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PubMed2005

Naming two-digit arabic numerals: evidence from masked priming studies.

The authors investigated how 2-digit Arabic numerals are named by looking at the effects of masked primes on the naming latencies. Target numerals were named faster when prime and target shared a digit at the same position (e.g., the target 28 primed by 18 and 21). In contrast, naming latencies were slower when prime and target shared 1 or 2 digits at non-corresponding places (e.g., the target 28 primed by 82, 86, or 72). Subsequent experiments showed that these priming effects were situated at the level of the verbal production of the Arabic numerals. The data point to a non-semantically mediated route from visual input to verbal output in the naming of 2-digit Arabic numerals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Estradiol increases proteinuria and angiotensin II type 1 receptor in kidneys of rats receiving L-NAME and angiotensin II.

Prospective, placebo-controlled clinical trials suggest that estrogen may have adverse effects on the vascular system in women. The goal of this study was to determine if 17beta-estradiol (E2) would have adverse effects on the renovasculature in a rat model of renal injury characterized by low nitric oxide (NO) and high angiotensin II (AngII). We studied female Wistar rats that were sham-operated (sham), ovariectomized (OVX), or ovariectomized and replaced with E2 (OVX/E2). All rats were maintained on a high salt diet and renovascular injury was caused by treating rats with an inhibitor of NO synthase, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), for 14 days, plus AngII on days 11 through 14. L-NAME/AngII treatment, as compared to placebo, caused proteinuria, glomerular injury, and fibrinoid necrosis of renal arterioles in sham-operated rats. Ovariectomy reduced L-NAME/AngII-induced renal damage, whereas E2 treatment increased L-NAME/AngII-induced damage in OVX rats. In rats treated with L-NAME/AngII, levels of AngII type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) protein were higher in the renal cortex of sham and OVX/E2 rats than in OVX rats. AT(1)R protein correlated with renal injury. E2 treatment also increased expression of AT(1)R mRNA. Thus, under conditions of low NO and high AngII, E2 exacerbated renal injury. E2-mediated increases in renal cortical AT(1)R expression may represent a novel mechanism for the adverse renovascular effects of estrogen.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed2003

Hypertensive response to chronic NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treatment is similar in immature and adult Wistar rats.

The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the blood pressure (BP) response to chronic inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) is exaggerated in young rats, which were reported to develop a more pronounced salt hypertension than the adult ones. The enhanced BP rise in immature rats subjected to excess salt intake might be due either to a generally increased reactivity in immature organisms to these stimuli or to a greater impairment of NO bioavailability that accompanies the development of salt hypertension. To determine between the two alternatives, we have compared the hypertensive response and the extent of NOS inhibition in immature (4-week-old) and adult (12-week-old) male Wistar rats which were treated with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 40 mg/kg of body mass per day) for 4 weeks. BP and NOS activity in the aorta, left ventricle and kidney were determined at the end of the experiment. It should be noted that chronic L-NAME treatment caused a similar degree of NOS inhibition in both age groups (irrespective of tissue examined). There was no significant difference in BP elevation between young and adult animals chronically treated with L-NAME. A strong negative correlation between NOS activity and BP level was observed in separate groups of normotensive controls and L-NAME hypertensive rats. Thus the BP of both normotensive and hypertensive animals seems to be inversely proportional to the production of NO. It can be concluded that there was the same BP rise in both age groups of L-NAME-treated rats in which a similar degree of NOS inhibition was disclosed. This suggests that the altered NO bioavailability (but not the generally exaggerated reactivity to hypertensive stimuli) is the cause of exaggerated hypertensive response observed in immature rats exposed to excess salt intake.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Semantic representation and naming in young children.

Children's semantic representations and semantic naming errors were the focus of this study. In Experiment 1, 25 normally developing children (mean age = 5 years 4 months) named, drew, and defined 20 age-appropriate objects. The results suggested that functional and physical properties are core aspects of object representations in the semantic lexicon and that these representations are often organized and accessed according to a taxonomic hierarchy. Results of a new procedure, comparative picture naming/picture drawing, suggested that the degree of knowledge in the semantic lexicon makes words more or less vulnerable to retrieval failure. Most semantic naming errors were associated with limited semantic knowledge, manifested as either lexical gaps or fragile representations. Comparison of definitions for correctly named and semantically misnamed objects provided converging evidence for this conclusion. In Experiment 2, involving 16 normally developing children (mean age = 5 years 5 months), the comparative picture naming/picture drawing results were replicated with a stimulus set that allowed a priori matching of the visual complexity of items drawn from correct and semantic error pools. Discussion focuses on the dynamic nature of semantic representations and the relation between semantic representation and naming during a period of slow mapping. The value of comparative picture naming/picture drawing as a new method for exploring children's semantic representations is emphasized.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2002

Effect of L-NAME on decreased ileal muscle contractility induced by peritonitis in rats.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: It is now well established that intestinal inflammation is associated with disturbed contractility. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of peritonitis on longitudinal ileum smooth muscle responses to KCl, carbachol and substance P (SP) and to examine the role of nitric oxide (NO) and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) on ileal contractility in this peritonitis model. METHODS: Peritonitis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in 20 rats. While 10 of these received 1 mL distilled water as placebo, the other 10 received 5 mg/kg (subcutaneously) L-NAME before the operation. Another group of 10 rats underwent a sham operation. Twenty-four hours after the operation, the rats were killed, and their ileum was excised. Ileum segments were placed in longitudinal direction in a 10-mL organ bath; concentration-response relationship for KCl, carbachol, and SP were obtained by adding the reagent cumulatively to the bath. RESULTS: The KCl-, carbachol-, and SP-induced contractions were decreased markedly, with no change in the pD(2) values in the peritonitis group compared with controls. Peritonitis-induced changes in the contractile responses were restored significantly by in vivo L-NAME pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The model of CLP-induced peritonitis in rats showed that KCl-induced nonreceptor-mediated, carbachol- and SP-induced receptor-mediated contractions are significantly decreased by inflammation in the longitudinal ileum muscle. Increased synthesis of NO may be responsible for these decreases in contractile responses because they were restored significantly by in vivo L-NAME injection. Inhibition of NOS with L-NAME injection may afford a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of gastrointestinal stasis in septic patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[L-nitroargininemethylester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, increases the anesthetic potency of etomidate].

OBJECTIVE: Comparable to other intravenous anaesthetics, etomidate is thought to mediate its anaesthetic effect through an action on gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA) receptors. Recently, there is evidence that general anaesthetics act on second messenger systems such as the nitric oxide (NO) metabolism too. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of the NO-synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the anaesthetic potency of the intravenous anaesthetic etomidate. METHODS: With approval of the local animal care committee, the effect of L-NAME on the anaesthetic potency of etomidate was studied in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The animals were exposed to different concentrations of the anaesthetic etomidate or a combination of etomidate and 1 mM L-NAME for 120 min. Anaesthesia was defined as loss of righting reflex for more than 5 s. A concentration-response curve was fitted to the data according to the method of Waud for quantal biological data and half maximal effects (EC50) and slopes of the curves were calculated. RESULTS: In both groups, the fraction of anaesthetised animals increased with increasing etomidate concentrations. The calculated values were EC50 4.5 +/- 0.2 microM in the etomidate group with a slope of 2.6 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SE). The etomidate plus L-NAME group exhibited a significantly different EC50 of 3.0 +/- 0.2 microM with a slope of 2.3 +/- 0.3. CONCLUSION: The NO-metabolism has been suggested to be involved in the anaesthetic action of volatile as well as intravenous anaesthetics. The reduction in EC50 of etomidate in presence of L-NAME is comparable to that observed for thiopental or halothane, and thus may indicate an additional mechanism of action of etomidate.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗

PubMed2001

L-NAME- and U 46619-induced contractions in isolated porcine ciliary arteries versus vortex veins.

PURPOSE: To investigate contractions evoked by the thromboxane A2 analog U 46619 and by the inhibitor of nitric oxide formation NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in isolated porcine ciliary arteries and vortex veins. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a myograph system (for isometric forces measurement), vessels were exposed (at different levels of wall tension) to 100 mM potassium chloride (KCl). At their optimal tension, vessels were exposed (in a cumulative manner) to increasing concentrations of U 46619 (0.1 nM-1 microM) in the absence or in the presence of L-NAME (0.1 mM). Contractions were expressed in mN or in percent of a 100 mM KCl-induced contraction. RESULTS: Optimal tension was higher in arteries (7 mN) than in veins (3 mN). Maximal contractions induced by KCl were stronger in arteries (24.4 +/- 3.6 mN; n = 8) than in veins (1.8 +/- 0.2 mN; n = 8). In contrast, maximal contractions evoked by U 46619 were proportionally higher (p < 0.001) in veins (178.3 +/- 8.9%; n = 8) than in arteries (108.4 +/- 2.6%; n = 5) and were not significantly affected by L-NAME. Sensitivity to U 46619 was not significantly different between arteries (pD50 = 7.7 +/- 0.1) and veins (pD50 = 7.9 +/- 0.1). In quiescent vessels, L-NAME evoked contractions that were higher (p < 0.001) in veins (43 +/- 7.9%; n = 13) than in arteries (7.5 +/- 1.7%; n = 10). CONCLUSIONS: When compared with KCl-induced contractions, contractions evoked by U 46619 or L-NAME are proportionally higher in porcine vortex veins than in ciliary arteries.

15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5↗

PubMed2003

To play 'B' but not to say 'B': selective loss of letter names.

This paper is the first report of an aphasic patient (GT) who shows a selective impairment in naming musical notes and letters in the context of preserved instrumental reading of notes. The ability to orally name notes (which are given the letter names A-G in English) and to play notes from a spoken note name was severely impaired. By contrast, instrumental sightreading and matching of written letters and single notes were both well preserved. This complex pattern of impairments can be explained in terms of a selective deficit in the letter name system.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of L-NAME on pulmonary arterial pressure, plasma nitric oxide and pulmonary hypertension syndrome morbidity in broilers.

1. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a synthetic inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (L-NAME) on pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) morbidity in broilers. 2. In Experiment 1, broilers were infused intravenously with L-NAME, and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mean PAP) and plasma NO were measured at 0, 1, 2 and 4 h after the start of infusion. The mean PAP increased and plasma NO was reduced at 1 to 2 h in broilers treated with L-NAME. 3. In Experiment 2, 180 Arbor Acres broilers were evenly divided into three groups: a control group (group C), and two groups exposed to low environmental temperatures and fed a 3, 3, 5-triiodothyronine (T3) supplemented diet alone (group A) or also including 100 ppm L-NAME (group B). 4. The PHS morbidity of group A was higher than for group C but lower than for group B. Plasma endothelin-1 was higher in broilers in groups A and B than in group C. Plasma NO was not significantly lower in broilers of group B when compared with those in group A. 5. The right/total ventricular weight ratio (RV/TV) and mean PAP were higher in groups A and B than in group C, and the RV/TV ratio increased one week earlier in group B than in group A. 6. These results suggest that L-NAME increases broiler PAP by inhibiting the endogenous synthesis of NO, leading to pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy and the increased morbidity of PHS in broilers.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Behavioral effects of combined perinatal L-NAME and 0.5 Hz magnetic field treatments.

The behavioral effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), when perinatally (2 d prenatal-14 d postnatal) co-administered with extremely low frequency magnetic fields, were examined in weanling and adult rats. Litters of rat pups and their dams were exposed continuously to biphasic pulsed fields presented once every 2 s. The magnetic fields were amplitude modulated in successively increasing and decreasing steps (each 30 min) between 0 and 1.8 microT or between 0 to 13 nanoT (reference field) during 4-h periods (6 periods per day). These two treatments were subdivided into dams that received tap water and dams that received 1.0 g/L L-NAME in tap water. The behavioral sequelae to these treatments for 242 progeny from 41 litters were followed from weaning (1 wk after termination of treatment) into adulthood. Compared to exposures to water and nanoT magnetic fields, perinatal exposures to the microT magnetic fields or to L-NAME in the maternal water supply were associated with increased activity levels when the rats were tested as weanling, but decreased activity levels when the rats were tested as adults. However, the activity of rats that received the combination of L-NAME and microT magnetic fields did not differ significantly from the activity of the rats that had received water and the nanoT fields. Long-term (adulthood) effects of these perinatal treatments on associative learning, as inferred by learned fear to contextual stimuli, were not evident. These results indicate that L-NAME and this particular pattern of magnetic field antagonized one another when co-administered during the perinatal period.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Influence of educational level of non brain-damaged subjects on visual naming capacities.

Educational level of subjects is a variable often neglected in neuropsychological studies. However, there are pieces of evidence to suggest that illiterate subjects may perform worse than literate subjects in some tests. Visual naming is one of the tasks where a poor performance was reported in illiterate populations. The present study addresses this problem of comparing the performance in visual naming tasks of non-brain-damaged patients of different educational levels. The test materials were composed of three subtests: naming real objects, their photographs, and line drawings of the same objects. Results revealed that there is a clear influence of educational level on the ability to name photographs and line drawings of the objects. Naming line drawings is particularly difficult for the lower educated non-brain-damaged subjects. Visual analysis of two dimensional representations is a task that requires special learning. These results have to be taken into consideration in test selection for poorly educated populations.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Naming impairments following recovery from herpes simplex encephalitis: category-specific?

An apparently clear case of category-specific naming impairment selectively affecting animals was detected in a patient who had recovered from herpes simplex encephalitis. However, subsequent investigation demonstrated that these category-specific effects could be eliminated by controlling simultaneously for three factors in picture naming: word frequency, concept familiarity, and visual complexity. The results emphasize the importance of controlling for all factors pertinent to picture naming when attempting to demonstrate category specificity in picture naming. Further testing indicated that deficits were also apparent when naming to definition was required, and some impairment in the ability to answer questions about objects and living things was also noted. Theoretical implications of these data are considered.

Anomia↗

PubMed1995

Learning the names of people: the role of image mediators.

Four experiments are reported involving the effects of bizarre and common imagery mediation techniques on the learning and 1-week retention of surnames, given videotaped faces as cues. The videotapes contained 24 undergraduates who were photographed from about the chest up, and who introduced themselves at a 20-second rate. Experiment 1 showed that for both concrete and abstract names, immediate recall of the list was better under imagery mediation instructions than under control instructions. Experiment 2 studied the same conditions using immediate recognition memory of the list as a retrieval measure for the names, and found, despite ceiling effects, that bizarre imagery instructions facilitated recognition for concrete names. Experiment 3 showed that immediate recall could be improved if subjects were given an image mediator for every face-name pair as opposed to generating their own image mediators. Experiment 4 yielded three important findings: (a) 84% of the variance in the 1-week retention of initially recalled names was explained by the presence of absence of the original mediator during 1-week recall; (b) instructions to form image mediators facilitate recall not because image mediators are more effective than other types of mediators, but because they increase the likelihood that a mediator will be formed; (c) 1-week retention could be enhanced with an increased focus during encoding on the points where the mediation process is most likely to fail. The results of these studies are discussed within the context of mediation model wherein recall can fail at any of four stages.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Name relearning in elderly patients with schizophrenia: episodic and temporary, not semantic and permanent.

INTRODUCTION: Recent reports of lexical-semantic deficits in patients with schizophrenia (Laws, Al-Uzri, & Mortimer, 2000; Laws, McKenna, & Kondel, 1998) suggest that younger patients have problems accessing intact memories and older patients show apparent "loss" of the lexical-semantic memory representations themselves. METHODS: Picture naming for everyday items was examined in a unique series of elderly patients with schizophrenia (n = 10) with a mean illness duration of 45.5 years; and compared with that in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (n = 18) and elderly healthy controls (n = 27). Naming consistency across time was used as an indicator of whether the schizophrenic patients had difficulty accessing representations or a loss of the representations themselves. Finally, we examined the ability of the schizophrenic patients to relearn the names of unnamed items across four weekly retraining sessions and to retain them at a one month follow-up. RESULTS: The elderly schizophrenic patients were as anomic as patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Consistency analysis revealed that the patients had storage deficits. Analysis of patient error types was consistent with a semantic deficit. Finally, the schizophrenic patients showed significant improvement with relearning, but this was not maintained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with schizophrenia show a profound and stable anomia. Although name relearning induced some significant gains in naming, these were short-term and reflect episodic rather than semantic reinstatement of representations. Implications for cognitive remediation are discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

A test for measuring recognition and naming of landmarks.

There have been considerable giants in recent years in understanding cognitive and neural correlated for retrieval of various types of knowledge, such as the meanings and lexical forms for categories such as a familiar faces, animals and tools, and actions. An important category that has been largely neglected so far is landmarks, and one likely reason for this is a lack of suitable stimulus materials. Here, we report a study in which we designed a Landmark Recognition and Naming Test. The test contains 65 natural (e.g., "Old Faithful") and artifactual (e.g., "U.S Capitol") landmarks from around the world. Preliminary recognition and naming data about the participants (e.g., educational level, participants, experience traveling to national parks), the stimuli (e.g., visual complexity, image agreement), and participant-stimulus interactions (e.g., familiarity, age of acquisition), and analyzed how such factors influenced landmark recognition and naming. There was a pronounced sex-related difference in landmark recognition favoring men; however, men and women performed similarly in landmark naming. We provide here extensive data regarding the stimuli, and we encourage other investigators to make use of our stimuli and data in future investigations of landmark recognition and naming.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2000

Naming speed, phonological awareness and the initial stage of learning to read.

Phonological awareness in kindergarten and rapid naming of objects in Grade 1 were used as predictors of reading achievement in Grade 1. Two reading measures were used: oral decoding of both words and pseudowords. They were found to be highly correlated. Both rapid naming and phonological awareness accounted for independent variance in reading achievement except for pseudoword reading, where rapid naming did not contribute significantly after the effect of phonemic awareness had been accounted for. Phonological awareness was the stronger predictor and a large part of the variance was shared between it and rapid naming. The rapid naming testing procedure functioned well and its potential as a research and diagnostic tool is discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1989

The effects of surface detail on object categorization and naming.

Three experiments are reported examining the effects of surface colour and brightness/texture gradients (photographic detail) on object classification and naming. Objects were drawn from classes with either structurally similar or structurally dissimilar exemplars. In Experiment 1a, object naming was facilitated by both congruent surface colour and photographic detail, with the effects of these two variables combining under-additively. In addition incongruent colour disrupted naming accuracy. These effects tended to be larger on objects from structurally similar classes than on objects from structurally dissimilar classes. Experiment 1b examined superordinate classification. There were again advantages due to congruent colour and photographic detail on responses to objects from both structurally similar and structurally dissimilar classes. Incongruent colour disrupted classification accuracy on structurally distinct but not structurally similar items. For structurally similar items, the advantages of congruent surface attributes on classification were smaller than on naming, but this was not the case for structurally dissimilar items. Experiment 2 examined subordinate classification of structurally similar objects. Now effects of congruent and incongruent colour, but not of photographic detail, were found. Experiment 3 showed that congruent and incongruent colour effects occur only when the colours occupy the internal surfaces of objects. The results suggest that surface details can affect object recognition and naming, depending upon: (1) the degree to which objects must be differentiated for a correct response to be made, and (2) the nature of the rate-limiting process determining performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Feasibility of named antenatal HIV screening in an inner city population.

The object of this study was to assess the resource use, feasibility, uptake and consumers' perspective of introducing routine named human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing into an inner city hospital antenatal clinic (St Thomas Hospital, part of Guy's and St Thomas Hospital Trust). Following the introduction of a new service offering routine named HIV testing at booking appointments, the length of the appointments were recorded over a three-month period and compared with appointment lengths in the previously existing service. Women being offered routine named HIV testing were asked to complete a questionnaire before and after their appointment to assess knowledge, attitudes and acceptability of HIV testing. Subjects were three-hundred-and-eighty-one pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic for their booking appointment. There was no significant difference in the length of the booking appointments following the introduction of offering routine named HIV testing. One-hundred-and-fifty-eight women (42%) consented to testing with no positive results detected. There was a significant rise in the uptake of the test over the three-month period. No other variables (demographics, perceived risk, having read the leaflet) were predictive of uptake. Anxiety scores were significantly less after the booking appointment. Routine named HIV testing was feasibly introduced into a hospital antenatal clinic with minimum resource implications. Further study is needed to monitor the ongoing uptake rate and identification of HIV-positive women before a decision can be made as to the long-term benefit of this new service. Women considered it acceptable to be offered the HIV test and were less anxious after their appointments.

Adult↗