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PubMed2001

Correlates of HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and preventive behavior of men in Africa.

Using the 1998/99 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey dataset, this article examines the behavior of men who think they are at risk for HIV/AIDS and those who indicate they have no AIDS risks. Using a theoretical framework that borrows from rationale choice theory and individual-level characteristics, the article explores the links between AIDS risks status and changes in preventive behavior. The results show high levels of AIDS-related knowledge among men in Ghana. In addition, the majority of the men indicated that they had changed their behavior in response to AIDS although they were more likely to cite the avoidance of multiple partners rather than the use of condoms in their sexual encounters. In the logistic regression models, education, marital status, and religion emerged as important predictors of changes in behavior. The fact that few men used condoms as an HIV/AIDS preventive method raises a number of policy issues, the implications of which are discussed in this article.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Becoming a mental health nurse: a qualitative study [Part-2].

This is a two-part commentary reporting on a qualitative piece of research concerning the experiences of student nurses and the processes involved in becoming a mental health nurse (Morrissey 2003). It is really an attempt to describe, connect, discuss, and understand the process of becoming a mental health nurse in theory and practice using a qualitative approach (Holliday, 2002; Field & Morse, 1994; Hammersley, 1992; Burnard, 1991; Glaser & Strauss, 1967;). A questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were employed to examine the student nurses experiences prior to and one year into their first staff nurse post. The term psychiatric nurse and mental health nurse continue to be used interchangeably in practice and in written texts. However for simplicity the term mental health nurse is used for this text.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

[Hygiene practices and contamination risks of surface waters by schistosome eggs: the case of an infested village in Northern Senegal].

The transmission of intestinal schistosomiasis presumes that faecal materials containing viable schistosome eggs reach natural water bodies infested with snail intermediate host. So far there is little knowledge about the contamination dynamics of streams with schistosome eggs. We conducted a pilot study on defecating behaviour and hygienic practices in an Schistosoma mansoni endemic focus in Northern Senegal. Questionnaires were used to obtain quantitative data on hygienic practices and the use of latrines in 59 children. Although the community was well endowed with pit latrines, most of the children declared that they usually defecated somewhere else, in particular near the streams where the vegetation offers hideouts. Observations based on mapping of defecation sites showed that a considerable number of stools were left just a few meters from the riverbank, thus bearing a high risk of being washed off into the water. All these practices can easily lead to contamination of water bodies with schistosomae eggs. In order to improve hygienic practices and reduce fecal pollution of the environment, a health education model respecting local beliefs and customs would be indispensable.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Postgraduate education in laboratory medicine and certification/re-certification of clinical pathologists in Taiwan.

The Taiwan Society of Clinical Pathologists (TSCP) plays a central role in postgraduate education of laboratory medicine and the certification/re-certification of clinical pathologists in Taiwan. For the certification of clinical pathologists, TSCP establishes "Guidelines and Scope of Resident Training" and "Standards for Training Hospitals in Clinical Pathology(CP)", administers board examinations, and issues board certifications/re-certifications. There are two types of CP resident training programs, including a straight CP program with 3 years of CP training for a CP certificate and a combined program with 3 years of Anatomic Pathology training and 2 years of CP training for both the CP and AP certificates. The core curriculum for CP training includes: (1) Clinical Chemistry (at least 4 months), (2) Clinical Microscope with Parasitology (at least 3 months), (3) Clinical Hematology (at least 4 months), and (4) Clinical Microbiology with Clinical Virology (at least 4 months), (5) Immunohematology and Blood Banking (Transfusion Medicine) (at least 3 months), (6) Clinical Serology and Immunology(at least 4 months), and (7) Laboratory Management (at least 2 months). The curriculum for third-year training is not specified and may be in any field. In recent years, the board examination has emphasized the topics of Molecular Biology and Laboratory Informatics. The TSCP has also established an accreditation and inspection program for the CP resident raining hospitals. Each accredited CP training hospital is required to have a detailed teaching protocol of CP training. Quotas are assigned according to the available CPs of the accredited hospitals. The accreditation period is 3 years. Through sponsoring scientific and educational programs, the TSCP offers credit hours of education in laboratory medicine, which are required for re-certification of CPs in Taiwan. The members of the TSCP meet at least twice a year for scientific presentations and seminars. In addition, two to four symposia, offering 8 credit hours each, are held each year in various subspecialties of CP. In 2003, 22 hospitals were accredited as CP training hospitals for a total quota of 26. Until 2003, the TSCP had certified 116 CPs. At the present time, only 103 certified CPs are actively practicing laboratory medicine. Re-certification requires 100 credit hours of continuing education. The requirements for board certification and re-certification are the two main driving forces for CPs in Taiwan to seek continuing education. Our model of education for CPs has proven to be effective. The number of practicing CPs increased from 21 (one per 3,083 beds) in 1991 to 103 (one per 929 beds) in 2002. Most of the CPs are associated with medical centers(62/103, 60.2%) and regional hospitals(38/103, 36.9%).

Accreditation↗
PubMed1992

[Christian Gottlieb Selle (1748-1800), the last private physician of Friedrich the Great].

Among the physicians in ordinary to Frederick the Great Christian Gottlieb Selle ranks chronologically in the last place. In the course of his professional life the physician who graduated in Halle in 1770 was promoted to head positions in the Prussian public health organization and medical care of Berlin. His expertise for a new Halle education model inaugurated the era of the Halle Schola clinica in 1787.

Famous Persons↗
PubMed2005

Knowledge of type 2 diabetic patients about their illness: pilot project.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the baseline level of knowledge and awareness of diabetic patients about their disease and it's complications. METHODS: It was a Cross Sectional Survey conducted at Foundation Clinic, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, in April 2004. A structured questionnaire was used. Forty diabetic patients were interviewed to know their knowledge attitude and practices about diabetes. All data was entered into SPSS version 10.0. The data was re-validated and analyzed. RESULTS: Mean age of study participants was 45.35 +/- 13.05 years, 11(27.5%) were male and 29(72.5%) were female. The mean BMI of the study participants was 27.06 +/- 6.29 kg/m2. Majority of the patients 27(67.5%) had type 2 diabetes. The mean fasting blood sugar was 159 +/- 73.89 mg/dl and random blood sugar was 200 +/- 91.2 mg/dl, 50% of the patients were using antidiabetic drugs regularly and only 15% of the patients were regularly monitoring their blood glucose at home using a glucometer. Awareness level of the study participants was low. CONCLUSION: The awareness about the disease in majority of diabetic patients was not adequate in this study. Routine individual teaching and counseling represents an effective educational model.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2005

Osteopathic manipulative medicine considerations in patients with chronic pain.

Osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) incorporates diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that address body unity, homeostatic mechanisms, and structure-function interrelationships. In regard to pain, osteopathic physicians take thorough histories guided by palpatory examination to determine the quality, duration, and origin of this condition, how it uniquely affects the individual, and whether segmental, reflex, or triggered pain phenomena coexist. Osteopathic manipulative medicine expands differential diagnoses by considering somatic dysfunction and treatment options by integrating specific aspects of complementary care into state-of-the-art pain management practices. Prescriptions formulated through an OMM algorithm integrate each osteopathic tenet with biopsychosocial and patient education models and medication, rehabilitation, and manual medicine techniques proportionate to individual needs.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Births to teens in Wisconsin: targeting high-risk populations.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents giving birth represents an important public health issue with social, economic, and health-related consequences. OBJECTIVE: Compare birth rates and trends in birth rates among adolescents age 15-19 years in Wisconsin and the United States by race/ethnicity. METHODS: Teen birth rates from 1998-2002, and trends in birth rates from 1995-2002 for Wisconsin and the United States were compared by race/ethnicity using data from the Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health and data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: The general statewide birth rates and birth rates for Wisconsin white teens were lower than national rates, while birth rates for black, Hispanic, and American Indian teens were well above national rates from 1998-2002. Disparities between births to minority adolescents and white adolescents were higher in Wisconsin than in the United States. Although teen birth rates in general have declined nationally and in Wisconsin, rates among Hispanics in Wisconsin have increased during the 1995-2002 period. DISCUSSION: Racial disparities in teen birth rates in Wisconsin far exceed national disparities. These disparities result from far-ranging, long-term social and environmental differences in underlying determinants of health that relate to ethnic and cultural beliefs, variation in access to health care that provides family planning and reproductive health services, decreased availability of school-based clinics, lack of role models, education, and variations in income and social status. Wisconsin should focus its teen pregnancy prevention activities on the groups at highest risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Anthropology and psychiatry.

In this paper anthropology and psychiatry are defined as well as their scientific area, their methods and research objectives; the high level of their mutual thematic and methodological complementarity has been emphasized. The sociocultural factors which are inherent in the area of cultural anthropology can affect mental health in a number of ways: by forming a certain personality type that is predisposed for a certain type of disorder, by an education model which increases the frequency of some disorders, by criticism and sanctions of a certain behaviour that is actually desirable from the point of view of mental health preservation, by supporting and rewarding a behaviour model that is harmful for mental health; by its complexity and, in some of the segments, by mutual contradictions they can cause mental disorders; by forming symptoms of mental disorders i.e. by a pathoplastic action through which they become an area of scientific interest of cultural psychiatry. Anthropology directs psychiatry towards creating preventive and therapeutic programs that accept the mutual influence and interconnectedness of socio-cultural conditions and the mental health status.

Anthropology↗
PubMed2006

Creating a new dynamic in Aboriginal health.

In early 2004, an evidence-based prenatal care workshop was held for community health nurses working in First Nations communities in British Columbia. The purpose of the workshop was to begin a dialogue on the use of evidence to improve prenatal care in First Nations communities. Specifically, selected models of knowledge transfer to improve care were introduced and discussed. Of the 81 nurses who participated, 52 completed a feedback questionnaire. Most of the participants (73%) were community health nurses. They worked across diverse geographic settings and health-care administration models (federally managed, band managed, tribal council managed). Seventy-three per cent of the nurses reported that a participatory model of knowledge transfer was important or very important. They also identified priority target audiences (stakeholders) for knowledge transfer strategies. Exploring stakeholders' views, values and priorities related to prenatal care and creating informal dialogue among these groups was identified as a next step in participatory transfer and exchange of knowledge to improve prenatal care in First Nations communities.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

[The implementation of evidence-based medicine in general practice-acceptance and use of external information services].

BACKGROUND: The demand for, and the potential of, evidence-based medicine (EBM) in everyday general practice have not been studied systematically yet. METHODS: For six months we offered all general practitioners (n = 190) practising in one of Berlin's city districts to conduct a systematic search for, and critical assessment of, the medical literature on any patient-related questions that participating physicians might have had. The primary aim of the study was to motivate general practitioners to ask patient-related questions and, in the long run, to integrate EBM into their medical practice. At the end of the project, attitudes towards EBM were assessed using standardized questionnaires. RESULTS: Only four questions, all referring to the field of therapy/prevention, were asked by the general practitioners in the district in which we offered our services. The average time required to supply an answer was 6.25 hours. For the subsequent evaluation of the service, the response rate was 34%. Reasons for not taking advantage of the service included lack of time, doubts about how the questioner would benefit from the service, and "being unaware" of the offering. CONCLUSIONS: Only rarely did general practitioners make use of the research service offered. The reasons included lack of time and the general practitioners' doubts that the service would be of benefit to their patients. In addition, we cannot exclude the possibility that the project may not have been adequately integrated into physicians' everyday practice. Nevertheless, the participants indicated that they were interested in EBM and that they considered scientific or evidence-based information to be relevant to the care of patients. This is why it is important to develop some type of continuing medical education model that can be effectively integrated into everyday medical practice.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed2006

Reflections on biomedical informatics: from cybernetics to genomic medicine and nanomedicine.

Expanding on our previous analysis of Biomedical Informatics (BMI), the present perspective ranges from cybernetics to nanomedicine, based on its scientific, historical, philosophical, theoretical, experimental, and technological aspects as they affect systems developments, simulation and modelling, education, and the impact on healthcare. We then suggest that BMI is still searching for strong basic scientific principles around which it can crystallize. As -omic biological knowledge increasingly impacts the future of medicine, ubiquitous computing and informatics become even more essential, not only for the technological infrastructure, but as a part of the scientific enterprise itself. The Virtual Physiological Human and investigations into nanomedicine will surely produce yet more unpredictable opportunities, leading to significant changes in biomedical research and practice. As a discipline involved in making such advances possible, BMI is likely to need to re-define itself and extend its research horizons to meet the new challenges.

Cybernetics↗
PubMed1991

Teaching pediatric residents about child maltreatment.

Child maltreatment is a growing problem faced by pediatricians; however, there are many deficiencies in pediatricians' relevant knowledge and skills. Residency programs typically have included limited teaching in the area of child maltreatment. Fifty pediatric residents participated in an evaluation of a model educational course in child maltreatment developed by an interdisciplinary faculty. The course resulted in significant short-term improvements in knowledge and skills as well as a greater sense of competence in managing cases of child maltreatment. The importance of teaching pediatric residents about the "new morbidity" is discussed.

Adult↗