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PubMed1979

[Effectiveness of paraformaldehyde foam in continuous disinfection of poultry bedding and dried liquid waste of pigs].

In laboratory experiments 24-hour cultures of poultry strains E. coli, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas on paper carriers without an agar coat and with it, after 6-hour exposure in dilutions from 10(-4) to 0, were devitalized by paraformaldehyde foam. The Bacillus strain was devitalized only after 24-hour exposure. After adding paraformaldehyde foam in an amount of 0.6% of the weight into litter under a multiplier flock of layers four months before expedition, and after adding paraformaldehyde foam in an amount of 5% and 10% of the weight into the litter for chick broilers, microbial contamination of the litter did not decrease in comparison with the control. 24-hour old cultures of tested microbial strains on carriers were not devitalized after 24-hour exposure in a mixture to litter and paraformaldehyde foam not even after adjusting the volume ratio of mixing to 1 : 9. The disinfecting effect on microbes growing in End's agar and in blood agar with crystal violet was manifested only after adding dried liquid manure of pigs with paraformaldehyde foam at a volume ratio of 50% to 50% after exposure times of 1, 3 and 6.0 weeks. Despite the excellent results obtained with paraformaldehyde foam in disinfecting test-microbes on carriers in laboratory experiments, practical application at a very low volume weight for continuous disinfection of poultry litter is technically unrealistic.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Outbreak of copper poisoning in cattle fed poultry litter.

In a feedlot of about 1,000 head of cattle, 146 animals died within a period of a few months affected by a disease characterized by anorexia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, constipation, or diarrhea. The clinical course of the disease lasted a few days. Postmortem findings were generalized icterus and a yellow discolored liver. The kidneys were dark brown, and the urinary bladder was filled with urine of the same dark-brown color. The main histopathological findings were centrolobular coagulative necrosis, apoptosis, bilestasis, and proliferation of bile ducts in the portal space. Changes in the kidneys included nephrosis and the presence of bile and precipitates, and cylinders of albumin and of hemoglobin in the uriniferous tubules. Liver samples, collected from 3 animals on which postmortem examinations were performed, had 2,008, 2,783 and 4,906 ppm copper in their dry matter. Two samples of poultry litter fed to the cattle contained 362 and 323 ppm copper. The green forage that formed the rest of their feed only had 4.7 ppm copper. Copper poisoning was diagnosed, most probably caused by feeding litter from poultry that had been fed a ration treated with copper sulfate to avoid aspergillosis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detex for detection of Escherichia coli O157 in raw ground beef and raw ground poultry.

A method for detection of Escherichia coli O157 in beef and poultry is presented. The method is antibody-based and uses a patented antibody-specific metal-plating procedure for the detection of E. coli O157 in enriched meat samples. Both raw ground beef and raw ground poultry were tested as matrixes for the organism. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 98 and 90%, respectively. The accuracy of the assay was 96%. Overall, the method agreement between the E. coli O157 Detex assay and the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety Inspection Service method was 96%. Sample temperature upon loading of the apparatus was critical to the observed false-positive rate of the system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) and other wild birds associated with poultry production facilities.

Since 1994, an epidemic of conjunctivitis caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has spread throughout the eastern population of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). The adaptation of MG to a free-flying avian species presents potential problems for the control of mycoplasmosis in commercial poultry. To evaluate risks associated with this emerging problem, a field survey was conducted to assess prevalence of MG infection in house finches and other passerine birds associated with poultry farms. Between November 1997 and March 1999, 1058 birds were captured by mist net or trap at 17 farms and at 10 feeder stations in northeast Georgia. Birds were bled and screened by serum plate agglutination (SPA) for antibodies to MG. Birds with negative or weak positive SPA results were released at capture sites, and those with strong positive SPA reactions were kept for further evaluation. Necropsies were performed on selected house finches and individuals of 11 other passerine species, and samples were collected for MG testing by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hemagglutination inhibition, and histopathology. Testing revealed 19.1% of 671 birds caught at farms and 11.6% of 387 birds caught at feeder sites were SPA positive for MG. Three house finches captured on farms were positive for MG by culture and PCR, whereas three from feeder sites were positive only by PCR. No MG isolates were made from tufted titmice (Baeolophus bicolor), but 40% were positive by PCR. Individuals from 10 additional species were SPA positive only. Results suggest that MG persists at low levels in house finches in northeast Georgia and that tufted titmice may be nonclinical carriers of MG or a related mycoplasma. Positive SPA reactions in other species may be caused by nonspecific reactions or contact exposure. Current biosecurity recommendations should be sufficient to minimize risks of transmission between wild and domestic birds.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2001

The use of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors in the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater.

This work studied the performance of the dissolved air flotation (DAF) system and the start-up and the operation of two 450 m3 UASB reactors in a poultry slaughterhouse in Sorocaba, Brazil. The DAF presented reduction efficiency of grease and fats, suspended solids and COD 50% higher. The reactors were seeded with non-adapted sludge. The average COD of the reactor influent was 2,695 mg/L; and the initial organic loading rate (OLR) and the initial sludge loading rate at the start-up were 0.51 kg COD/m3.day and 0.04 kg COD/kg VTS.day, respectively. The start-up period was 144 days. During this time the reactor flow rate and OLR were gradually increased. At the reactor start-up, the maximum OLR value was 2.1 kg COD/m3.day, the COD reduction was higher than 80%, and the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was below 100 mg/L. The COD reductions, considering the reactor effluent raw COD and soluble COD were similar throughout the period studied in both reactors. The reactor effluent raw COD was approximately 10% higher than the soluble COD until the 225th day of operation. From the 225th day of operation this value increased 20%-30% due to the sludge washout. The effluent soluble COD reduction, the effluent VFA concentration and the operational stability attested the good performance of UASB reactors in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment.

Abattoirs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in meat, poultry and vegetables mixed with different concentrations of mayonnaise.

In the last 20 years Escherichia coli O157: H7 has emerged as a new pathogen, causing worldwide disease, death and economic loss. Different studies have revealed important survival characteristics of this pathogen, although there are divergent criteria about its ability to survive in various mayonnaise formulations. We studied the effect of different mayonnaise concentrations (0%, 18%, 37% and 56%) (weight/weight) over the survival of the bacterium in common foods from a neotropical environment (Costa Rica). High [10(7)-10(8) Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml] and low E. coli populations (10(4)-10(6) CFU/ml) were inoculated, (three replicates) in meat, chopped cabbage and poultry, and mixed with commercial mayonnaise to obtain the concentrations specified. They were incubated at 12 degrees C for 24, 48 and 72 hr. The E. coli O157: H7 enumeration was done according to a standard methodology. Populations of E. coli O157: H7 showed an increasing trend during the first incubation period (48 hr), in all the preparations, regardless of the fat concentration used. Our data indicate that E. coli O157: H7 is capable of surviving and growing in meat, cabbage and poultry mixed with mayonnaise, independently of its concentration.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of field isolates of Newcastle disease virus isolated in the course of outbreaks in the poultry plant in the Leningrad region in 2000].

A field isolate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated in the Russko-Vysotskaya poultry farm, Leningrad region. Within four days after infection, the isolate caused 100% mortality in 60-day-old susceptible chickens. The HA titer of the allantoic fluid samples collected after one passage in SPF-chicken embryos was 1:512, and it reacted only with the NDV specific antiserum in HI test. Intracerebral pathogenicity index and mean embryo death time were 1.97 and 49 hours, respectively. The isolate has the amino acid sequence of the protease cleavage site of the fusion protein F0 (112R-R-Q-R-R-F117), which is similar to that in the velogenic strains of NDV. Therefore, it was concluded that the virus isolated in this work was an ethiological agent of the ND outbreak in this poultry farm.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Histoplasmin reactivity in poultry farm workers in the province of Ciego de Avila, Cuba].

An epidemiological survey with histoplasmin skin test was performed in 392 poultry farmers and 265 workers considered without occupational risk of exposition to Histoplasma capsulatum, etiologic agent of histoplasmosis. The results were positive in 28.8% and 13.2% in both groups respectively. Statistically, there was a significant difference between the two groups, so it can be considered that poultry farmers are in occupational risk of infection with H. capsulatum. In the first group, the workers which are more closely related with chicken manure showed a higher reactivity to histoplasmin skin test. The working time in the farms seems to influence in the test reactivity too.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Continuous disinfection as a means to control infectious diseases in poultry. Evaluation of a continuous disinfection programme for broilers.

A full continuous disinfection programme, consisting of disinfection during cleanout of poultry houses prior to placement of chickens, disinfection of the drinking water and spray disinfection of the birds during production was evaluated in broilers under experimental condition as well as under field conditions. Under controlled conditions, the experimental design consisted of three groups, two of which were control groups. Each group comprised 300 chickens. In one of the control groups, no disinfection of the pens was undertaken prior to the placement of the chickens. In the other control group, disinfection of the pens prior to placement of the birds was carried out using a glutaraldehyde-based product. In the test group, disinfection prior to placement was done. The drinking water of these birds was treated continuously and the birds were sprayed with a non-toxic disinfectant during production. Production parameters, such as growth rate, feed conversion ratio and feed consumption, of the birds in the three groups were monitored. In addition, all mortalities in the different groups were recorded and classified into diseases of an infectious nature, non-infectious nature and unknown category. Bacterial counts were also done on a weekly basis from the different pens. In this experiment, it was shown that the full continuous disinfection programme resulted in a lower number of mortalities caused by infectious agents as well as a reduction in the bacterial counts in the pens treated with the full continual disinfection programme. The full continuous disinfection programme was also tested on a commercial poultry farm in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Two production houses of 3,500 birds were randomly selected as test houses for the full continuous disinfection programme. Another similar house, which received day-old chicks from the same batch as the other two houses, was selected as the control house; it received the routine disinfection procedure prior to placement of the chicks. During the course of this experiment, a severe outbreak of Newcastle disease was experienced on this farm. It was demonstrated that, in the face of this severe challenge, the full continuous disinfection programme controlled the spread of the disease in both the houses where it had been applied at a stage when in every other house (including the control house) on the farm birds were suffering very high mortalities.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The history of avian medicine in the United States. IV. Some milestones in American research of poultry parasites.

Most of the major contributions of Americans to knowledge of poultry parasites have been made in the last 100 years. Factors responsible for this tardiness differed somewhat according to the disease. The first parasitic diseases to receive attention were usually those with distinctive characteristics as well as serious consequences, such as "gapes" and lousiness. Since helminths could usually be readily observed, whereas protozoa could be observed only by persons skilled in microscopy, disorders attributable to the former usually received attention earlier than did protozoan diseases. The control of ectoparasites, before the use of modern insecticides, became vastly simplified as mechanical incubators and brooders replaced the hen, and as the birds were provided with better housing. The major contributions of Americans to our understanding of parasitic diseases of poultry are detailed for five disorders attributable to helminths, and two attributable to protozoa. The latter are histomoniasis of turkeys and coccidiosis of chickens. No attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of contemporary research.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Plasmid profiles as an epidemiological marker in Salmonella enterica serovar berta infections. Comparison of isolates obtained from humans and poultry.

Plasmid profiles of 674 Salmonella berta strains isolated in the period 1985-1989 from 674 cases of human infections were recorded. Five hundred and eighty-nine of the strains examined (87.4%) contained plasmids and the mean number of plasmids was 1.8 per strain. Sixteen different plasmid sizes were recognized, 13 of which had also been reported from S. berta of poultry origin. The plasmids formed 90 different profiles. Forty-five of these profiles, comprising 90.7% of isolates, had previously been recorded among poultry strains. Only 12 human isolates (1.8%) carried plasmids which were not demonstrated among isolates obtained from broilers. The prevalences of the 20 most commonly demonstrated profiles were not significantly different among isolates obtained from humans and broilers. The average difference between the prevalences of individual plasmid profiles was 2.1, with a standard deviation of 4.2. Based on the results, indications are that broilers represent the main reservoir for human S. berta infections in Denmark.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Progress on pituitary-specific transcription factor (POU1F1) in poultry].

Prolactin (PRL),Growth Hormone (GH), and Thyroid-stimulating Hormone-beta(TSHbeta), secreting by chicken anterior pituitary, are essential hormones affecting chicken laying ability, growth rate, and immunity via regulating chicken broodiness, development, and immune response. Avian pituitary-specific transcription factor (POU1F1) is one of important transcription factors of GH, PRL, and TSHbetagene. POU1F1 plays an important role in avian growth, development and reproduction via regulating the expression of these genes. The gene organization and the expression characters of poultry Pit-1 were discussed comparing with those of mammals, and the functions of POU1F1 were also elucidated in the review. Considering the biological importance of POU1F1 and the results got in our research, we suggested that Pit-1 be a candidate gene for growth, egg laying and broodiness research in poultry.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Recombinant viruses of poultry as vector vaccines against fowl plague].

To help in the control of fowl plague caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes H5 and H7 several vaccines have been developed. A prophylactic immunization of poultry with inactivated influenza viruses in non-endemic situations is questionable, however, due to the impairment of serological identification of field virus-infected animals which hinders elimination of the infectious agent from the population. This problem might be overcome by the use of genetically engineered marker vaccines which contain only the protective influenza virus hemagglutinin. Infected animals could then be unambiguously identified by their serum antibodies against other influenza virus proteins, e.g. neuraminidase or nucleoprotein. For such a use, purified HA or HA-expressing DNA vaccines are conceivable. Economically advantageous and easier to apply are modified live virus vaccines in use against other poultry diseases, which have been modified to express influenza virus HA. So far, recombinant HA-expressing fowlpox virus (FPV) as well as infectious laryngotracheitis and Newcastle disease viruses have been asssessed in animal experiments. An H5-expressing FPV recombinant is already in use in Central America and Southeast Asia but without accompanying marker diagnostics. Advantages and disadvantages of the different viral vectors are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Synanthropic flies (Diptera: Cyclorrapha) and their microhymenoptera parasitoids (Insecta: Hymenoptera) at Monte Mor poultry production system, São Paulo, Brazil].

A survey of synanthropic flies and their microhymenopteran parasitoids was conducted at the Capuavinha poultry farm, municipality of Monte Mor, State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1991 to 1992. Bird manure samples were collected biweekly for examined and selected by the following methods: flotation in water, dissected pupae, and sentinel pupae. The species of flies more abundant were: Chrysomya putoria (Wiedeman) (41.2% - Calliphoridae), Muscidae: Muscina stabulans( Fallén) (27.3%), Musca domestica Linnaeus (23.9%), Fannia pusio (Stein) (5.3% - Fanniidae) e Sepsidae (2.3%). The pupal parasitoids were: Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Ashmead) (72.4% - Encyrtidae), Pteromalídeos: Spalangia gemina Boucek (9.2%), S. cameroni (Perkins) (7.3%), S. endius (Walker) (3.7%), Muscidifurax raptoroides (Kogan e Legner) (1.5%), Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (0.8%), Nasonia vitripennis Walker (0.06%). Trichopria sp. Nixon (Diapriídeo 5.5%) detected only in C. putoria pupae (t=-1,5269; P <0,1296). Some significant mean values were obtained for parasitoids in the collected hosts (t = 0.9540; Pr <0.0001), proportion of collected pupae and parasitoids with respect to the collecting site (F = 60.85; Pr <0.0001; F = 358.35; P <0.0001) and for the host species and parasitoid species (F = 2.58; Pr <0.0001; F = 9. 48; P <0.0001). The dissected host species was significant for proportion dissected pupae (F = 1.57; Pr <0.2053). These results concerning the insect fauna can be of help for an appropriate management of this poultry farm in terms of the control of synanthropic flies.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Organization of antiepidemic and antiepizootic measures during liquidation of the mass losses of poultry from from avian flu in Novosibirsk region].

The data on preparation of the basic documents regulating work in conditions of an extreme situation--registration of a mass destruction of poultry in personal farmsteads of citizens in Novosibirsk region are submitted. Circuits of the daily reporting on a case, on household detours, under actions of depopulation of poultry have been developed. Cited concrete works given on the periods, the order of decision-making, action of special structures and results of work for the period of avian flu epizootia.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Surveillance measures at joint-stock company "Poultry Farm Lubinskaya" during the period of avian flu epizootia in Omsk region].

The organization of sanitary-and-epidemiologic supervision of an integrated poultry farm during epizootia of avian flu is devoted. The unsuccessful situation demands acceptance of additional measures which provided performance antiepizootic, preventive and antiepidemic measures with a view of restriction and distribution of an infection on poultry-farming enterprise. The disinfection barriers of several levels are established. Are organized a sanitary filtrates for the personnel and regular medical supervision over workers of the enterprise and their families. It is carried out the serological control over presence of specific antibodies to a virus of influenza virus among the workers contacting to a bird. Monitoring research of tests of blood of birds on antibodies to the influenza virus was carried out since August, 2005.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

[Sanitary inspection of poultry].

The purpose of this technical notice is to provide public health agents with guidelines for sanitary inspection of poultry. Focusing on zoonosis-related hazards, this step-by-step notice presents the symptoms and lesions that must be checked for to approve or to reject poultry for human consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Major chemical components of poultry and livestock manures under intensive breeding].

Owing to the wide use of feed additives in modern intensive poultry and livestock production, the major components and their concentrations of domestic animal manures may be greatly changed, as compared with those in traditional breeding. An investigation on the 61 samples of chicken, pig and pigeon manures from the intensive poultry and livestock farms of Guangdong Province showed that the concentrations of total N, P and K in chicken and pig manures were obviously higher than those of traditional breeding, and the P/N ratio of three test manures was greater than that of common crops. The concentrations of total soluble salts (TSS) of test manures averaged 49.0, 20.6 and 60.3 g x kg(-1) , respectively, which were mainly composed of the sulfate and chloride of potassium and sodium. The mean concentrations of Cu, Zn and As reached 107.5, 366.6 and 21.6 mg x kg (-1) in chicken manure, 765.1, 1128.0 and 89.3 mg x kg(-1) in pig manure, and 56.1, 210.9 and 2.9 mg x kg(-1) in pigeon manure, respectively. These manures were low in Pb, Cd and Cr contents, from non-detectable to 12.0 mg x kg(-1). According to the limiting criteria of heavy metals in fertilizers, the Cu, Zn and As in the three manures were the major elements exceeding the limits, especially for Zn.

Animals↗