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PubMed1984

The influence of pralidoxime mesylate on the measurement of cyanide concentrations in solutions.

Pralidoxime mesylate (P2S) can interfere with the colorimetric analysis for cyanide in solutions. Apparent increases in cyanide concentrations, related to the presence of P2S, are most marked at extreme pH values. At acid pH there is a direct interference by P2S, and at alkaline pH the P2S molecule is cyanogenic. Prompt analysis and the use of a cyanide separation technique minimizes the artifactual increase in measured cyanide concentrations. This effect is insignificant at pH 7.4.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1984

Adverse behavioral effects of the anticholinesterase poisoning protector pralidoxime methanesulfonate.

Pralidoxime methanesulfonate (P2S) has anticholinesterase protective properties, but it also has an array of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Because such a symptom would be disadvantageous to occupational workers who handled and used organophosphorus anticholinesterase continuously, and to soldiers who have had oral pretreatment in a situation where anticholinesterase agent poisoning is a possibility, this question was investigated in rats using three behavioral paradigms to evaluate the feasibility of the oral prophylactic regimen. These are: (1) conditioned taste aversion (CTA), (2) operant behavior and (3) spontaneous locomotor activity (SMA); these three behavioral parameters are analogous to toxicant-induced gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances, performance of learned tasks and behavioral arousal, respectively. Dose-response studies of P2S in dose levels of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 gm/kg (P.O.) were evaluated. The results consistently demonstrated that only the highest dose significantly produced marked decreases in consumption of flavored solution associated with its ingestion, suppressed keypress response maintained under a 20-response fixed-ratio schedule of water presentation, and inhibited SMA. By inference, if CTA, operant behavior and SMA are appropriate paradigms, P2S, on an acute single oral high dose level, would cause GI disturbances, impair task performance and induce sedation in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Central therapeutic effects of dihydroderivative of pralidoxime (pro-2-PAM) in organophosphate intoxication.

Central actions of pro-2-PAM (dihydroderivative of 2-PAM) and 2-PAM in poisonings with DFP have been studied. It was shown that pro-2-PAM significantly increased activity of DFP inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the brain, quickly ceased the DFP-induced paralysis of respiration, partially normalized the DFP-induced abnormalities in electrocorticogram and increased the convulsive dosis of DFP. Effects of 2-PAM in these experiments were negligible.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anticholinesterase insecticide poisoning.

Anticholinesterase insecticides can be lethal, especially to small children. Prevention, not treatment, is the key to lowering the mortality rate. However, treatment, when necessary, can be effective if the poisoning agent is identified quickly as an anticholinesterase insecticide and therapy is begun immediately and aggressively. Large doses (up to 5 gm) of atropine, which block the parasympathetic effects of the poison, in conjunction with pralidoxime, a cholinesterase regenerator, need to be administered, second only in priority to establishing an airway. The second line of attack after adequate atropinization is supportive. Assistance with ventilation is individualized according to the degree of patient need. Intake with cautiously vigorous fluid therapy and output via Foley catheter are essential. Gastric lavage, seizure precautions and control as necessary, good body hygiene, and frequent turning are also part of necessary nursing intervention. Prognosis is fairly good if improvement is shown after therapy is begun. Maintaining adequate atropinization seems to be difficult yet essential to the success of the treatment and a good prognosis for the patient.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1980

comparison of the efficacy of HS-6 versus HI-6 when combined with atropine, pyridostigmine and clonazepam for soman poisoning in the monkey.

Monkeys were exposed to varying doses of soman and given therapy. Therapy consisted of pyridostigmine, clonazepam, atropine and HS-6 or HI-6. Cerebral electrical activity, heart rate, respiration, systemic blood pressure and cholinesterase activity were recorded thoughtout the experiment. The animals in the HS-6 series were divided into 4 groups depending upon the dose of soman; one group received 30 microgram/kg of soman, the second group received 40 microgran/kg. All animals in the HI06 series survived while only one of three monkeys in the fourth group survived. Administration of therapy immediately suppressed all seizure activity and convulsions and the animals appeared awake throughout the experiment. All animals exhibited bradycardia and hypotension following the adminstration of therapy. The cholinesterase activity was depressed after administration of HS-6 therapy. Three of the four monkey that received therapy consisting of HI-6 at a dose of 15 mg/kg survived, while one of two that received HI-6 at a dose of 30 mg/kg survived. The animals that received HI-6 at a dose of 15 mg/kg did not exhibit as severe a decrease in blood pressure as the animals in either the HS-6 series or the monkeys that received HI-6 at 30 mg/kg. In addition, these monkeys were awake and appeared alert throughout the experiment and were up within 4-6 hr post-exposure to soman. The animals that received 30 mg/kg exhibited severe hypotension and did poorly.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Treatment of monocrotophos-poisoned birds of prey with pralidoxime iodide.

Monocrotophos, and organophosphorus insecticide, was sprayed by farmers to control a plague of levant voles in alfalfa fields. Large numbers of birds of prey attracted by the dying and dead voles developed secondary poisoning after eating the voles. Paralysis of skeletal muscles was the principal clinical finding in these birds. Many of the birds died but some were treated with pralidoxime iodide, 100 mg/kg of body weight, given by intramuscular injection. All treated birds recovered, some in a very short time.

Animals↗