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PubMed2002

Effect of Hatakeshimeji (Lyophyllum decastes Sing.) Mushroom on serum lipid levels in rats.

The effect of Hatakeshimeji (Lyophyllum decastes Sing.) mushroom on serum lipid levels was investigated in rats. When the mushroom (fruit body) powder or its hotwater extract was added at a level of 10% to a cholesterol-containing diet, the serum total cholesterol levels of rats fed the fruit body or the hot-water extract were markedly lower than that of controls, though there was no significant difference in serum HDL-cholesterol among the three groups. On a cholesterol-free diet, the addition of fruit body powder at a level of 5% significantly decreased serum total cholesterol. Serum triglycerides and phospholipids were significantly decreased in both the fruit body and hot-water extract groups. Furthermore, Hatakeshimeji in the diet significantly increased the activity of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase, which converts cellular cholesterol to bile acids, as well as the fecal excretion of bile acids.

Agaricales↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The morphofunctional changes in the internal organs in the modelling of poisonings by psilocybine-containing mushrooms].

Histological analysis of the viscera in experimental poisoning with psilocybin-containing mushrooms showed nonspecific changes in all examined organs, presenting as expressed hemocirculatory disorders and intracellular dystrophy. Quantitative histochemical analysis showed appreciable shifts in the activities of enzymes involved in the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox processes and of specific enzymes involved in nerve tissue metabolism. This may reflect some features in the direct effects of narcotic alkaloids contained in psilocybin-producing mushrooms.

Aggression↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Integrative properties of the Pe1 neuron, a unique mushroom body output neuron.

A mushroom body extrinsic neuron, the Pe1 neuron, connects the peduncle of the mushroom body (MB) with two areas of the protocerebrum in the honeybee brain, the lateral protocerebral lobe (LPL) and the ring neuropil around the alpha-lobe. Each side of the bee brain contains only one Pe1 neuron. Using a combination of intracellular recording and neuroanatomical techniques we analyzed its properties of integrative processing of the different sensory modalities. The Pe1 neuron responds to visual, mechanosensory, and olfactory stimuli. The responses are broadly tuned, consisting of a sustained increase of spike frequency to the onset and offset of light flashes, to horizontal and vertical movements of extended objects, to mechanical stimuli applied to the antennae or mouth parts, and to all olfactory stimuli tested (29 chemicals). These multisensory properties are reflected in its dendritic organization. Serial reconstructions of intracellularly stained Pe1 neurons using confocal microscopy reveal that the Pe1 neuron arborizes throughout all layers of MB peduncle with finger-like, vertically oriented dendrites. The peduncle of the MB is formed by the axons of Kenyon cells, whose dendritic inputs are organized in modality-specific subcompartments of the calyx region. The peduncular arborization indicates that the Pe1 neuron receives input from Kenyon cells of all calycal subcompartments. Because the Pe1 neuron changes its odor responses transiently as a consequence of olfactory learning, we hypothesize that the multimodal response properties might have a role in memory consolidation and help to establish contextual references in the long-term trace.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1999

[The influence of cooking on radiocaesium contamination of edible mushrooms].

Radiocaesium concentration in some kinds of edible mushrooms collected in October 1990 has been determined to evaluate the radiocaesium activity 5 years after Chernobyl accident. The highest activity was found in Xerocomus subtomentosus (1080.5 Bq/kg of fresh weight), then in Rozites caperata (768.5 Bq/kg) and Xerocomus badius (562.5 Bq/kg); the lowest--in Suillus luteus (52.0 Bq/kg) and Cantharellus cibarius (63.0 Bq/kg). Studies on the influence of cooking on radiocaesium activity revealed that parboiling and boiling of mushrooms led to high, even 85% losses of radiocaesium in the product. Samples of Xerocomus badius collected in various sites of North-East Poland in 1995 averaged to 195.4 +/- 125.5 Bq/kg of fresh weight.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1999

[Antacid and sorption properties of mushroom powder made of dried solids (Pleurotus ostreatus)].

It was established in the experiments determining the influence of the mushroom powder on acidity of the HCl solution by means of ionometrical method that in 15 minutes after introduction 3 gram of the powder pH of the solution increases from 1.62 up to 2.64. The stable meaning of the solution pH (without fall) can be (held) the same in the presence of the powder more than 23 hours. The mushroom powder reduces the high content of the ions Pb2+ and Cu2+ in the solution from 8.8 x 10(-6) up to 3.3 x 10(-6) and from 11.8 x 10(-6) up to 8.6 x 10(-6) mole/ml correspondingly. The trustworthy reduction (fall) of the concentration of the ions Zn2+ and Cd2+ in the filtrate was not discovered (found out). To determine the content of metal in the solution the method of flaming atomic adsorption.

Antacids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Microscopic study of powders of hallucinogenic mushrooms--Psilocybe sp].

The paper presents simple methods for microscopic examination and basic microchemical testing for the identification of suspect mushroom powders. The microscopic features of the most commonly cultivated and trafficked hallucinogenic genus Psilocybin are described and may serve for the decision whether any suspect material consists of such mushroom powder (and is therefore to be subjected to further analysis) or not.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2000

[Content of mercury in edible mushrooms on the terrains of Morag and Lukta].

Mercury concentrations were determined in the caps and stalks of seven species of edible mushrooms: Cantharellus cibarius, Xerocomus badius, Leccinum rufum, Leccinum scabrum, Boletus edulis, Tricholoma terreum and Marasmius oreades, collected at the area of the communes Morag and Łukta in the County of Ostróda in 1997-98. The method of mercury measurement was cold-vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS) after wet digestion of the samples with concentrated nitric acid under pressure in teflon vessels in microwave oven. There were a large variation of mercury content between examined mushrooms species. Boletus edulis showed a highest mercury concentration, i.e. 3.000 +/- 1.600 ng/g in the caps and 1.800 +/- 900 ng/g dry matter in the stalks. The lowest mercury concentration was detected in Cantharellus cibarius and Tricholoma terreum.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1994

Gravitational biology of mushrooms: a flow-chart approach to characterising processes and mechanisms.

Flow charts are presented which systematise recently published work on gravitropic responses of the mushroom stipe of Coprinus cinereus. The hypothetical model represented by the charts suggests that the meiotic division is a pivotal point in the gravitational biology of the mushroom fruit body. The unilateral gravity vector seems to be required for formation of the tissues in which meiosis normally occurs, and stipes become gravitropically competent only after onset of meiosis. The gravitropism flow-chart also indicates that two signals emanate from the upper regions of the stipe, one promotes the process of gravitropic bending, and is followed by a second signal which compensates for excess bending and adjusts the stipe apex to the vertical. Formalisation of the various observations into flow-charts, even though comparatively simple at the moment, facilitates comparison with other species and concentrates attention on aspects requiring further experimental analysis.

Calcium↗

PubMed2002

Screening of Basidiomycete mushroom extracts for antigenotoxic and bio-antimutagenic activity.

In this study we screened crude methanol:water extracts of 89 different mushroom species for their antigenotoxic and bio-antimutagenic activity. The screening was performed with the SOS/umu test and we monitored the ability of extracts to inhibit UV induced expression of umuC gene in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002. Seventeen extracts inhibited umuC expression by more than 50%. These extracts were further evaluated for the ability to inhibit UV induced mutations in Escherichia coli WP2. Five extracts (Cortinarius evernius, Rozites caperatus, Lactarius vellereus, Russula integra and Pleurotus cornucopiae) inhibited also UV induced mutations. The study showed that certain mushrooms contain substances with bio-antimutagenic potential. Particularly interesting for further investigations are Pleurotus cornucopiae (Lentinaceae), which was the most effective and species of Russulaceae and Cortinaceae families, which might contain common family specific bio-antimutagenic substance(s).

Antimutagenic Agents↗

PubMed2000

Purification and characterization of the allergenic components of shimeji mushroom (Tricholoma conglobatum) spore for shimeji workers' hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

Respiratory symptoms and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) among mushroom workers have been well documented. Inhalation of shimeji mushroom (Tricholoma conglobatum) spore has been assumed to be the cause of HP among indoor shimeji cultivating workers. We isolated and partially characterized the allergenic components of shimeji. The sera from 9 HP patients, 10 asymptomatic shimeji workers and 15 normal individuals were examined for shimeji specific IgG and IgA antibodies by ELISA using crude shimeji extract. Shimeji specific IgG- and IgA-antibodies were higher in sera from HP patients than in sera from control subjects. Crude shimeji spore extract was separated and purified by HPLC followed by SDS-PAGE, and their antigenic activity was studied by immunoblotting with a pool of sera from patients. Sera from all HP patients showed IgG and IgA antibody activities to 21, 16 and 14 kD proteins extracted from shimeji spore. The 21 kD protein contained internal peptide amino acid sequence of Gly-Gly-Thr-Val-Ile-Asn-Leu-Leu-Gly, Gln-Arg-Phe-Glu-Glu and Gln-Gly-Ile-Tyr. These results demonstrate that shimeji spore extract contains multiple proteinous components, which have antigenic activity to react with the sera from HP patients among shimeji workers. These proteins may be the potent sensitizing allergens to cause HP among shimeji cultivating workers.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Treatment of allergy to mushrooms].

The treatment of patients with respiratory allergy is based on environmental control measures, pharmacological and immunotherapy treatment. The third cause of allergic respiratory disease in our environment is mushrooms, the most frequently involved being the Alternaria class. However, due to the great difficulties in their diagnosis and specific treatment, there are few controlled studies on immunotherapy with mushroom extracts. A clinical test was carried out with a suitable, biologically standardized extract for the diagnosis and treatment of patients allergic to Alternaria. A second phase determined the maximum tolerated dosage of this extract administered through immunotherapy, in depot preparation and in conventional dosage, which was 0.1 mg/ml of Alt a I. This dosage was established as the maintenance dosage in the following phase (double blind test controlled with placebo), in which the efficacy and safety of the immunotherapy with this extract was determined, administered in immunotherapy to the mentioned maintenance dosage, to 28 patients with rhinitis and/or asthma due to allergy to Alternaria. All the patients reached the pre-established maintenance dosage of 1670 BSU. The treatment proved efficient, producing an improvement in the symptoms, respiratory function, subjective evaluation of patient and doctor, and severity of the disease. The immunological response supported the clinical efficacy, with an increase in the IgG and a fall in the IgE over the course of the study. Tolerance to the treatment was excellent, with only two light systemic reactions registered in the 711 dosages administered (0.28% reactions/dosages administered).

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bacterial mutagenicity of extracts of the baked and raw Agaricus bisporus mushroom.

Aqueous extracts of baked and raw Agaricus bisporus (AB) mushroom were tested for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535 and TA1537. The extracts were studied with and without metabolic activation by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 mix. The extracts of the baked and raw AB exhibited a dose related mutagenic activity with and without activation in strain TA1535. Similar findings were obtained in strain TA1537, although the net revertant values were of lower magnitude. Because humans mainly consume the cultivated mushroom AB in baked form, the implications of the findings are self-evident.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Levels of psilocybin and psilocin in various types of mushrooms].

Psilocin and psilocybin are psychoactive components of mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe and many others (Panaeolus, Inocybe, Pluteus etc.). In our republic, several species of Psilocybe with a high content of these components can be found. In the present study, we give a semiquantitative content of psilocin and psilocybin in some of our mushrooms in dry substance (Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe bohemica, Psilocybe arcana, Psilocybe cyanescens, Panaeolus acuminatus sensu Ricken, Inocybe haemacta and Pluteus salicinus). For quantification, the GC/MS instrumentation was applied. Psilocin and psilocybin were silylated by the derivatization agent N-methyl-N-trimet-hylsilyltrifluoroacetamide. As an internal standard, 5-methoxytryptamin was used. The results of this study prove the presence of at least three species of Psilocybe with a high content of psychoactive components growing in our republic: Psilocybe semilanceata, Psilocybe bohemica and Psilocybe arcana.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2003

[Selenium in selected species of mushrooms from Poland].

The selenium was quantified in the caps, stalks or a whole fruiting bodies of king bolete (Boletus edulis), brown birch scaber stalk (Leccinum scabrum), parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera), fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) and poison pax (Paxillus involutus) collected at the various regions of Poland in 1998-2001. King bolete, parasol mushroom and fly agaric were a much more abundant in selenium than brown birch scaber stalk or poison pax. Some differences were observed between the selenium content of the particular species collected at different sites as well as depending on anatomical part of the fruiting body.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2002

Effects of Maitake mushroom fractions on blood pressure of Zucker fatty rats.

A link exists between insulin resistance and many chronic disorders of aging including advancing-age. A safer means to prevent or, at least, slow the erosion of insulin sensitivity would provide a novel approach to better health. We compared the ability of a specific extract labeled fraction SX, as well as whole Maitake powder, fraction ES and fraction D of Maitake to influence SBP and various pertinent biochemical parameters when given orally to Zucker Fatty rats, a model of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A secondary gain was the ability to ascertain the effects of bitter melon, olive oil, and sesame oil alone and combined with fraction SX to influence SBP. We found that a water-soluble fraction obtained from Maitake mushroom (SX) lowers SBP and fasting blood glucose significantly over the three to six weeks of study. While whole Maitake fraction lowered SBP effectively, the effects on fasting blood sugar were not apparent under the conditions of study. In contrast to fraction SX and fraction D, developed primarily to enhance immunity and suppress tumor development and growth, has essentially no effect on SBP under the conditions examined. An ether soluble fraction designated ES lowers SBP significantly. Interestingly, olive oil, unlike sesame oil, also lowers SBP. Finally, bitter melon and a combination of SX plus bitter melon also lower SBP. We conclude that fraction SX of Maitake mushroom may be useful to treat insulin resistance alone or combined with other natural products such as bitter melon and niacin-bound chromium.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2004

[Contents of vitamin C, E, B6, beta-carotene and food fibers in of mushrooms].

For specification and entering of the data in to Tables of a chemical compound of foodstuff definition of the content of vitamins C, E, B6 beta-carotene and dietary fibers in some kinds of the mushrooms collected in woods of Moscow suburbs was carried out. The received data testify to high enough content in them of vitamin C, especiale in white mushrooms and "fox" 24.0 and 28.8 mg%. The content of vitamin E in terms of a tocopherol-equivalent has made from 0.03 to 0.98 mg%.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2005

Temporal and spatial expression of ostreolysin during development of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus).

In the mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Agrocybe aegerita, expression of the hemolytic proteins ostreolysin and aegerolysin, which belong to the aegerolysin family, has been shown to be initiated specifically during formation of primordia and fruiting bodies. We used rabbit anti-ostreolysin and fluorescent rhodamine-labelled secondary goat antibodies for monitoring ostreolysin and aegerolysin in situ during the mushrooms' development. In parallel, the protein level in developing tissues was monitored with SDS-PAGE and hemolytic assay. Immunolocalization of ostreolysin, visualized by epifluorescence, together with biochemical tests, confirmed specific expression of ostreolysin and aegerolysin in the primordia and fruiting bodies but not in the vegetative mycelia. In the primordia, the proteins were disposed diffusely. In growing and mature fruit bodies they persisted in the lower part of the pileus, in particular in basidia and basidiospores, while in other parts only a few focal remains were observed. Confocal microscopy of immunolabelled sections showed that intracellular ostreolysin was located specifically along the inner edges of hyphae. Since both proteins were found preferentially in the rapidly growing primordia, and in the basidia and basidiospores of maturing fruit bodies, it is suggested that they might play a role in the processes of fructification and/or sporulation.

Fruiting Bodies, Fungal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of prevention of large intestinal cancer by VPS, an extract of Coriolus versicolor mushroom.

Cancer prevention studies were conducted with VPS, a hot water extract of the Coriolus versicolor (CV) mushroom, in female Swiss mice. The extract was administered in the diet for life to the animals. Three groups of mice received the following treatments: a). 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (1,2-DMH) was administered as 10 weekly subcutaneous injections of 20 microg/g body weight, starting at 9 weeks of age; b). VPS was given at a 2% dose level starting at 7 weeks of age followed by 1,2-DMH, as described in group a; c). 1,2-DMH was administered as described in group a followed by VPS at a 2% dose level starting at 21 weeks of age. The number of animals with large intestinal tumors and the total number of these tumors were: a). 30,321; b). 29,359; and c). 28,415. These differences are not statistically significant. Because extracts of the CV mushroom are used by cancer patients as nutritional supplements in the U.S., and particularly in the Orient, the present negative result should caution its users.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗