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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Foot-and-mouth disease:: an old disease--new solutions].

The recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in United Kingdom provoked a crisis in the European Union with deleterious consequences not only for livestock industry. Public opinion is more and more concerned about stamping out measures used to control the disease even with previously vaccinated animals. Presently the trend is to "vaccinate for life". This policy change requires to improve vaccines and diagnostic tools. It is not foreseen nevertheless to come back to a generalized vaccination of cattle as it was the case previously in continental Europe, despite its efficacy. According to the new policy, it will only be emergency vaccination to control outbreaks; it will compulsorily use inactivated vaccines. The vaccines will have to confer quickly a strong (sterile) protection against several serotypes during the same outbreak. Several serotypes could be involved in case of agroterrorism. Another feature of foot-and-mouth virus infection is the generation of asymptomatic carriers of wild virus after infection even in previously vaccinated animals. In order to get round this problem, so-called "marker vaccines" associated with a companion diagnostic test are developed: it aims to be able to differentiate simply vaccinated animals from infected ones, whether they were previously vaccinated or not. These vaccines are presently highly purified inactivated vaccines and the companion diagnostic test is based upon the detection of specific antibodies directed against virus-induced non-structural proteins. These antibodies should not be detected in simply vaccinated animals. This technology takes into account the fact that foot-and-mouth disease virus multiplication implies the synthesis of a polyprotein subsequently cleaved. It allows to certify the absence of infection at a herd level not yet at an individual level. Another research trend is to identify virus receptors in animals in order to better understand the pathogenesis of the infection and the reasons why some animals become asymptomatic carriers of wild virus after infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Burning mouth syndrome: a retrospective study of 140 cases in a sample of Catalan population.

The results of analyzing etiologic and clinical factors, and their connection with the burning mouth syndrome (BMS) in a sample of Catalan (Barcelona, Spain) population are presented in this work. The purpose of this study is to establish connections between BMS and the following variables: age, sex, overt depression, masked depression, cancerophobia, dry mouth, foreign body sensation in the mouth, and burning. 140 clinical cases of patients diagnosed with the disease and 140 cases of control patients are studied here. The data were statistically analyzed to study connections as well as the disease and variables frequency. The obtained results will help understanding possible connections of the studied etiologic and clinical factors with the disease, as well as the course of BMS, and its consequences in the Catalan population.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Occupational differentiation in dentistry 3. Hypermobility of the temporomandibular joint and condylar position at maximal mouth opening].

Hypermobility of the temporomandibular joint is only noted when it interferes with smooth mandibular movements. These interferences may result from a condylar dislocation beyond the temporal eminence at maximum mouth opening. Aim of this study was to test whether the condyle of a symptomatically hypermobile temporomandibular joint is positioned more anterosuperiorly to the temporal eminence at maximum mouth opening than a condyle without hypermobility. Nine persons with a hypermobile temporomandibular joint and 9 control persons participated. Diagnostics were based upon opto-electronic mandibular movement recordings. Condylar positions at maximum mouth opening were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. A small significant difference in condylar position was found between groups. Condyles of persons with a hypermobile temporomandibular joint moved beyond the temporal eminence. However, this was also true for nearly half of the control persons. This suggests that condylar position alone is not a sufficient condition for symptomatic hypermobility of the temporomandibular joint. Maybe, symptoms of hypermobility only become apparent in combination with a particular line of action of the masticatory muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A comparison of human and animal mouth flora.

Human bite injuries are often believed to be more serious than animal bite injuries. One reason for this distinction might be a species difference in the microbial mouth flora. In order to compare this possibility, we cultured the mouths of humans, dogs, and cats. Human oral flora contained the smallest number of bacteria followed by dog and cat oral flora, respectively. Veillonella parvula was cultured from all humans and was also found in dog and cat mouths, but less frequently. V parvula is not usually considered a virulent organism but occasionally may become a pathogen and should not be overlooked especially following human bite injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Mouth guard and occlusal force distribution.

Mouth guards are effective to prevent traumatic injury in maxillofacial region during sports activities. This study was designed to find out the influence of wearing mouth guards on occlusal force distribution using an occlusal force transducer system (T-Scan system). Occlusal forces were more evenly distributed when mouth guards were in place comparing with natural dentition and with wearing conventional full arch bite planes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of the definite angle of the mouth in man].

Until today different views exist on the development of the cheek and the final angle of the mouth. Recently, new results have been found indicating a cialisation of the epithelium during the fusion or adhesion of prominences covered by epithelia. Our results led to further information on the development of the angle of the mouth. 23 human embryos and fetuses were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The transition zone between the maxillary swelling and the mandibular arch is characterized by numerous small surface cells with long stretched lamellopodia without forming a fusion zone. At stages 12-22 of human embryos the maxillary process grows first in a cranial direction, than towards ventral and medial. Thus, the angle of the mouth moves mediad, the oral opening is not reduced in size. A lack of full growth of the mandibular arch and the maxillary swelling causes macrostomia. The definite labial commissure is not due to a fusion of the maxillary and mandibular swellings.

Cheek↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation of foot-and mouth disease virus in swine with other diseases].

The authors took a survey of foot-and-mouth disease samples of myocardium and tonsil from swine which was died without clinicals signs of foot-and-mouth disease, with isolation of virus, type O, A and C. It was observed and accentuated relation between the incidence of hog cholera, pneumonia and atipic foot-and-mouth disease, especially from suckling pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in Saskatchewan, Canada, 1951-1952.

The epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease in Saskatchewan in 1951 and 1952 was studied in order to determine origins of outbreaks and methods of spread. The epidemic was initially considered to be vesicular stomatitis and foot-and-mouth disease was not recognized until February 1952, three months after the initial infection. The reports prepared at that time were reviewed in order to obtain details of the numbers of animals infected and the source and date of infection for the outbreaks. Methods of spread were rated according to their likelihood. The introduction of infection by an immigrant through his clothes as well as by sausage was possible. The sequence of events from the first outbreak to the spread from a feedlot/packing plant and from a dairy farm, which failed to report the disease, were clarified. Methods of spread included movement of animals, animal products and people and the airborne route. Milk delivery and artificial insemination did not result in spread of infection. The quarantine of affected farms reduced spread by animals and deterred visits by people. The original diagnosis of vesicular stomatitis was due to misinterpretation of a lesion in an inoculated horse. Laboratory tests established the presence of foot-and-mouth disease. The limited extent of the epidemic, despite the delay in diagnosis, is attributed to (i) the low density of cattle, (ii) few infected pigs and hence less airborne virus and (iii) absence of waste food feeding and milk collection in addition to the limited quarantine imposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Increase in pulmonary blood flow during cold stimulation of the mouth in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

To determine whether pulmonary blood flow is altered by cold stimulation of the mouth, a cold stimulus was induced by having 11 systemic lupus erythematosus patients without pulmonary fibrosis hold ice in their mouths. Lung perfusion was measured by continuous venous infusion of Krypton-81m. During the period in which the ice was held in the mouth, 2 patients showed 32% and 41% increase in pulmonary blood flow. After the cold stimulus was removed, pulmonary blood flow recovered in these patients to within the control range by a margin commensurate with the increase in the duration of the cold stimulus, suggesting that the response may be due to an abnormal reflex of the autonomic nervous system.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Experimental studies on properties of mouth protector: evaluation of various materials dynamic energy absorption test with electrical shock sensor].

During contact sports, mouth protectors are very effective in protecting teeth from traumatic forces, which are usually great enough to fracture teeth or at least to damage their supporting structures. In addition, they reduce the force transmitted through the temporomandibular joint to the base of the skull. Athletes select mouth protectors from various view points, that is, energy absorption, comfortable seating, retention, durability, speech facility, lack of taste, and cleanliness. In this study, the physical properties of various highly polymerized compound materials were investigated in an attempt to select a suitable material for use as a mouth protector and to develop a new relevant mechanical test. Dynamic energy absorption tests were performed by positioning a specimen on the board and allowing a 12.7 mm diameter steel ball to fall from a predetermined height and measuring by electrical shock sensor. The following results were obtained: 1. Materials such as Rabaron S 371 C, Exaflex, Flexicon and Sorbosene (soft type), indicated highest value of energy absorption rate. 2. As the thickness of inner materials increased the energy absorption rate also increased and the logarithmic decrement decreased.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

[Foot and mouth disease--then, now and in the future].

Foot-and-mouth disease was a problem as early as 1862; however, insights into the aetiology and particularly the concept of infectious disease had not yet been elaborated. Our knowledge and the possibilities of dealing with the disease have shown a spectacular increase since then. Foot-and-mouth disease is now under control in large parts of Europe; this is the result of strict measures and mass vaccination of cattle. However, the situation is unstable, as is testified to by the situation in Italy, and there are questions regarding the origin of sporadic cases of the disease. The main question is: how do we reach the ultimate objective: a Western Europe free from foot-and-mouth disease, and where annual vaccination of cattle no longer is applied? The problems are analysed. An international approach appears to be essential.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Reductions in breath ethanol readings in normal male volunteers following mouth rinsing with water at differing temperatures.

Blood ethanol concentrations were measured sequentially, over a period of hours, using a Lion AE-D2 alcolmeter, in 12 healthy male subjects given oral ethanol 0.5 g/kg body wt. Readings were taken before and after rinsing the mouth with water at varying temperatures. Mouth rinsing resulted in a reduction in the alcolmeter readings at all water temperatures tested. The magnitude of the reduction was greater after rinsing with water at lower temperatures. This effect occurs because rinsing cools the mouth and dilutes retained saliva. This finding should be taken into account whenever breath analysis is used to estimate blood ethanol concentrations in experimental situations.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[An epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease].

Five patients with hand-, foot- and mouth disease, caused by infection with Coxsackievirus type A16, are described in an epidemic outbreak of this disease. Hand-, foot- and mouth disease, is characterized by a most distinctive enanthem-exanthemcomplex. In 65% of the cases a vesiculopapular exanthem is noted. Most cases are described in epidemic outbreaks. Although the vast majority of occurrences of the disease have been due to Coxsackie A16 viral infections, occasionally Coxsackie A5, A10 and enterovirus 71, seldom Coxsackievirus B1 or B3, have been etiologically incriminated. In this article attention is paid to the clinical characteristics, the epidemiology and the differential diagnostic aspects of hand-, foot- and mouth disease.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1980

[Specific immunoprophylaxis trials with calves against foot-and-mouth disease].

Studies were conducted on vaccination of different age groups of calves with monovalent and biovalent vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease using various immunization patterns. The studies showed that passive immunity of calves impedes the building up of solid immunity. It is recommended on the basis of comparative studies of different immunization schemes to vaccinate calves under 6 months of age with double vaccine dose and to revaccinate them 1--2 months later. It was shown that calves aged 6 to 12 months react to vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease as adult animals but revaccination is also recommended to build up solid immunity. The influence is discussed of various factors hindering the building up of solid post vaccination immunity in young animals following vaccination with vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Serological differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus on electron microscope grids coated with protein A and antibody.

A serological technique using electron microscope grids coated with protein A and antiserum was able to detect foot-and- mouth disease virus particles in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluids from infected cattle without the need for prior concentration of the sample. The technique was adapted to differentiate serologically among foot-and-mouth disease virus types A, O and C with antigen-adsorbed sera. When grids were coated with heterotypic antigenadsorbed antisera, the homotypic antigen could be observed in viral specimens containing 10(5) PFU/mL, but the heterotypic antigen was not visualized until its concentration was about tenfold higher. Grids coated with the appropriate antigen-adsorbed antiserum can thus be used to indicate foot-and-mouth disease viral serotypes in specimens containing less than 10(6) PFU/mL.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Immunosuppression in bovine trypanosomiasis: response of cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination and subsequent live virus challenge.

The primary and secondary antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine were examined in cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense and the response of some of these animals to live foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge was assessed. Infected groups of cattle had rather lower antibody responses than uninfected control cattle after primary vaccination but the antibody titres were not significantly depressed until after secondary vaccination. These levels remained depressed for the duration of the experiment, ie, 183 days. Trypanocidal therapy with diminazene aceturate of infected cattle at the time of vaccination did not significantly improve the antibody response to primary vaccination. Their subsequent response to live virus challenge was somewhat equivocal in that the number of animals protected was not significantly different in comparison to the untreated infected and uninfected controls. It was concluded that trypanosome-infected cattle do not produce optimal responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. Nevertheless, the antibody titres are generally above those considered adequate to confer 95 per cent protection against needle challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Facial characteristics of children who breathe through the mouth.

There are many claims that abnormal breathing patterns alter facial growth; however, there are limited controlled data to confirm these claims. Thirty children with allergy, aged 6 to 12 years, who had moderate-to-severe nasal mucosal edema on physical examination and who appeared to breathe predominantly through the mouth and 15 children without allergy who had normal findings from nasal examination and who appeared to breathe predominantly through the nose were evaluated. All subjects received an intraoral clinical examination and cephalometric radiograph analysis. In comparison with children who breathed through the nose, children who breathed through the mouth had longer faces with narrower maxillae and retruded jaws. This supports the hypothesis that children with nasal obstruction and who appear to breathe through the mouth have distinctive facial characteristics.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1983

Intra-oral cancer at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.

A retrospective review of 163 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven, invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth who underwent inpatient treatment at the Massachusetts General Hospital during the 15-year period from January 1962 through December 1976 is presented. The stage at first presentation, clinical features of the disease, incidence of second primary tumors, analysis of therapeutic modalities, and survival statistics are compared with reports from other large centers. Floor of mouth tumors comprised 28%, (163/592) of oral squamous cell carcinomas seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital during that time period. Seventy-one per cent of floor of mouth tumors were in men and 29% in women; women tended to present earlier in the course of their disease. Thirty-seven patients (23%) developed a secondary primary malignancy, and four of these 37 patients developed two second primaries. Distant metastatic disease appeared in 6% of patients with Stage I, II, or III disease and 26% of patients with Stage IV disease. Radiation therapy alone and surgery alone resulted in equivalent long-term survival rates for early stage disease. In more advanced stages (III and IV), a combined approach utilizing surgery and radiation therapy obtained superior results for short-term survival than either modality alone. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment and suggestions for development of cooperative protocols in an attempt to improve salvage of patients with this disease is discussed.

Adult↗