (but not state) anxiety were significantly higher in the CIP group than in the non-CIP group. Moreover, while there were no significant pupil size differences or changes between the two groups while viewing neutral, abstract video images, the CIP group had significantly greater pupillary dilation in response to a video image of crack cocaine than did the non-CIP group. These significant differences remained even after covarying for anxiety scores. The study findings seem relevant to studies of autonomic reactivity in response to drug cues in cocaine-dependent patients; such studies might remain attentive to potential cue reactivity differences between patients endorsing and those denying CIP. Finally, this is the first study showing higher trait anxiety in patients with CIP.

Adult↗