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At least 847 records · Page 47Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Social support processes: mediators of attachment state of mind and adjustment in late adolescence.

This study examined the mediational link between attachment state of mind, social support processes and personal adjustment. The Adult Attachment Interview was administered to 62 adolescents during their college transition. At the end of high school and during their first semester in college, students completed questionnaires pertaining to primary and secondary appraisals; coping and personal adjustment were assessed through self- and peer-report questionnaires. A dismissing tendency was related to difficulty in getting assistance from peers and teachers and to peer-reported withdrawal. A preoccupied tendency was associated with stress regarding the transition, distrust in potential supporters, difficulty seeking help from teachers, and loneliness. Moreover, stress, distrust and help-seeking mediated the link between preoccupied attachment and loneliness, whereas the relation between dismissing attachment and withdrawal was not mediated by help-seeking. Cognitive and behavioral attachment processes are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Coherence of mind in daughter caregivers of mothers with dementia: links with their mothers' joy and relatedness on reunion in a strange situation.

This paper reports on a small sample (n = 17) of daughter caregivers of mothers with dementia who were interviewed with the Adult Attachment Interview, while their mothers stayed in an adjoining university room. Daughters were then reunited with their mothers, after a one-hour separation. Joyful and related 'secure' maternal behaviors, including proximity seeking, contact maintaining and overall responsiveness, were positively correlated with coherence of mind, and coherence of transcript ratings derived from the daughters' AAIs. Controlling for the severity of dementia in the mothers did not alter the power of these associations. Discussion addresses the lifelong significance of reunion behavior, the survival of 'secure' attachment behavior even into the late stages of dementia, and the clinical relevance of the Adult Attachment Interview.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attachment state of mind and perceptual processing of emotional stimuli.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment state of mind and perceptual processing of social and non-social, affective, and neutral material. A total of 57 young adults completed the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) plus an experimental task in which their perceptual thresholds to different types of pictures were assessed. Significant correlations were found between the AAI dimensions and perceptual thresholds for social stimuli such as social interactions or human faces displaying emotional expressions. As expected, no relationships were found between the AAI and perception of neutral stimuli. The pattern of correlations was especially clear for the dismissing dimension. The results suggest that higher vigilance to social stimuli is related to dismissing attachment tendencies and, to a milder degree, to preoccupied tendencies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A mind of her own. Hélène Metzger to Emile Meyerson, 1933.

In May 1933 the historian of chemistry Hélène Metzger addressed a letter to the renowned historian and philosopher of science Emile Meyerson, a cri de coeur against Meyerson's patronizing attitude toward her. This recently discovered letter is published and translated here because it is an exceptional human document reflecting the gender power structure of our discipline in interwar France. At the age of forty-three, and with five books to her credit. Metzger was still a junior scholar in the exclusively male community of French historians and philosophers of science. We sketch the institutional setting of higher learning in France at the time, noting the limited openings it offered to would-be femmes savantes, and situate Metzger in this context. We also describe the philosophical differences between Metzger and Meyerson. Though Metzger never managed to obtain a post of her own, in her letter to Meyerson she forcefully lays claim, at least, to a mind of her own.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Psycho-endocrine-immune response to mindfulness-based stress reduction in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: a quasiexperimental study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a structured, 8-week, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on perceived stress, mood, endocrine function, immunity, and functional health outcomes in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN: This study used a quasiexperimental, nonrandomized design. METHODS: Subjects were specifically recruited (nonrandom) for intervention (MBSR) or comparison group. Data were collected at pretest and post-test in the MBSR group and at matched times in the comparison group. t Tests where performed to determine within-group changes and between-group differences. RESULTS: Natural killer cell activity and number increased significantly in the MBSR group compared to the comparison group. No significant changes or differences were found for psychological, endocrine, or functional health variables. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide tentative evidence that MBSR may assist in improving immunity in individuals infected with HIV.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The impact of early and late damage to the human amygdala on 'theory of mind' reasoning.

There is a burgeoning interest in the neural basis of the ability to attribute mental states to others; a capacity referred to as 'theory of mind' (ToM). We examined the effects of lesions of the amygdala which arise at different stages of development on this key aspect of social cognition. Tests of ToM, executive and general neuropsychological function were given to subjects with lesions of the amygdala arising congenitally or in early childhood ('early damage', n = 15), subjects who acquired damage to the amygdala in adulthood ('late damage' n = 11) and matched clinical (n = 14) and healthy comparison groups (n = 38). Subjects with early damage to the amygdala, particularly if the lesion was associated with childhood onset of seizures, were impaired relative to all other groups on more advanced tests of ToM reasoning, such as detecting tactless or ironic comments or interpreting non-literal utterances. These deficits held for subjects with either left or right early amygdala damage and encompassed the understanding of both the beliefs and emotional states of others. In contrast, subjects who acquired damage to the amygdala in adulthood (usually as part of an anterior temporal lobectomy) were not impaired in ToM reasoning relative to both clinical and healthy controls, supporting the position that the amygdala is not part of the neural circuitry mediating the 'on-line' performance of ToM reasoning. In line with theories which claim that ToM is an independent faculty of cognition, we found that the pattern of results held after co-varying for measures of executive function, memory and general intellectual functioning. We discuss the results in the light of recent theories which link early developmental insults to the amygdala with the ToM impairments which are thought to be a core neurocognitive deficit found in disorders such as autism. We conclude that the amygdala may play an important role in the neural systems supporting the normal development of ToM reasoning.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Inhibition of breast cancer growth and invasion by single-minded 2s.

Single-minded 2 (SIM2) is a member of the bHLH-PAS family of transcription factors. SIM2 was initially identified by positional cloning on chromosome 21 and is thought to contribute to the etiology of trisomy-21 [Down syndrome (DS)]. In addition to the physical and mental deficiencies associated with this genetic disease, it has become apparent that women with DS are 10-25 times less likely to die from breast cancer in comparison with age-matched normal populations. This is thought to be a result of gene dosage effect of tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 21. Here, we report that a splice variant of SIM2, SIM2 short (SIM2s), is differentially expressed in normal breast and breast cancer-derived cell lines and is downregulated in human breast cancer samples. Re-establishment of SIM2s in MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells significantly reduced proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and invasive potential. Consistent with its role as a transcriptional repressor, SIM2s directly decreased expression of matrix metalloprotease-3, a known mediator of breast cancer metastasis. These results suggest that SIM2s has breast tumor suppressive activity.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Language facility and theory of mind development in deaf children.

Deaf children with signing parents, nonnative signing deaf children, children from a hearing impaired unit (HIU), and oral deaf children were tested on three first-order theory of mind (ToM) tasks--a subset was also given a second-order task (Perner & Wimmer, 1985). A British Sign Language (BSL) receptive language task (Herman, Holmes, & Woll, 1999) and four nonverbal executive function tasks were also administered. The new BSL task allowed, for the first time, the receptive language abilities of deaf children to be measured alongside ToM abilities. Hearing children acted as controls. These children were given the same tasks, except the British Picture Vocabulary Scale was substituted for the BSL task. Language ability correlated positively and significantly with ToM ability, and age was correlated with language ability for both the deaf and hearing children. Age, however, underpinned the relationship between ToM and language for deaf children with signing parents and hearing children but not for nonnative signing, HIU, or oral deaf children. Executive function performance in deaf children was not related to ToM ability. A subset of hearing children, matched on age and language standard scores with signing deaf children, passed significantly more ToM tasks than the deaf children did. The findings are discussed with respect to the hypotheses proposed by Peterson and Siegal (1995, 2000) and Courtin (2000).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Siblings and theory of mind in deaf native signing children.

We report a study designed to examine the basis of "theory of mind" (ToM) reasoning in deaf children who are native signers of British Sign Language. The participants were 20 native signers (aged 4-8 years) and their siblings. The children were given a measure of the quality of sibling relations together with a referential communication test concerning physical representations of objects and people. Sibling quality as perceived by siblings predicted children's ToM scores over and above age and referential communication. We conclude that the process of ToM understanding is linked to positive sibling relations that may permit access to knowledge about the inner worlds of beliefs and other mental states.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Spirit, mind and body in Chumash healing.

This article discusses the importance of the spirit and mind in health and well-being among Chumash people. Prayer was the first step in healing since prayer invites the participation of God. Initiation practices are discussed that encouraged young people to develop the maturity and spiritual strength to become productive members of society. Pictographs were used in healing usually not only as a relaxation therapy, but also as a mode of education. A supportive environment was an important factor in Chumash health care, since the support of friends helps, comforts and relieves anxiety that is detrimental to healing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Mice trisomic for a bacterial artificial chromosome with the single-minded 2 gene (Sim2) show phenotypes similar to some of those present in the partial trisomy 16 mouse models of Down syndrome.

The Drosophila single-minded (sim) transcription factor, is a master regulator of fruitfly neurogenesis. Recently, we have cloned and mapped a human homolog of sim, SIM2, to chromosome 21 in the so-called 'Down syndrome chromosomal region'. Three copies of SIM2 may contribute to some Down syndrome (DS) phenotypes because of the mapping position function as transcriptional repressor, temporal and spatial expression pattern of mouse Sim2, and the potentially analogous role of human SIM2 to that of Drosophila sim during neurogenesis. In order to validate this hypothesis in vivo, we have created the first bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice overexpressing a gene possibly involved in DS with only one or two additional copies of mouse Sim2. The transgene was shown to be expressed in the same spatial pattern as the endogenous gene. The mice develop normally, are fertile and do not show detectable histopathological abnormalities. However, detailed analysis of their behavior revealed anxiety-related/reduced exploratory behaviour and sensitivity to pain, phenotypes similar to those also present in other partial trisomy 16 mouse models of DS. Our data therefore suggest that overexpression of SIM2 contributes to some of the complex DS phenotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

"Theory of mind" in schizophrenia: a review of the literature.

The term theory of mind (ToM) refers to the capacity to infer one's own and other persons' mental states. A substantial body of research has highlighted the evolution of ToM in nonhuman primates, its emergence during human ontogeny, and impaired ToM in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. There is good empirical evidence that ToM is specifically impaired in schizophrenia and that many psychotic symptoms-for instance, delusions of alien control and persecution, the presence of thought and language disorganization, and other behavioral symptoms-may best be understood in light of a disturbed capacity in patients to relate their own intentions to executing behavior, and to monitor others' intentions. However, it is still under debate how an impaired ToM in schizophrenia is associated with other aspects of cognition, how the impairment fluctuates with acuity or chronicity of the schizophrenic disorder, and how this affects the patients' use of language and social behavior. In addition to these potential research areas, future studies may also address whether patients could benefit from cognitive training in this domain.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preoperative state of mind among patients undergoing CABG: effect on length of stay and postoperative complications.

This study was undertaken to determine if a pessimistic self-assessment prior to an elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) was predictive of postoperative complications and increased length of stay (LOS). Subjects (n = 565), aged 65 and older and undergoing elective CABG, were stratified into 2 groups (optimistic, pessimistic) based on their mental health subscale scores prior to surgery. After adjusting for age, gender, and severity of disease, the average LOS for pessimistic patients was 1.3 days longer than for optimistic patients. Despite adjustment for previous CABG, renal failure, peripheral vascular disease, and gender, pessimism was associated with an increased risk of prolonged ventilation time and permanent stroke. Negative state of mind prior to a major cardiovascular intervention may be predictive of increased LOS, permanent stroke, and prolonged ventilation time.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Being in the present moment: developing the capacity for mindfulness in medicine.

Medical practice is beset by interruptions, contests for the attention of the physician, and urgent demands that diminish the attentiveness required for the humanistic care of patients. This essay discusses skills for "being in the present moment" that can help doctors to overcome distractedness. Because of some striking similarities between the experience of reading poetry and the attentiveness required of medicine, the author uses 19th- and 20th-century American poetry to illustrate the state of mindfulness and "being in the moment," and suggests the helpfulness of poetry in developing these skills in physicians. Applying these skills in everyday practice rewards the physician with renewed energy, a fresh perspective, and increased strength while preventing the stress and harm caused by a distracted or inattentive practice.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mindfulness meditation, anxiety reduction, and heart disease: a pilot study.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death among Americans each year, yet the misperception still exists that cardiovascular disease is not a serious health problem for women. Evidence indicates that anxiety contributes to the development of heart disease. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Kabat-Zinn's mindfulness-based stress reduction program to reduce anxiety in women with heart disease. Anxiety, emotional control, coping styles, and health locus of control were compared in a treatment and control group of women with heart disease. Post-intervention analyses provide initial support for beneficial effects of this program.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Current status of mind-body interventions for vascular complications of diabetes.

Impaired peripheral blood flow causes complications, disabilities, expenses, and deaths among persons with diabetes mellitus. Many individuals suffer from lower-extremity pain, reduced functional status, and impaired quality of life. Current conventional treatments include lifestyle modification, exercise, medication, and surgery. However, these approaches are often impractical or insufficient. Thermal biofeedback, however, alone or in conjunction with other mind-body techniques, improves peripheral circulation, pain, neuropathy, ulcer healing, ambulatory activity, and quality of life. It is noninvasive, inexpensive, and consistent with community-based approaches to diabetes self-management. As an adjunct to the medical management of diabetes, thermal biofeedback may help ameliorate some of the vascular complications.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed2000

Mind Map: a new way to teach patients and staff.

As home care agencies look for new ways to achieve patient outcomes and staff competencies in a cost-effective manner, Mind Map is a method that can be used to quickly organize patient and staff education while evaluating the learner's comprehension of critical information.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrating mindfulness-based stress reduction.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) programs may mitigate the effects of stress and disease. This integrative review identified 21 clinical studies on MBSR interventions. Although preliminary findings suggest health enhancement from MBSR, controlled, randomized studies, the operationalization of constructs, and qualitative research are needed.

Attitude to Health↗