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PubMed1995

[Polish historical collection at the University of Edinburgh].

The Polish School of Medicine, a joint Scottish-Polish academic enterprise, established in 1941 at the University of Edinburgh for soldiers-students in the Polish Forces, ceased its activity in 1949, four years after the end of the war. Owing to the stalinist terror in occupied Poland most of the 227 graduates remained in the West. There was a deep feeling of gratitude towards the University on the part of the graduates of the Polish School. The 25th anniversary of the School in 1966 was an opportunity to convoke in Edinburgh a world reunion of the graduates. At the academic ceremony two gold medals were presented to the University. The warm reception extended by the University, prompted the resolution to hold quinquennial world reunions in Edinburgh. Since then world reunions were held in Edinburgh every 5 years with meetings with the University authorities and presentation of gifts. By 1980 the number of gifts accumulated to such extent that the seminar room in the Erskine Medical Library was selected for the permanent display of the gifts; this served to intensify the collection of exhibits. Gifts were chosen to remind of certain events in the Polish history of medicine, especially items reflecting Polish links with Scotland. The highest achievement in the Scottish-Polish links, was of course the creation of the Polish School of Medicine. The official opening of the Historical Collection took place in June 1986 on the occasion of a world reunion on the 45th anniversary of the School. It was marked by the unveiling of a memorial plaque. On this ocasion another venture was also initiated: the opening of the Polish School of Medicine Memorial Fund at the University of Edinburgh. It was funded by the graduates to provide scholarship for young doctors from Poland. Another venture was the creation of the "Professor Antoni Jurasz lectureship" for Edinburgh professors to lecture in Medical Academies in Poland. The Historical Collection of the Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh is a permanent memorial to the magnanimity of the University left by the graduates. It is at the same time a windowshow of a 300 years old Scottish-Polish history of medicine.

History of Medicine↗
PubMed2006

School-based smoking prevention programs for adolescents in South Korea: a systematic review.

The number of research papers evaluating programs designed to prevent adolescent smoking have increased in the last 13 years in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate these programs, to review the features of the studies and to systemically assess the results on the knowledge about, and attitude to, smoking and smoking behavior. Database searched were national digital library (NDL) and the Research Information Service System, which are major literature search systems for all academic fields in South Korea, and the Research Information Center for Health, which is a database for health field. A total of 11 papers were included. Program contents are described under five categories and the mode of delivery is described. Methodological features were investigated and effect of the size of the study on variables investigated was computed. Knowledge was the main content of the program in most of the studies. Most studies delivered classroom-based instructions that were mainly didactic presentations. School-based smoking programs have not influenced adolescent smoking behavior as much as anticipated. Methodological problems were discussed. Several recommendations are made to improve effectiveness of smoking prevention programs and reduce methodological flaws in future studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A review of facial injuries due to dog bites.

Bite injuries to the head and neck region can result in facial disfigurement with distressing physical and psychological consequences. This article reviewed the causes and management of facial bite wounds due to dog bites. A PUBMED search of the National Library of Medicine from 1995 to December 2005 was conducted. Keywords used in the search were facial wound, bite wound, dog bite. The results showed that the risk factors for dog attacks include: school-aged children, male, households with dogs, male dogs and certain breeds (german shepherds, bull terriers, blue/red heelers, dobermans and rottwellers). Early management of such complex injuries usually guarantees satisfactory outcome. Most of the cases involve a known dog (friends, neighbors) and family pet. Although animal bites are not the most accounted children injuries, deaths may a result of these attacks. Antibiotic therapy is indicated for infected bite wounds and fresh wounds considered at risk for infection, such as extremely large wounds, large hematoma, and cat bites, that appear be more infected than dog bites. Tetanus immunization status and the risk of rabies infection should be routinely addressed in bite wound management. Prevention strategies should be considered for preventing dog bites.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evidence-based medicine teaching in the Mexican Army Medical School.

Training of medical students must include the skills necessary to use advances in scientific research. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been incorporated in undergraduate programs in several countries, a process that has not been well studied in developing countries' medical schools. An EBM course was incorporated into the curriculum of the Mexican Army Medical School. In the first year of its implementation it was given to half the fifth- and sixth-year groups. At the end of the semester, a previously validated questionnaire designed to evaluate the effectiveness of EBM teaching was administered. In total, 67 students took the course and 64 did not. A significant increase in the self-assessment of critical appraisal skills and the self-reported use of the Cochrane Library were found. There was a significant increase in the attitudes score, 22.9 +/- 5.9 (mean +/- SD) in the non-EBM group vs. 28.8 +/- 3.2 in the EBM group (p < 0.001), and a trend towards higher scores in the knowledge domain, 1.89 +/- 3.3 in the non-EBM group vs. 2.56 +/- 3.6 in the EBM group (p > 0.05). EBM concepts can be taught in a developing country medical school, with a short-term gain in attitude and probably in knowledge.

Competency-Based Education↗
PubMed1994

The virtual hospital: a new paradigm for lifelong learning in radiology.

Medical training in radiology should be viewed as a continuum that begins in medical school and proceeds throughout the years in practice. Unfortunately, there are significant barriers to providing continuing medical education. One key barrier is the physical separation between the information source and the workplace. A multimedia medical library distributed via wide area networks has been developed that provides needed information at the point of use. The distribution software (Mosaic) that makes this project possible is found in the public domain.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2000

A quantitative ranking of Canada's research output of original human studies for the decade 1989 to 1998.

BACKGROUND: Since 1987 research articles have been catalogued with the author's affiliation address in the 40 databases of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) of the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. The present study was conducted to examine the Canadian entries in MEDLARS to interpret past and future trends and to combine the MEDLARS demographic data with data from other sources to rank Canadian research output of human studies both nationally and internationally. METHODS: The PubMed Web site of the National Library of Medicine was used to count medical articles archived in MEDLARS and published from Jan. 1, 1989, through Dec. 31, 1998. The articles attributed to Canadian authors were compared by country, province, city, medical school, hospital, article type, journal and medical specialty. RESULTS: During the study period Canadian authors contributed on average 3% (standard deviation [SD] 0.2%) of the worldwide MEDLARS content each year, which translated to a mean of 11,067 (SD 1037) articles per year; 49% were human studies, of which 13% were clinical or controlled trials, and 55% involved people aged 18 years or less. In total, 68% of the articles were by authors affiliated with Canadian medical schools; those affiliated with the University of Toronto accounted for the greatest number (8604), whereas authors affiliated with McGill University had the greatest rate of annual increase in the quantity published (8%). Over one-third (38%) of the articles appeared in Canadian journals. When counted by specialty, 17% of the articles were by authors with clinical specialties, 5% by those with surgical specialties and 3% by those with laboratory specialties. INTERPRETATION: The annual rate of increase in research output for Canada was more than 3 times higher than that seen world wide. Canada is now ranked seventh among countries contributing human studies to MEDLARS. The increase indicates that Canada's medical schools are productive, competitive in making contributions to medical science and are supporting Canadian journals.

Canada↗
PubMed1998

[Structural basis to quality assurance in medical education].

Medical education, especially continuous one, is considered as a very important strategy in assuring health care quality. It represents the most dynamic structural element of the health care quality. In this presentation we used the structural approach to quality assurance, through examination of medical literature utilisation trends from a number of health professionals and students of biomedical schools. In the research we used questionnaires which contained the questions related to the motivation of the subjects to use the medical literature and its availability to them. 34 students of biomedical schools were interviewed through questionnaires, 45 students of high nursery school and 32 medical doctors. The results showed that motivation of the subjects in the survey, both students and medical doctors to use medical literature is significant. However the possibility to use professional literature in their libraries is very limited because of the lack of new literature. Only 3% of interviewed medical doctors and students use Internet in their education. Technological delay in the process of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused by the war will significantly influence the level of health care quality in our country in the next period.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMed2001

Mental abilities of male relatives of psychotic patients.

OBJECTIVE: Exploration of academic and creative potentials of first-degree relatives of hospital-treated psychotic patients in Iceland. METHOD: Relatives identified in a previously published family study of psychosis are evaluated, using records available at the National Archives and National Library in Reykjavik. Performance of groups of relatives is compared to that of the general population. RESULTS: Healthy relatives of patients are found to excel over others in authorship of books of fiction or poetry, in general school performance at age 20 years and in mathematics. These findings apply to both schizophrenia and affective illness. CONCLUSION: Relatives of psychotic patients often exhibit good mental abilities.

Creativity↗
PubMed1999

A survey of the computer literacy of undergraduate dental students at a University Dental School in Ireland during the academic year 1997-98.

As dental practice management becomes more computer-based, the efficient functioning of the dentist will become dependent on adequate computer literacy. A survey has been carried out into the computer literacy of a cohort of 140 undergraduate dental students at a University Dental School in Ireland (years 1-5), in the academic year 1997-98. Aspects investigated by anonymous questionnaire were: (1) keyboard skills; (2) computer skills; (3) access to computer facilities; (4) software competencies and (5) use of medical library computer facilities. The students are relatively unfamiliar with basic computer hardware and software: 51.1% considered their expertise with computers as "poor"; 34.3% had taken a formal typewriting or computer keyboarding course; 7.9% had taken a formal computer course at university level and 67.2% were without access to computer facilities at their term-time residences. A majority of students had never used either word-processing, spreadsheet, or graphics programs. Programs relating to "informatics" were more popular, such as literature searching, accessing the Internet and the use of e-mail which represent the major use of the computers in the medical library. The lack of experience with computers may be addressed by including suitable computing courses at the secondary level (age 13-18 years) and/or tertiary level (FE/HE) education programmes. Such training may promote greater use of generic softwares, particularly in the library, with a more electronic-based approach to data handling.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2001

A survey of primary care physicians' perceptions and needs regarding the precepting of medical students in their offices.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the interest, perceptions, and needs of primary care physicians with regard to office-based precepting of medical students. DESIGN: Random survey. SETTING: The New England region of the United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut). PARTICIPANTS: Family physicians, general internists and paediatricians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: These included: (1) practice and preceptor demographics; (2) Likert scale agreement or disagreement with various positive and negative perceptions about precepting students; rating (from unimportant to necessary) of potential benefits from medical schools associated with the support of precepting in the office setting, and (3) comparisons among physician groups to determine differences in perceptions and needs. RESULTS: There is a high level of interest in precepting regardless of primary care specialty, practice structure, payment mechanism, or precepting experience. Negative impacts included decreased productivity and increased length of the day by a median of 60 minutes. Positive impacts included keeping one's own knowledge up-to-date and enhanced enjoyment of practice. Benefits such as academic appointments, continuing medical education credits, faculty development, computer linkages for clinical information and medical library access are rated highly. Monetary payment, whether as a modest honorarium or as compensation for lost time/income, was felt to be important by half of our sample. CONCLUSION: A significant interest in precepting medical students on a regular basis is expressed by primary care physicians in the ambulatory medicine setting. The results of this survey can be used by medical schools to address negative perceptions and to develop appropriate benefits packages to recruit and retain these primary care preceptors.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1998

Using multimedia virtual patients to enhance the clinical curriculum for medical students.

Changes in the environment in which clinical medical education takes place in the United States has profoundly affected the quality of the learning experience. A shift to out-patient based care, minimization of hospitalization time, and shrinking clinical revenues has changed the teaching hospital or "classroom" to a degree that we must develop innovative approaches to medical education. One solution is the Virtual Patient Project. Utilizing state-of-the-art computer-based multimedia technology, we are building a library of simulated patient encounters that will serve to fill some of the educational gaps that the current health care system has created. This project is part of a newly formed and unique organization, the Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Mount Auburn Institute for Education and Research (the Institute), which supports in-house educational design, production, and faculty time to create Virtual Patients. These problem-based clinical cases allow the medical student to evaluate a patient at initial presentation, order diagnostic tests, observe the outcome and obtain context-sensitive feedback through a computer program designed at the Institute. Multimedia technology and authoring programs have reached a level of sophistication to allow content experts (the teaching faculty) to design and create the majority of the program themselves and to allow students to adapt the program to their individual learning needs.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1991

The role of a clinically based computer department of instruction in a school of medicine.

The evolution of activities and educational directions of a department of instruction in medical computer technology in a school of medicine are reviewed. During the 18 years covered, the society at large has undergone marked change in availability and use of computation in every aspect of medical care. It is argued that a department of instruction should be clinical and develop revenue sources based on patient care, perform technical services for the institution with a decentralized structure, and perform both health services and scientific research. Distinction should be drawn between utilization of computing in medical specialties, library function, and instruction in computer science. The last is the proper arena for the academic content of instruction and is best labelled as the philosophical basis of medical knowledge, in particular, its epistemology. Contemporary pressures for teaching introductory computer skills are probably temporary.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed1999

History of medicine: the metamorphosis of scientific medicine in the ever-present past.

Hippocrates (460-370 BCE), the father of medicine, developed principles for medical diagnosis and treatment together with a code of ethics. When the first Ptolemy ruled Egypt, he created a great library of 700,000 rolls at Alexandria, which became a repository for the works of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, and all the writings of the known world, but it was destroyed by a great fire. Galen of Pergamum (129-216), who lived 500 years after Hippocrates, was well educated and studied anatomy, surgery, drugs and Hippocratic medicine. His ideas influenced medical thinking for the next 1500 years. The Arabic physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) wrote a great medical work entitled Canon of Medicine. After the Dark Ages (500 to 1050), academic medicine was reestablished in Europe, especially at Salerno, Bologna, Padua, Paris, Montpellier, and Oxford. The greatest medical disaster of the Middle Ages was the Black Death. Other diseases of note were leprosy, smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus, measles, diarrhea, meningitis, and colic. As interest in human dissection increased, the study of anatomy became popular. With development of the printing press, medical knowledge became more widely disseminated and technical advances in science flourished. Advances in medicine occurred in concert with developments in technology. These included the microscope, the stethoscope, anesthetic agents, discoveries in bacteriology, a carbolic acid spray to reduce infection during surgery, the clinical thermometer, blood transfusions, electrocardiography, X-rays, and the sphygmomanometer. Johns Hopkins University was established at the end of the 19th century to train scientifically knowledgeable physicians. The first faculty included Welch, Osler, Halstead, Kelly, Mall, and Abel. Graduates of the new school carried scientific medicine to universities throughout America. More medical advances have been made during the 20th century than in all the other centuries combined. Advances in medical knowledge have resulted not only from developments in technology but from increased access to current information provided through libraries such as the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Postdoctoral training in medical informatics: a survey of National Library of Medicine-supported fellows.

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) funds training programs in medical informatics and plans to significantly increase the number of program sites in the future. The authors surveyed all NLM-funded trainees at the nine sites supported in the spring of 1988 to determine their backgrounds, current research interests, and career plans. Forty-three fellows were identified, of whom 39 returned a mailed questionnaire. All but four were physicians (89.7%), 82.1% had at least one year of postdoctoral clinical training, and 61.5% had completed a residency. Seventy-one percent of those completing residency had done so in internal medicine. The most common areas of current research were decision support/decision analysis, knowledge representation, and artificial intelligence. The overwhelming majority of the fellows planned to seek positions in a medical school on completion of their fellowships, and most preferred affiliation with a department of medical informatics or medicine.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMed1966

Medical libraries and the assessment of user needs.

Users of information in science and technology have been studied in great detail with respect to material read, amount of time spent in reading and searching the literature, categories of questions asked, and so on. Probing for this information has been undertaken by means of structured and unstructured interviews, diaries, surveys, and questionnaires.Although a large amount of data has emerged on information usage and flow, the subjective response of scientists furnishes comment only on the satisfaction produced by present information services and does not yield insight into the extent to which needs remain unsatisfied. Relevance figures based upon the response of systems to questions cannot be equated with satisfaction of needs, since questions constitute, in most cases, inadequate representations of underlying information needs. Assessment of the needs of users of medical libraries and information systems must, in fact, be made in relation to the observed behavior and experience of biomedical scientists. There is room for well-designed experimentation which can explore the interaction of both psychological and environmental factors. Significant differences in information needs exist among and between individuals such as researchers and clinicians in the same environment. With respect to environment, it is hypothesized that the information needs of medical practitioners in remote areas might differ significantly from those of their colleagues working in large metropolitan centers in close proximity to medical schools, research institutions, and other rich sources of information fallout. It is anticipated that experimentation will eventually result in a methodology which will permit the determination and prediction of the information needs of any identified groups of users in a specific environment.

Libraries, Medical↗
PubMed1976

Circuit librarian serves five hospitals in shared program.

There is increasing emphasis on continuing education of hospital personnel, who need and want access to information in order to be aware of advances in health care. Small hospitals cannot afford to duplicate extensive collections. Personnel of hospitals that are remote from urban centers often do not have opportunities to visit a resource library on a regular basis and do not have experience in searching the medical literature through the use of reference tools. It is increasingly evident that the circuit librarian program has served as a catalyst in establishing relationships between the hospitals and the university health sciences center. The director of the CHSL has consulted with the deans of the nursing and the medical schools and with various professors. They have promised that the schools will try to address identifiable continuing education needs or requests from the hospitals. Moreover, the circuit librarian meets with individual hospital personnel and then obtains information for them from the CHSL and its staff. The circuit librarian program is one way to meet community hospitals' needs for access to health sciences literature and to initiate peer interaction for information exchange.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMed2002

Student nurse satisfaction levels with their courses: Part II--effects of academic variables.

The degree of student satisfaction with their educational experiences is an important dimension in the assessment of institutional effectiveness. All nursing education teams are currently working on ways to improve the quality of their educational provision and increase the satisfaction of their students. This is the second of a two-part article on the factors that influence student satisfaction with their courses. Part I examined how the four demographic features of gender, disability, ethnicity and age influenced student satisfaction and their performance on nursing modules. This paper complements Part I by examining the effects of three educational factors (academic level of the module, mode of study, and the qualification aim) on the accomplishment and satisfaction levels of 460 students attending multidisciplinary health care modules at the School of Health Care, Oxford Brookes University, 2000/2001. The study found that in contrast to Level 1 students, Level 3 participants felt the need for modules to stimulate more interest, that module teams be more skilled and knowledgeable and that library resources be more abundant. The findings also suggested that part-time students required significantly more attention than full-time participants in terms of the need for smaller seminar groups that would facilitate contributions and decrease inhibitions among students, and were more concerned with the utility and relevance of their learning in relation to their chosen professions. Diploma participants had the highest satisfaction followed by the BA and then the BSc students. The findings raise issues which are of interest to academic staff and nursing students, and the implications for nurse education and curriculum design are discussed within the context of student nurse satisfaction and quality issues of learning and teaching in higher education.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Rich in resources/deficient in dollars! Which titles do reference departments really need?

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE: Budget pressures, combined with the growing availability of resources, dictate careful examination of reference use. Two studies were conducted at the University of Maryland Health Sciences Library to examine this issue. A twelve-month reshelving study determined use by title and discipline; a simultaneous study analyzed print abstract and index use in an electronic environment. METHODOLOGY: Staff electronically recorded statistics for unshelved reference books, coded the collection by discipline, and tracked use by school. Oral surveys administered to reference room abstract and index users focused on title usage, user demographics, and stated reason for use. RESULTS: Sixty-five and a half percent of reference collection titles were used. Medical titles received the most use, but, in the context of collection size, dentistry and nursing titles used the greatest percentage of their collections. At an individual title level, medical textbooks and drug handbooks were most used. Users of abstracts and indexes were primarily campus nursing and medical students who preferred print resources. CONCLUSION: The monograph data will guide reference expenditures in canceling little-used standing orders, expanding most-used portions of the collection, and analyzing underused sections. The abstract and index survey identified the following needs: targeting instruction, contacting faculty who assign print resources, increasing the number of computer workstations, and installing signs linking databases to print equivalents.

Abstracting and Indexing↗