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Results for “Mandatory Testing”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Prisoners' views about the drugs problem in prisons, and the new Prison Service drug strategy.

Three hundred and seventy-five out of 575 prisoners (222/299 drug users and 153/267 non-users) who responded to a self-completion health care questionnaire at two prisons in 1997 commented on drugs in prisons. One hundred and forty-eight out of 176 responses expressed negative opinions about mandatory drugs testing (MDT), and 107 said that MDT promoted switching to or increased use of heroin/hard drugs'. Sixty-two prisoners suggested that more help/counselling was needed for drug users, 52 segregation of drug users/drug-free wings, and 50 more security on visits/in corridors after medication. The new Prison Service drug strategy has revised random MDT. It targets those who supply drugs, and supports those who want to stop using drugs, and accords with prisoners' views about the heroin problem in prisons.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1999

HIV-specific legislation in the Russian Federation.

This article compares and contrasts the present Russian Federation law on preventing the spread of HIV with two earlier measures enacted under the Soviet regime, discusses some of the problems involved in implementing the current, less repressive law, and offers some initial suggestions for further improvement.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed1999

[Laparoscopic therapy of chronic constipation].

Chronic constipation is a common complaint. Clinical presentation varies with each individual. This study reports the results of laparoscopic therapy in 92 patients with chronic constipation. In two patients conversion was necessary. The majority of patients were female (n = 84, 93.3%). Mean age was 60.3 years (+/- 15.7). In three patients with slow-transit constipation a laparoscopic assisted subtotal colectomy was performed. In patients with outlet obstruction a laparoscopic assisted sigmoid resection was carried out, whereas in 79 a rectopexy with reconstruction of the pouch of douglas was added. In 6 of 8 patients with concomitting diverticulitis an anterior resection was necessary. Mean stay on ICU was 0.5 days. OR time ranged from 100 up to 490 minutes. In 21 patients (23.4%) postoperative complications were observed; however only in 7.8% (n = 7) this lead to additional surgical intervention. The postoperative follow-up is 24 months (6-52 mon). In 76.3% of patients with outlet obstruction and rectal prolapse chronic constipation postoperatively improved or patients felt "symptomfree". In patients with outlet obstruction but without rectal prolapse constipation postoperatively was better in 75.8%. After subtotal colectomy 2 of 3 patients (66%) felt cured after surgery. Careful patients selection by thorough preoperative physiologic testing is mandatory for successful outcome in surgery of chronic constipation. Based on this by laparoscopic surgery same functional results as with conventional open technique could be achieved.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Surgery for bullous emphysema.

The present indications for surgery are mainly large or increasing bullae that result in compression of apparently good lung tissue, and the complications of bullous diseases such as pneumothorax. The results of local resection of localized giant bullae are dramatic. The resection of small bullae generally has little effect on lung function. Lobectomy should not be done until bullae have been removed locally and the remaining lung has been tested by positive ventilation. The indications for the resection of large bullae in the presence of diffuse emphysema require very careful individual study. Pulmonary function tests are mandatory but computed tomography is the single most useful method of assessing the extent of the bullous disease and the underlying lung disease. If the underlying lung is diffusely cystic then any surgical treatment is palliative only.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

BPL plasma products: new source, enhanced products.

Bio Products Laboratory (BPL), the main fractionator of plasma-derived medicines, are undergoing a change from UK plasma to plasma from the USA. BPL aim to maintain continuity of supply and a seamless changeover, despite meticulous cleaning of its production plant and months of auditing by both the organization and regulatory authorities.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1999

The force of law.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Trial moves rapidly on, when the judge has determined the sentence beforehand" (W. Scott: Ivanhoe, 36) or pitfalls in serosurvey of anti-hepatitis C antibody in children.

Hepatitis C is and will be a major public health concern. Confirmed infections were reported from all Romanian counties but important differences between regions raise several explanations. Differences may reflect the different levels of testing, the performances of laboratories in confirming initially reactive samples or the risk factors higher prevalence. We have suggested that the prevalence of anti HCV infections can be a surrogate marker for the quality of parenteral medical or paramedical interventions. Present report identified additional problems in the surveillance of HCV infection in children. We screened 1787 samples from children hosted in orphanages (children under three years old) or in preschool children institutions (between 3-7 years old). We detected 31 repeatedly reactive samples with two EIA screening kits but confirmed only 8 in WB anti HCV. Four confirmed samples come from children under four months old suggesting maternally transmitted antibodies. In highly endemic area, many infants have maternally derived antibodies and the wane of reactivity comes with age above 12 months. Therefore, the prevalence of anti HCV antibody in infants reflects the prevalence in adult population. Confirmatory tests are mandatory for the serosurvey in children. More frequent than adults samples, children EIA reactive samples give indeterminate or negative Western Blot profiles. Only the viral load evaluation can confirm those samples as false positive or, on the contrary, samples at the beginning of seroconversion.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of drug addiction. The experience of the Medico Legal Institute of Oporto.

Since 1993 in Portugal, it is possible, by legal enforcement, to request forensic examination to study possible conditions of drug addiction. On the basis of examinations carried out in the Medico Legal Institute of Oporto, we present a study of 494 cases involving the relation to the demographic data of the examined individuals, their family background, legal situation, age at which drug consumption began, consumption profile at the beginning and at time of forensic examination and our conclusions.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2000

[Surgery for idiopathic constipation. The modest role of successful surgery].

Treatment of idiopathic constipation requires precise definition of the physiological and pathophysiological changes. A colorectal work-up including colonoscopy, colorectal passage, colonic transit study, anorectal manometry, cinedefecography and electromyography help to distinguish between four different forms of idiopathic constipation: slow transit constipation, outlet obstruction, a combination of both problems and irritable bowel syndrome. 70% of patients with chronic constipation suffer from irritable bowel syndrome. In these cases there is no indication for surgery. Patients with pelvic outlet obstruction due to paradoxical puborectalis contraction can be successfully treated with biofeedback. Outlet obstruction due to rectal prolapse, rectocele and intussusception require surgery. Total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis is the surgical option for selected patients with slow transit constipation. Where there is a mixed disorder, biofeedback for the outlet obstruction must be applied prior to colectomy for the inert colon. Thorough preoperative physiologic testing is mandatory for a successful outcome. When cases are carefully diagnosed and selected, the operative results are excellent.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1999

New approaches to HIV surveillance: means and ends. Summary report of conference held at Yale University, 21-22 May 1998, by the Law, Policy and Ethics Core, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University.

A system of HIV surveillance based on AIDS case reporting is no longer adequate to monitor the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the U.S. We are now faced with the challenge of designing an effective system of HIV surveillance. The "New Approaches to HIV Surveillance: Means and Ends" conference emphasized that there are several alternatives, each with strengths and limitations. The CDC has recommended that all states adopt a system of HIV surveillance based on case reporting. Although it has not specified that such systems need be name-based, CDC appears to reward states that adopt name-reporting systems. The rationale for this stance should be reviewed and made explicit. Name reporting may be superior in some respects to a system of case reports based on unique identifiers (UIs), especially in its greater ability to link surveillance activities to follow up at the individual level. Neither a name-reporting nor a UI approach to case reporting would provide HIV incidence data. The only currently envisioned means of providing incidence data is statistical estimation based on "snapshot estimates" of HIV incidence in sample cohorts. Calibration of this new instrument for HIV incidence estimation against existing data or through field trials is of critical importance.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗