SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PALATE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

[Sutural distraction osteogenesis for primary cleft palate repair: a preliminary clinical report].

OBJECTIVE: To probe the possibility of a new technique of primary cleft palate repair by sutural distraction osteogenesis. METHODS: The distractor was made of TiNi-shape memory alloy with 2 secure and 2 active arms. Under general anesthesia, 1 hole was drilled on each maxillary process and horizontal plate of palatine. The four arms of the distractor were inserted into holes. The palatine bones would then be distracted and moved medially and posteriorly. After 4 to 5 months' distraction, the two cleft edges approached gradually. The residual cleft, according to its width, was repaired by direct stitch of muco-periosteum incised at cleft edges, or with an additional relaxing incision on one side of the palate. Direct measurement of width of maxillary arch and the cleft, and the length of the hard palate was performed before and after distraction to evaluate the effects of distraction. RESULTS: Eight cleft children at their 2 to 4 years of age were treated by the new technique. Two of them terminated the procedure due to premature dislocation of the distractor. Six children underwent 37 to 126 days' distraction. Dramatic narrowing of the cleft and lengthening of hard palate were seen in these children, with the average narrowing of the cleft being 6.5 mm and average lengthening of the hard palate being 4.8 mm. CONCLUSION: It is clinically demonstrated that palatal tissue regeneration and cleft closure or narrowing and hard palate lengthening could be achieved by the technique of sutural distraction osteogenesis.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2004

[The influence to maxillary growth by exposed bone wound in hard palate of rat].

OBJECTIVE: To confirm if denuded bone on lateral aspects of the hard palate of surgical repairs of the cleft palate is the main reason of causing disturbance of facial growth and to investigate the mechanism. METHODS: 48 SD rats were employed in the study. Among them 40 animals were divided into normal control and experimental group randomly. Normal control was not operated. Hard palate mucoperiosteum on the left side in experimental group were excised. Left hard palate mucoperiosteum in another 8 female three-week-old SD rats were excised with same method and were sacrificed at 2nd, 5th, 8th, and 12th day, respectively. The 8 rats were used for histological research. RESULTS: The width of all left sides hard palates in experimental group was significantly narrower than right side, and demonstrated statistical difference. Chronic osteomyelitis on the denuded hard palate was observed. CONCLUSION: The denuded bone wound might be a principal factor for the following maxillary growth deformity in cleft palate patients who received palatoplasty in childhood. The mechanism of causing the deformity might be wound and scar contraction, decreased blood flow and nutrition plus chronic osteomyelitis.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Influences of different palatoplasties on palatal growth and speech development: comparison between Osada's two-stage palatoplasty and one-stage mucosal flap procedure.

Palatal growth and articulation in two different palatal closure techniques, Osada's two-stage procedure and the conventional one-stage procedure, were evaluated in 12 patients. Osada's procedure (hard palate closure using a vomer flap with complete closure of the raw surface by a full thickness skin graft) is a two-stage operation that consists of early soft palate closure at the time of lip closure (3 to 6 months of age). The palatal sizes and the depth of the palatal arch were significantly greater in the two-stage group than in the one-stage group at 1 year of age and, 3 to 5 years of age. There were no differences between the two groups at the velopharyngeal closure evaluation after hard palate closure and at final speech evaluation. Osada's two-stage palatoplasty has many advantages and we believe that this is one of the most recommendable procedures at present.

Articulation Disorders↗

PubMed2006

[Current clinical studies on slow palatal expansion].

Palatal expansion is frequently applied in correction of maxillary transverse deficiency and upper dental arch constriction. Palatal expansion includes rapid palatal expansion and slow palatal expansion. Slow palatal expansion generated physiological expansion force compared to strong forces by rapid palatal expansion with some side effects. Satisfied clinical results will be achieved in selected cases. This paper reviews the types of appliance, skeletal and dental changes, and comparison with rapid palatal expansion.

Dental Arch↗

PubMed1987

Spontaneous complete clefting of the palates in a mouse fetus: a study by scanning electron microscopy and serial section reconstruction.

A 15 day mouse fetus having spontaneous complete clefting of the primary and secondary palates was studied in comparison with its normal litter mates and with normal 14 day fetuses. Specimens were studied by scanning electron microscopy at various stages of microdissection, by light microscopy of thin serial sections and by serial section reconstruction of the anterior chondrocranium of the clefted specimen and one of its normal litter mates. Differentiation of tooth and bone tissue was slightly retarded in the clefted fetus but paranasal and oral landmarks, though distorted, were present. The clefted fetus had a smaller angle between cranial base and nasal capsule and a marked discontinuity between the primary and secondary palates. Cell surfaces on the medial edge of the secondary palate in the clefted fetus resembled cell surfaces of oral areas that do not normally fuse, i.e. they are polygonial, flat and bear few surface projections in contrast to the normal 14 day condition where these cells are spindle shaped, convex and have many microvilli. The observations support the concepts that clefting of the secondary palate is consequential to clefting of the primary palate, that maldevelopment of neural crest mesenchyme is not necessarily a contributing factor, that clefting of the primary and secondary palates is associated with a shorter anterior-posterior dimension of the head and that when fusion of palatal shelves fails to occur the cells of the medial edges modulate in the direction of a generalized type of surface epithelium.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Craniofacial morphology in isolated cleft palate prior to palatoplasty.

Roentgencephalometry was used in a study of 30 boys and 30 girls with isolated cleft palate prior to palatoplasty. Their ages ranged from 3.5 to 4.5 years. These patients were compared with a control series and with a group of 20 boys with unilateral cleft lip and palate, examined similarly prior to palatoplasty. The isolated cleft palate (CP) group showed four basic differences from the control group: a shortening of maxillary depth and mandibular length (body and ramus), a reduction of the posterior height of the upper face, and a marked widening of the nasal cavity. In contrast to the unilateral cleft lip and palate group the CP group failed to demonstrate a shortening of the anterior height of the upper face or an elongation of the lower face. There was also no indication of a posterior displacement of the upper jaw, of a dentoalveolar retroinclination of the maxilla, or of an increase of the interocular distance. The observed shortening of both jaws in the CP group might be of importance in understanding the pathogenesis of isolated cleft palate. Unilateral cleft lip and palate was not associated with a reduction of the depth of the upper jaw, although the observed shortening of the lower jaw and of the posterior height of the upper face and the widening of the nasal cavity were similar to those seen in isolated cleft palate.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1983

Development of the secondary palate in the rat: a scanning electron microscopic study.

Normal palatogenesis was studied in the Sprague-Dawley rat, using fetuses of a precise, individually determined age (between 15 and 21 days of pregnancy) and scanning electron microscopy. Individual fetal age deviated markedly from gestational age determined by the vaginal smear method. Palatal closure, ie elevation and fusion of the anterior and remodeling of the middle zones as well as fusion of the posterior zone all occurred between 16.0 and 17.5 days of fetal age, ie earlier than in Wistar rat fetuses. Prior to fusion, the medial edges of palatal shelves revealed two distinct zones of initial surface alterations: one at the maximum anterior shelf convexity, the other at the caudal end of the posterior shelf portion. A similar zone was found at the free edge of the nasal septum. Subsequent oral aspects of palatogenesis including formation and fate of the midpalatal fusion line, the development and fusion of palatine rugae, the union between primary palate and the secondary palatal shelves, the development of palatine foraminae as well as the development of the soft palate following shelf closure are described in detail. It is suggested that (1) cobblestone appearance of surface cells reflects undifferentiated epithelial status rather than marks future fusion zones; (2) closure between primary and secondary palate involves two different mechanisms, ie furrow closure by growth lateral to and epithelial fusion between the palatine foraminae; and (3) fusion of the posterior shelf portions (soft palate) may occur independently from fusion in the anterior region.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Primary closure of cleft palate: a functional approach.

The role of the different zones of palatal mucosa in maxillary growth are considered and their relevance in surgery of cleft palate discussed. A method of cleft palate repair is described, based on a functional repair of the soft palate, followed by later closure of the hard palate taking into account the anatomy and physiology of the palatal mucosa.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of occult submucous cleft palate.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of patients with occult submucous cleft palate and to use the MRI information obtained to aid in the treatment decision to perform surgery versus behavioral speech therapy. DESIGN: Prospective study with magnetic resonance (MR) images of subjects suspected of having occult submucous cleft palate. SETTING: Hospital and university-based. PATIENTS: Two girls who were 4 years old at the time of palatal surgery. INTERVENTION: Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: MR images and clinical speech evaluations. RESULTS: MR images provided evidence of an interruption of levator veli palatini muscle tissue in the midline and a substantial attachment of levator muscle tissue to the posterior border of the hard palate. In addition, MR images for both subjects demonstrated remarkably similar bilateral encapsulating sheaths that contained nonmuscular tissue, as confirmed subsequently during surgery. The encapsulating sheaths interrupted the normal progression of the levator muscle sling across the midline. The MR images led to the decision to perform surgery instead of speech therapy. Hypernasality was markedly reduced in both subjects after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: MRI is an effective technique for diagnosing occult submucous cleft palate and may be an important aid in the treatment decision regarding surgery versus behavioral speech therapy for patients diagnosed with occult submucous cleft palate.

Articulation Disorders↗

PubMed2001

Malformation of the vomer in submucous cleft palate.

BACKGROUND: Several criteria are described in the literature to diagnose a submucous cleft palate. Commonly the differences in the extent of the submucous cleft will not be as overt as in open clefts. Nevertheless, complete submucous cleft palate may cause imperfect palato-pharyngeal closure so that the affected person needs to undergo speech training and surgical treatment. PATIENTS: We investigated 30 patients who underwent palatal repair to correct this disorder. They were evaluated according to the Koch's documentation system. RESULTS: In all patients an additional malformation of the inner nose was found: The vomer was not fused with the palatal shelves. There were different degrees of severity of this vomerine malformation and they were not necessarily correlated with the extent of the palatal cleft. CONCLUSION: In our opinion, this malformation of the vomer should be seen as a typical symptom of classical submucous cleft palate. Discussion is needed on how the vomerine malformation should be incorporated into the surgical procedure. Since we know from septal surgery that a basal septal perforation will lead to disturbances of nasal breathing.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Distraction osteogenesis for cleft palate closure in a canine model.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of distraction osteogenesis (DO) when applied to closure of a hard palate cleft in dogs. METHODS: A midline hard palate cleft was created in 10 mature dogs. Two were controls and had no distraction; the other 8 dogs underwent osteotomies with installation of customized DO devices to the hard palate. After a 10-day latency, distraction commenced at 1 mm/d. After a 14-day consolidation period, the device was removed and the mucosa closed. Each dog was injected with fluorochrome labels and serially killed at 2-week intervals. Bone healing was analyzed further with traditional histologic analysis and fluorochrome labeling. RESULTS: No serious complications occurred. Bone resorption and cleft widening occurred in both control dogs. Complete bone closure of the hard palate cleft was achieved with DO in 5 of 8 experimental dogs. Three experimental dogs had bone resorption and incomplete palatal closure. CONCLUSIONS: The application of DO techniques in closure of a hard palate cleft in a canine model is safe and well tolerated. Furthermore, in some cases, it proved effective in achieving bony closure of the cleft. Further investigation is warranted into innovative use of DO in treating children born with cleft palate.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Effects of cleft lip and palate on the nasal airway in children.

Clefts of the lip and palate often produce significant nasal deformities and reduced nasal airway size. The purpose of this study was to assess how type of cleft affects nasal cross-sectional area and mode of breathing. The pressure-flow technique was used to estimate nasal airway size and modified inductive plethysmography was used to determine percent of nasal breathing in 60 children with cleft lip and palate aged 6 to 15 years. Ninety-five normal children served as controls. The data demonstrate that nasal size decreased among cleft types as follows: children with bilateral cleft lip and palate had largest airway, followed by unilateral cleft lip, cleft of the hard and soft palate, cleft of the soft palate, and unilateral cleft lip and palate. The data also indicated that most subjects with cleft were mouth breathers. Results of otolaryngologic examinations suggest that septal deformities affecting nasal valve function are responsible for much of the impairment, especially in the group with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The differences among groups appear to relate to developmental differences associated with the original defect and the surgical procedures used in primary repair.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

AH receptor, ARNT, glucocorticoid receptor, EGF receptor, EGF, TGF alpha, TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3 expression in human embryonic palate, and effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).

Protein and mRNA for epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha), EGF receptor, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1), TGF beta 2, TGF beta 3, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) were localized in gestational days (GD) 49-59 human embryonic secondary palates. The response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was determined for expression of these genes following palatal organ culture. Craniofacial tissues were shipped in medium from the Human Embryology Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Half of each specimen was cultured in control medium and half in medium containing TCDD at either 1 x 10(-8) or 1 x 10(-10) M. After fixation and paraffin-embedding, sections were examined either immunohistochemically or by in situ hybridization. Expression patterns were determined for each gene for the major stages of palatogenesis and in response to TCDD and compared to previously determined patterns of expression in the same developmental stages of palatogenesis for the mouse (GD49-59 in human palatogenesis corresponds to GD12-16 in the mouse). Human and mouse palates were dissimilar in particular spatiotemporal patterns of expression of these genes. Relative to patterns in mouse palatal development, human tissues demonstrated expression of EGF at early palatal stages, expression of EGF receptor and TGF alpha throughout fusion events, and uniform expression of TGF beta 3 in all epithelial regions without specifically higher levels in the medial cells. The responses to TCDD also differed in patterns of gene expression as well as in concentration required to induce hyperplasia of the medial epithelium. In summary, human palates expressed all of these regulatory genes, responses to TCDD were detected, and comparison between mouse and human palates revealed interspecies variation that may be a factor in each species' response to TCDD, as well as other teratogenic exposures.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Changes in casein kinase 2 activity during development of the secondary palate in the hamster.

BACKGROUND: Casein kinase 2 (CK 2) is a serine/threonine kinase that has been ubiquitously conserved in all eukaryotic cells. The exact functions of this enzyme have not yet been clarified; however, studies have repeatedly suggested that it may play crucial roles in the regulation of cell proliferation. During the formation of the secondary palate in the hamster, bursts of cell proliferation occur during the initial half of vertical shelf development, which decrease during the subsequent steps of palate morphogenesis, thus indicating that the cell cycle in the developing vertical palate may be tightly regulated. METHODS: In the present study, palatal shelves were dissected at 12-hour intervals between days 10 and 12 of gestation, which is the period of vertical shelf development in the hamster. The palates were homogenized and cleared by ultracentrifugation and the resultant supernatants were fractionated on a Mono Q column by fast protein liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Using phosvitin as a substrate, the phosphotransferase activity in the fractionated samples decreased steadily from days 10 to 11, increased to a fivefold peak on day 11:12, and then decreased on day 12 of gestation. Western blot analysis using two CK 2 specific antibodies demonstrated that both the 42-kDa (alpha) and the 38-kDa (alpha') subunits of the CK 2 holoenzyme were found throughout the formation of the vertical palatal shelves in the hamster. The amount of alpha and alpha' subunits appears to remain constant, which suggested that the differential activity of the CK 2 enzyme may be due to posttranslational modifications. CK 2 activity correlated well with DNA synthesis (i.e., cell proliferation) rates from days 10 to 11, but not from days 11 to 12 of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: It is proposed that the activity of CK 2 may regulate the rate of cell proliferation by stimulation of progression through G1 phase of the cell cycle and may also relate to the effects of various growth factors during the vertical development of mammalian palate.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Position, shape, and dimension of the maxilla in unoperated cleft lip and palate patients: review of the literature.

The inhibition of growth and development resulting from surgical treatment of the cleft lip and palate is a widely discussed topic. Various studies have been conducted in search of answers as to how the untreated upper jaw develops, focusing on individuals with untreated cleft lip and palate as found in so-called Third World countries. This study offers the opportunity to compile literature dealing with the research and description of untreated unilateral cleft lip and palate. The focus was to take a closer look at groups of individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, who had received no surgical treatment at all, as well as groups who had received surgical treatment of only the cleft lip. The upper jaw of untreated cleft lip and palate patients most often adopts a protruded position without enlarging the maxilla itself. The horizontal dimension tends to be reduced, whereas the vertical dimension is normal. The upper jaw of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate who received surgical treatment of the lip more often adopted a retruded position. The model analysis showed no clear-cut tendencies. There seemed to be a degree of regional variation. Considering the relatively small number of recruitable individuals with untreated cleft lip and palate, the introduction of a standard method of evaluation is desirable. This would significantly facilitate the comparison of different studies with each other in the future. The first steps in this direction have already been initiated.

Child↗

PubMed1975

A comparison of secondary palate development with different in vitro techniques.

Palatal processes from 14-day fetal C57BL mice were cultured under varying conditions for 48 hours and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border occurred when single palatal processes were explanted onto Millipore filters, plasma clots, or lens paper in subjacent contact with nutrient medium. Paired processes under the same culture conditions demonstrated typical midline epithelial disruption and mesenchymal fusion. Regions of mesenchymal necrosis occurred in processes grown on nutrient agar in a dish or submerged in nutrient medium. In similar cultures medial epithelial disruption did not occur in single processes and mesenchymal fusion of paired processes was either delayed or did not occur. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border in single palatal processes, and mesenchymal fusion in paired palatal processes, occurred when palates were grown on nutrient agar supported above but in contact with nutrient medium. The results indicated that responses of palatal epithelium and mesenchyme may be altered by different in vitro procedures. These observations emphasize that many factors must be considered in interpreting developmental changes in palatal processes grown in vitro.

Agar↗

PubMed1990

Postnatal development of palatal and laryngeal taste buds in the hamster.

Mammalian taste buds are distributed within several distinct subpopulations, innervated by branches of three cranial nerves. These taste bud populations originate and mature at different times in various mammalian species and are thought to play differential roles in the control of taste-mediated behaviors. The hamster is a common animal for the electrophysiological study of the gustatory system, and it has been shown that taste buds innervated by the IXth nerve develop postnatally in this species. To delineate further the development of the gustatory system of hamsters, we quantified the number of taste buds appearing on the palatal, nasopharyngeal, and laryngeal epithelium from birth through 120 days of age. Taste buds are present in almost adult numbers on the soft palate at birth, but only 39% of these are mature. Distinct taste pores, indicative of mature taste buds, increase in number until about 20-30 days of life, at which time all of the taste buds on the soft palate and on the nasoincisive papillae are fully developed. Taste buds are concentrated primarily on the posterior and medial portions of the soft palate. Taste buds located on the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis and the aryepiglottal folds are absent at birth and originate and mature over the following 120 days. Laryngeal taste buds are more concentrated on the aryepiglottal folds than on the epiglottis. On the soft palate and in the epiglottal region, the maturation of taste buds is well characterized by a logarithmic function (Y = a log X + B) relating the number of mature taste buds to postnatal age. On the soft palate, the length of the taste buds from base to apex correlates with the thickness of the epithelium, which increases with development. The diameter of mature taste buds on the soft palate does not change with age. In contrast to many mammalian species, in rodents taste bud development occurs mostly after birth. Rapid postnatal development progresses at a time when ingestive behavior is undergoing a number of significant changes. Taste buds in the larynx have been implicated in a number of laryngeal reflexes (i.e., apnea, swallowing) in several nonrodent species. The electrophysiological properties of superior laryngeal nerve fibers would suggest a similar function for epiglottal taste buds in the hamster.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

PI-3 kinase activity is required for epithelial-mesenchymal transformation during palate fusion.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is the primary mechanism for the disappearance of medial edge epithelia (MEE) during palate fusion. This phenotype transition is highly regulated by growth factors, extracellular matrix, cell surface receptors, and a variety of intracellular signaling. Phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase regulates cytoskeleton reorganization, cell migration, and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta-regulated EMT. Therefore, we investigated the role of PI-3 kinase in EMT during palatal fusion in vitro. Palatal shelves from embryonic (E) 13.5 day mouse embryos were collected and cultured for up to 72 hr. A specific PI-3 kinase inhibitor, LY294002, was added to the medium at concentrations of 100 etaM, 1 microM, and 10 microM. The fate of midline epithelia was traced by carboxyfluorescence labeling and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Harvested tissues were also processed for immunohistochemical analysis of a specific marker for basal lamina (laminin). Palatal fusion stages were scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 equal to complete nonfusion and 5 equal to complete fusion. The mean fusion score (MFS) was calculated for each treatment group. Palatal shelves fused after 72 hr of culture in control and 100 etaM LY294002 inhibitor-treated groups, with MFS of 4.67 and 4.5, respectively. Laminin was absent in the midline and epithelia transformed into mesenchyme. However, when cultured palates were treated with 1 and 10 microM LY294002, MEE persisted in the midline and the basal lamina remained intact after 72 hr. The MFS was significantly less in the 1 and 10 microM LY294002-treated tissues at 2.08 and 1.33, respectively. Our results demonstrate that EMT during palatal fusion in vitro is dependent on PI-3 kinase activity.

Animals↗