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PubMed1998

Prevalence of DSM-IV substance abuse and dependence disorders among prison inmates.

The study examined the 30-day and lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol and drug disorders among state prison inmates. A sample of 400 inmates consecutively admitted to a state prison reception center were assessed for alcohol and drug disorders using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV). Test-retest reliabilities were calculated for the SCID-IV. Lifetime substance abuse or dependence disorders were detected among 74% of inmates, including over half who were dependent on alcohol or drugs. For the 30 days prior to incarceration, over half of the sample were diagnosed as having substance abuse or dependence disorders, including 46% who were dependent on alcohol or drugs. Black inmates were significantly less likely to be diagnosed as alcohol dependent than whites or Hispanics. The high rates of substance use disorders are consistent with previous findings from other studies conducted in correctional settings and reflect the need to expand treatment capacity in prisons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and its related risk factors in drug abuser prisoners in Hamedan--Iran.

AIM: Recent studies in Iran has shown that prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among Iranian prisoners is high, in spite of low HCV seroprevalence in general population. METHODS: This study was carried out in the central prison of Hamedan--Iran, in year 2002. Inmates were interviewed using a standard questionnaire including demographic, imprisonment history and HCV-related risk behaviors items. Thereafter, the sera drawn from the participants were tested for anti-HIV and anti-HCV antibodies. RESULTS: A total number of 427 drug abuser inmates participated in our study. Three hundred and ninety-seven (93%) were men and 30 (7%) were women. Total number of IV drug abusers (IDA) and non-IV drug abusers (NIDA) was 149 (34.9%) and 278 (65.1%), respectively. The overall rate of antibody positivity among inmates was 0.9% for HIV and 30% for HCV. Of all IDAs, 31.5% and of NIDAs, 29.1% had serological evidence of HCV infection. CONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of HCV infection among drug abuser prisoners in comparison with the general population in Iran, is very high (30% vs in italics 0.2%). Our results indicate the importance of policies to prevent transmission of HCV infection during and following incarceration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Attempt to assimilate the initial basis of medicine and autopsy practice under conditions of the Ukhto-iznem camp for political prisoners].

The author recalls heavy labor and work in hospitals of the Ukhto-Izhem penitentiary for political prisoners where he spent 8 years (1938-1946) including 5 years as a prisoner. Being in the past a student of an industrial technical school, in the penitentiary he worked as a medical assistant, doctor, pathologist. His first research was dermal lesions in pellagra. The prisoners who worked as assistants and physicians contributed much to improving diagnosis and treatment in the penitentiary. The author in the future received medical education and worked as a pathologist and eventually became a professor.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1999

Inadequacy of the current WHO re-treatment regimen in a central Siberian prison: treatment failure and MDR-TB.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) threatens the progress of global control efforts. Prisons represent a high risk setting for development and transmission of MDR-TB. In a Siberian TB referral prison (Kemerovo region), the treatment failure rate is 35% (June 1996-March 1997), despite implementation of a strict DOTS program and use of the World Health Organization Category 2 re-treatment regimen for all new cases. Among 164 patients (December 1997-March 1998), initial resistance to isoniazid and rifampin is 22.6%. Such a rate is a warning call to reconsider prison control strategies, and importantly, to address the treatment regimens necessary to combat an institutional epidemic of MDR-TB.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1999

[Prisoners and tuberculosis. Rejection of chemoprophylaxis].

Inmates under age 25 held in prisons who manifest first degree level health problems demonstrate a degree of rejection towards preventive treatment which periodically requires reconsideration of the methods employed by the interdisciplinary teams in these centers. Our main objective is to evaluate the degree of rejection that these inmates demonstrate towards preventive campaigns against tuberculosis and to try to relate their lack of collaboration to such negative psychosociological factors as drug addiction, immunodeficiency due to HIV, and prolonged prison stays. For this study, a total of 50 inmates having similar characteristics were selected. A high rate of a negative attitude was shown in these circumstances: towards preventive treatment with Isoniacide, in relationship to the degree of immunodeficiency, a rejection of treatment with antiretroviruses and length of prison stay. Nursing programs for penitentiary inmates must take into consideration psychological and sociological aspects.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1979

[Suicide in Bavarian prisons (author's transl)].

The rate of suicides of prisoners in Bavaria from 1945-1974 was investigated. It was shown that only for prisoners awaiting trial was the rate higher than in the normal population or of soldiers of the Bundeswehr. A much higher risk of suicide was found for the first day of imprisonment. The most common method was by hanging in solitary confinement. A sure prevention by confinement with more prisoners is not possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Risk behaviours associated with urethritis in prison inmates, Sindh.

OBJECTIVE: To identify sexual risk behaviours associated with lifetime risk of urethritis in prison inmates. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using a pre-designed questionnaire. SETTING: Fourteen prisons throughout the Sindh Province, Pakistan. SUBJECTS: Three thousand three hundred ninety-five prison inmates incarcerated during July, 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Lifetime risk of urethritis occurrence (whether or not the subject was ever affected with urethritis up to his present age) RESULTS: Lifetime risk of urethritis occurrence in the study population was 20.8% (706/3395). The final multivariate logistic regression model indicated that risk behaviours associated with lifetime risk of urethritis in this population were 'sexual intercourse with a female' (adjusted OR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.60, 2.95), 'multiple female sexual partners' (adjusted OR = 1.67; 95% CI 1.28, 2.18) and 'sexual intercourse with man' (adjusted OR = 2.75; 95% CI 2.29, 3.31). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of urethritis in this population was very high. High prevalence of various risky sexual behaviours among inmates indicates, their unawareness as to what precautions they might take to avoid risk of acquiring STDs including HIV. The study subjects meet the characteristics of a core group of STDs transmitters and provides short window of opportunity for STD/HIV control programs to intervene, while they are in detention to reduce the risk not only for this group but also for general population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the quality of hospital care of prisoners (results of sociological interviews)].

Interregional hospital attached to administration of prisons renders specialized care to prisoners. Anonymous sociological questionnaires distributed among 815 patients treated at the hospital showed that the patients were satisfied with organization of medical care and communal provision and demonstrated serious problems in organization of hospital care rendered to prisoners.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Measuring level of function in mentally III prison inmates: a preliminary study.

The need to portray accurately the level of functioning and severity of psychiatric symptoms among mentally ill offenders (MIOs) is paramount from several perspectives. The prison environment may cast aspersions on the reliability and validity of commonly used functional assessment tools. In addition, these tools do not capture environment-specific areas that may be of interest to the courts, clinicians, community mental health centers, and other correctional facilities. Male MIOs (n = 61) who had been treated for at least three months in a (male) Washington state prison mental health program were evaluated using clinical assessment tools, data abstraction from medical records, and structured assessments from correctional officers. Clinical assessments occurred at their current site of incarceration. The semistructured clinical assessments had high construct validity and correlation for psychiatric symptoms and diagnosis. The ability of evaluators to determine accurately relative treatment compliance within the prison was low compared with the reports from correctional staff, particularly with respect to attendance at programs. In general, the officers did not recognize lack of program participation and reclusive behavior as potential signs of mental illness. Despite a significant history of psychiatric symptoms severe enough to warrant inpatient treatment, 70 percent of the MIO individuals were functioning reasonably well in a general population. A fully informed functional assessment of MIOs likely requires input from both clinicians and correctional officers.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Incidence of tuberculosis and the importance of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in a Spanish prison population.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in a prison population and its link with latent tuberculosis infection treatment (LTIT). METHODS: From 1991 to 1999 a TB programme was run in a Spanish prison. A cohort study was conducted to know TB incidence and the associated variables. RESULTS: Of 1,050 people studied, 10% were co-infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Twenty-three cases of TB were detected, an incidence rate of 6.39 per 1,000 person-years of follow-up. Multivariate analysis showed HIV-infected patients (RR 4.07, 95%CI 2.61-6.35), and those infected by M. tuberculosis who did not undergo LTIT (RR 10.15, 95%CI 0.90-50.59) to be at greater risk of developing TB. In TST reactors, those co-infected with HIV (RR 10.15, 95%CI 3.80-27.07) and those who had not undergone LTIT (RR 8.53, 95%CI 1.12-64.86) were shown to be at the greatest risk of developing TB. CONCLUSIONS: The observed incidence of TB is much higher in prisons than in the community at large. HIV-M. tuberculosis co-infection appears as the main risk factor for developing TB, while LTIT significantly reduces incidence.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1995

[Białystok prison hospital between the first and second world wars].

The work of prison medical service in the period between the First and Second World Wars is presented on the basis of a 140 bed prison hospital in Białystok. The health service required a great deal from the physicians in return rewarding them with trust and high salaries. The medical care as regards sick prisoners was of a very high standard.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2001

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin or soft tissue infections in a state prison--Mississippi, 2000.

On October 25, 2000, the Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH) notified CDC that, since November 1999, 31 inmates had acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin or soft tissue infections at a state prison. During November 1998-October 1999, no MRSA infections had been reported at the prison, which houses approximately 1,200 female and 1,800 male inmates. This report summarizes the case investigation and the nasal culture prevalence survey conducted by MSDH and CDC during November 2000. Findings indicate that MRSA infections were transmitted person-to-person within the prison, and that the number of asymptomatic carriers was unexpectedly high for a nonhealth-care setting. Correctional facilities can reduce the increasing prevalence of MRSA disease by identifying and appropriately treating infected persons and by instituting prevention measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

HIV-infected prisoners: what mental health services are constitutionally mandated?

State and federal correctional facilities currently have approximately 23,000 inmates who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These inmates suffer from the same mental health disorders as uninfected inmates but are additionally subject to mental health problems uniquely related to their HIV infection. Many prison systems are struggling to provide minimal mental health care to uninfected inmates. How will prisoners address the additional mental health needs of the staggering number of inmates being diagnosed with AIDS and HIV? This article describes the type of mental health services that are constitutionally mandated and discusses whether and how prisons will have to respond to the distinct mental health issues related to HIV infection.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗
PubMed2002

Effectiveness of tuberculosis control programmes in prisons, Barcelona 1987-2000.

SETTING: Different bodies have emphasised the need for prisons to implement and evaluate their own tuberculosis prevention and control programmes (TPCP), with the aims of evaluating TPCP in Barcelona prisons and obtaining conclusions that would allow any necessary modifications to be introduced to improve their effectiveness. METHODS: An assessment was carried out for the period 1987-2000, using the exhaustive retrospective method. The quantitative indicators used were defined in the same way as those employed by the Barcelona TPCP, which were taken as the gold standard. The assessment studied trends in the indicators and evaluated the impact by comparing the results with the gold standard. RESULTS: Statistically significant trends (P < 0.0001) were found for incidence rates, infection prevalence, treatment adherence rates among smear-positive cases and percentage of cases on directly observed treatment (DOT). When impact was assessed, only the decline in the average annual incidence rate (25.2%) and desired rates of adherence among smear-positives (> or = 95% since 1993) achieved the proposed objectives. CONCLUSIONS: The observed decline in incidence shows that when programmes are based on reducing diagnostic delay, controlling adherence using DOT and tracing contacts, tuberculosis control among the prisons is effective.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed2002

HIV/AIDS in prisons: recent developments.

In a report released on 20 November 2002, entitled Action on HIV/AIDS in Prisons: Too Little, Too Late--A Report Card, the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network concluded that despite repeated studies and nearly ten years of recommendations for urgent and pragmatic action, the response of Canadian governments to HIV/AIDS, HCV, and injection drug use in prisons remains inadequate. Only a few weeks later, the House of Commons Special Committee on Non-Medical Use of Drugs released its report, which contained a number of recommendations to the Correctional Service of Canada. Although the Committee avoided talking about needle exchange programs in prisons, it did recommend them! Meanwhile, in Ireland, not even condoms or bleach are provided.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

Randomized controlled trial proves effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment in prison.

A study on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) undertaken by the Correctional Service of Canada in 2001 demonstrated that MMT has a positive impact on release outcome and on institutional behaviour. Now, a new study undertaken in an Australian prison system has demonstrated that MMT also reduces drug use and injection in prisons. The implications of this study are far reaching. They suggest that in all jurisdictions where community-based programs operate, prison-based methadone programs should be introduced or expanded.

Canada↗